RESUMO
BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate cell degeneration, apoptosis, and ultrastructural differences in refractive lenticules (RL) obtained using small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) compared with spherical equivalence (SE) refraction values. METHODS: This study included 84 eyes from 42 patients. Patients were divided into two groups according to the SE values: those with values below 4 diopters (D) (Group 1) and above 4 diopters (D) (Group 2). Patients who did not belong to the same SE group were excluded from the study. One RL obtained from each patient was separated for light microscopy and immunohistochemical examinations, and another for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) examinations. Caspase-3 for apoptosis and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) for cell degeneration were evaluated using immunohistochemical examinations. RESULTS: Histological analyses showed that the density of collagen fibres was greater in Group 1 than in Group 2. Glycoaminoglycan and glycoprotein staining intensities were also higher in Group 1. TEM observations showed that Group 1 had intact cell and nuclear membranes, peripheral heterochromatin, and large nuclei, while Group 2 showed heterochromatin condensation and fragmentation, increased intracellular vacuoles, and loss of cytoplasm. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that α-SMA and caspase-3 were significantly higher in Group 2 than in Group 1 (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Cell degeneration and apoptosis were significantly more common in the RLs with high SE values after SMILE surgery. The tissue response induced by surgery was more severe in the RLs with high SE values. This should be considered when reusing RLs.
RESUMO
Despite research, the role of exercise in treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases remains unclear. Our study, investigated that protective effect of treadmill exercise on molecular pathways and cognitive behaviours in a scopolamine-induced model of Alzheimer's disease. For that purpose, male Balb/c mice subjected to exercise for 12 weeks. During the last 4 weeks of exercise, mice were given an injection of scopolamine (2 mg/kg). Following injection, open field test and Morris water maze test were used to assess emotional-cognitive behaviour. Hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of mice were isolated, and levels of BDNF, TrkB, and p-GSK3ßSer389 were assessed by western blotting, and levels of APP and Aß-40 were analysed by immunohistochemistry. In our study, scopolamine administration increased anxiety-like behaviour in open field test, while negatively affecting spatial learning and memory in Morris water maze test. We found that exercise had a protective effect against cognitive and emotional decline. Scopolamine decreased levels of p-GSK3ßSer389, BDNF in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.Whereas TrkB decreased in hippocampus and increased in prefrontal cortex. There was an increase in p-GSK3ßSer389, BDNF, TrkB in the hippocampus, and p-GSK3ßSer389, BDNF in the prefrontal cortex in the exercise + scopolamine group. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that scopolamine administration increased APP and Aß-40 in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in neuronal and perineuronal areas whereas Aß-40 and APP were reduced in exercise + scopolamine groups. In conclusion, long-term exercise may have a protective effect against scopolamine-induced impairments in cognitive-emotional behaviour. It can be suggested that this protective effect is mediated by increased BDNF levels and GSK3ßSer389 phosphorylation.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer , Escopolamina , Animais , Masculino , Camundongos , Doença de Alzheimer/induzido quimicamente , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Encéfalo/metabolismo , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Aprendizagem em Labirinto , Escopolamina/farmacologia , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
Background/aim: We have designed an adjustable bone plate (ABP) which allows bone shortening and lengthening after fixation, which is a property not present in any of the plate systems available today. The aim of the current study was to examine the new ABP's segmental bone transfer capability for the treatment of a segmental bone defect in an animal model. Materials and methods: Five sheep had ABPs attached to 10 of their tibias and bone defects of 15 mm in size were created. The pinion mechanism was moved with a manual screwdriver at a rate of 1mm/day for 15 days starting 3 days postoperatively. The animals were euthanized 3 months postoperatively, and the defect site and the transferred segment were evaluated by radiological and histological examination. Results: The radiological results revealed successful transfers of 14.6 ± 1.2 mm of bone segment on all tibia defects without any complications. The histological evaluation showed new bone formation in both the extension and the docking sites. No rupture or breakage was observed within the plates. Conclusion: We have presented the potential of a new generation ABP for use in segmental bone transfer in an animal model as well as for future clinical applications.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were a) to investigate the effect of targeting the PANoptosome with 3,4-methylenedioxy-ß-nitrostyrene (MNS) on PANoptosis in the Renal ischemia-reperfussion (RIR) model b) to investigate the kidney protective effect of MNS toward RIR injury. METHODS: Thirty-two rats were divided into four groups randomly. The groups were assigned as Control, Sham, DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) and MNS groups. The rats in the MNS group were intraperitoneally given 20 mg/kg of MNS 30 minutes before reperfusion. 2% DMSO solvent that dissolves MNS were given to the rats in DMSO group. Left nephrectomy was performed on the rats under anesthesia at the 6th hour after reperfusion. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and 8-Okso-2'-deoksiguanozin (8-OHdG) levels were measured. Immunohistochemical analysis, electron microscopic and histological examinations were carried out in the tissues. RESULTS: Total tubular injury score was lower in the MNS group (p < 0.001). Caspase-3, Gasdermin D and MLK (Mixed Lineage Kinase Domain Like Pseudokinase) expressions were considerably decreased in the MNS group (p < 0.001). Apoptotic index (AI) was found to be low in the MNS group (p < 0.001). CAT and SOD levels were higher in the MNS Group (p = 0.006, p = 0.0004, respectively). GPx, MDA, and 8-OH-dG levels were similar (p > 0.05) in all groups. MNS considerably improved the tissue structure, based on the electron microscopic analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggested that MNS administrated before the reperfusion reduces pyroptosis, apoptosis and necroptosis. These findings suggest that MNS significantly protects the kidney against RIR injury by reducing PANoptosis as a result of specific inhibition of Nod-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP 3), one of the PANoptosome proteins.
Assuntos
Dimetil Sulfóxido , Traumatismo por Reperfusão , 8-Hidroxi-2'-Desoxiguanosina , Animais , Caspase 3/metabolismo , Catalase/metabolismo , Catalase/farmacologia , Dimetil Sulfóxido/metabolismo , Dimetil Sulfóxido/farmacologia , Dioxolanos , Glutationa Peroxidase , Rim , Malondialdeído/metabolismo , Proteínas NLR/metabolismo , Ratos , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/etiologia , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/metabolismo , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/prevenção & controle , Solventes/metabolismo , Solventes/farmacologia , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismoRESUMO
The Effect of Pulsed Radiofrequency Application on Nerve Healing After Sciatic Nerve Anastomosis in Rats. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the histomorphological and functional effect of Pulsed Radiofrequency (PRF) application on regeneration after experimental nerve damage in rats. Forty Sprague-Dawley male rats were used in the study. Sciatic nerve incision was applied to all rats and then anastomosis was performed. Twenty rats were separated as the control group, and the remaining 20 rats underwent PRF every day at 42oC, for 120 seconds. The groups were divided into two further subgroups to be sacrificed on the 15th and 30th days. Tissue samples were obtained from all groups at 24 hours and 72 hours after the injury. Sections of sciatic nerve samples were stained with hematoxylin-eosin for light microscopic investigation and prepared for evaluation of ultrastructural changes with transmission electron microscopy. In the evaluation of axon numbers and diameters were seen that the 30th-day RF group had an increase compared to the control group. In the electron microscopic examination, it was observed that myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fiber sheaths had borders that are more regular in the RF group, the nucleus structures of schwann cells were better preserved, mitochondrial damage was less, and the extensions of fibroblast and collagen fibers were smoother than the control group. The findings suggested that PRF application has a positive contribution histologically on nerve healing in the early period after full-layer incision nerve injury anastomosis surgery.
Assuntos
Neuralgia , Tratamento por Radiofrequência Pulsada , Anastomose Cirúrgica , Animais , Colágeno , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Amarelo de Eosina-(YS) , Hematoxilina , Masculino , Neuralgia/patologia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Nervo Isquiático/patologiaRESUMO
There is a well-established complex interaction between vitamin D metabolism and bone and gonad functions. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential effects of vitamin D therapy on testosterone and osteocalcin (OC) levels in aged male rats. Forty-five adult male rats were divided into three groups in this study. Unlike the control group, the two experimental groups received 50 IU/kg/day and 100 IU/kg/day of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), respectively, for a 4-week period using the gavage method. Testicular tissue and blood samples from rats were collected under general anesthesia at the end of the 4-week period. Testicular tissue samples were examined using light and electron microscopy. Additionally, serum testosterone and OC levels were measured in blood samples. The 50 IU/kg dose of cholecalciferol increased testosterone and OC levels, which were lower than normal due to aging, and regulated the organization of the seminiferous tubule epithelium and interstitium more effectively than the 100 IU/kg dose of cholecalciferol. Male fertility functions and bone health, which degrade due to aging, were increased due to the use of exogenous vitamin D, although the higher dose was not associated with more effective results.
Assuntos
Testosterona , Vitamina D , Animais , Osso e Ossos , Colecalciferol/farmacologia , Colecalciferol/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Osteocalcina , Ratos , Testosterona/farmacologia , Vitamina D/farmacologiaRESUMO
Endometriosis is a common gynecological hurting disorder in which tissue is similar to the tissue that normally lines the inner layer of the uterus. It often causes fertility problems. Unfortunately, effective treatments are limited. Therefore it's important to explore an imperative and easily accessible treatment to alleviate the probable pathologies and preserve fertility in endometriosis. Consequently, we aimed to investigate the effects of metformin, letrozole, and atorvastatin on inflammation and apoptosis in experimentally induced ovarian and peritoneal endometriosis in rat models. In the present study, 35 rats were randomly divided into five groups. Group 1: sham-operated control group. Group 2: untreated endometriosis group. Group 3: given 100 mg/kg/day of oral metformin. Group 4: given 0.1 mg/kg/day of oral letrozole. Group 5: given 2.5 mg/kg/day of oral atorvastatin. At the end of the 28 days, we examined Ki67, Bax and Bcl-2 immunoexpressions in ovarian and peritoneal tissues, and IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α levels were evaluated from the peritoneal fluid. All medical treatment groups showed a significant decrease in Ki67 expression. A significant increase in Bax expression was also observed in all samples from all medical treatment groups (other than the untreated endometriosis groups). Further, a significant decrease in Bcl-2 expression was found in all medical treatment groups. IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α levels were significantly lower in all medical treatment groups than in the endometriosis groups. In conclusion; Metformin, letrozole, and atorvastatin showed apoptosis induction and anti-inflammatory effects on both ovarian and peritoneal endometriosis in experimental models.
Assuntos
Endometriose , Metformina , Animais , Apoptose , Atorvastatina/farmacologia , Atorvastatina/uso terapêutico , Endometriose/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Interleucina-6 , Interleucina-8 , Antígeno Ki-67 , Letrozol , Metformina/farmacologia , Metformina/uso terapêutico , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2 , Ratos , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Proteína X Associada a bcl-2RESUMO
This study was aimed at investigating the effects of melatonin, oxytetracycline and N-acetylcysteine on the ovarian follicle reserves and surface epithelium in autologous intraperitoneal ovarian transplantation in rats. Thirty adult female Wistar Albino were selected and randomly divided into six groups (n = 5). Group 1, which was the control group, only had their abdomens opened and closed while Group 2 underwent ovarian transplantation. Group 3, 4, 5 and 6 received 20 µg/kg/IM melatonin, 10 mg/kg/IM oxytetracycline, 150 mg/kg/IP N-Asetil sistein (NAC) and 1% ethanol respectively 15 min before the ovarian transplantation. Vaginal cytology was performed to monitor the estrus phase and the follicle reserve and changes in the surface epithelium were histopathologically evaluated during the preparations. Moreover, cellular apoptosis in tissues was evaluated with immunofluorescence staining of Bcl-2 and Bax. The Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was then calculated as the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of Bax and Bcl-2 MFI. Dysplastic change was found only significantly higher in the transplantation group (G2) (p < 0.01). Histopathologically, it was found that the follicle reserve was preserved significantly in the oxytetracycline and melatonin treated group (G3, G4) (p < 0.01). It was also observed that the oxytetracycline treated group (G4) were able to show better preventive effects against dysplastic changes of the surface epithelium. Moreover, the melatonin treated group depicted a low Bax/Bcl-2 ratio compared to the group that only underwent transplantation (G2) (p < 0.01). This study indicated that oxytetracycline and melatonin might be more effective than N-acetylcysteine in protecting against oxidative stress during ovarian transplantation.
Assuntos
Acetilcisteína , Melatonina , Ovário , Oxitetraciclina , Acetilcisteína/farmacologia , Animais , Feminino , Melatonina/farmacologia , Ovário/transplante , Oxitetraciclina/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Proteína X Associada a bcl-2RESUMO
We aimed to create a mechanical optic nerve damage model in rats and to investigate the neuroprotective effects of topical Coenzyme Q10 + Vitamin E TPGS (CoQ10+Vit E) molecule on retinal ganglion cells. In our study, 30 eyes of 20 male Wistar rats were used. Three groups, each consisting of 10 eyes, were formed as control, experimental, and treatment groups. The control group was used to test the formation of optic nerve damage. Topical CoQ10 + Vit E TPGS solution was applied to the rats in the treatment group, one drop twice a day for 3 weeks. On the other hand, physiological drops were applied to the experimental group 2 times a day for 3 weeks. After 3 weeks, the optic nerves of the rats were dissected and examined histopathologically. In electron microscopic examination of the treatment group, it was noted that the myelin sheath in the majority of myelinated nerve fibers and the normal structures of mitochondria, neurotubules, and neurofilaments in the axoplasm were preserved. It was observed that the oligodendrocytes surrounded the myelinated axons. In the experimental group, significant degenerative changes were observed in myelinated nerve fibers in many areas. The number of myelinated axons was significantly increased in the treatment group compared to the experimental group (p = .0028). In the light of the data obtained, the neuroprotective effect of the topically used CoQ10 + Vit E TPGS molecule was found to be histopathologically effective in our experimental study.Abbreviations: NAAION: Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy; CoQ10: Coenzyme q10; CG: Control group; EG: Experimental group; TG: Treatment group.
Assuntos
Neuropatia Óptica Isquêmica , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Masculino , Neuropatia Óptica Isquêmica/diagnóstico , Neuropatia Óptica Isquêmica/patologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Ubiquinona/análogos & derivados , Ubiquinona/farmacologia , Vitamina E/farmacologiaRESUMO
In this study, the expression of the androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) in testicular tissue of male patients with obstructive azoospermia (OA) and non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. NOA (n = 23) and OA (n = 21) groups were created according to clinical and laboratory archival records. Testicular sperm extraction tissue sections were evaluated according to Johnsen's tubular biopsy scoring (JTBS) method. ERα and AR immunostaining results were evaluated semiquantitatively. Serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, and estradiol were analyzed. Serum FSH and LH concentrations were greater, and testosterone concentrations were lower than the normal values in the NOA group, whereas the OA group revealed normal hormonal values. Serum estradiol concentrations in groups were in the normal range. JTBSs were significantly lower in the NOA group. Decreased AR expression and increased ERα expression were observed in the NOA group compared to the OA group. This suggests that ERα and AR are expressed in Sertoli cells, Leydig cells, and myoid cells and are required for normal testicular function. Decreased expression of the AR and increased expression of ERα in the testis may negatively affect spermatogenesis.Abbreviations: AR: androgen receptor; ER: estrogen receptor; ERα: estrogen receptor alpha; FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone; JTBS: Johnsen's tubular biopsy scoring; LH: luteinizing hormone; NOA: non-obstructive azoospermia; OA: obstructive azoospermia; TESE: testicular sperm extraction.
Assuntos
Azoospermia , Receptor alfa de Estrogênio , Humanos , Masculino , Receptores Androgênicos , Recuperação Espermática , TestículoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Maternal mood disorders such as postpartum depression (PPD) can negatively affect the lives not only of mothers but also of partners. The purpose of this study investigates emotional behavior and hippocampal apoptosis alterations of the male live with a postpartum depressed female. METHODS: Pregnant rats in the stress group were exposed to restraint stress (RS). The male rats who shared the same cages were not exposed to RS. To explain the consequences of depressive-like behavior and anxiety, animals were exposed to the forced swim test (FST), open-field test (OFT), and elevated plus maze (EPM). The apoptotic cell number was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (Tdt)-mediated dUTP biotin nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining. RESULTS: According to FST, PPD caused more immobility, reduced swimming, and climbing compared to control groups in the stressed female and male (p < 0.05). For the crossing number of squares in the center area, the main effect of the group was significant (p < 0.05). Stressed groups have a higher crossing number of squares in the center area compared to control groups. In the OFT, there was a significant increase in the time spent in the center area in the stress female and male group compared to the control female and male group (p < 0.05). For the EPM, time spent in the close arms was increased in the control male and stress male compared to the stress female group (p < 0.05). Female and male rats with PPD demonstrated apoptosis in neuron and glial cells in the hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrates that RS results in PPD in females. Furthermore, it implicates RS as a potential risk factor for the development of postpartum mood disorder in males. Most of the studies on paternal PPD have been done by using self-report questionnaires. Studies on physiological and hormonal changes during the postpartum period among fathers would provide information on biological factors of depression.
Assuntos
Apoptose/fisiologia , Comportamento Animal/fisiologia , Depressão/fisiopatologia , Hipocampo/fisiopatologia , Estresse Psicológico/fisiopatologia , Animais , Ansiedade/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Abrigo para Animais , Masculino , Gravidez , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Restrição FísicaRESUMO
Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is a major health problem that results in loss of motor and sensory functions. In treatment of PNI, various methods such as anastomosis, nerve grafts, nonneural tissue grafts, and nerve conduits are applied. In the present study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of Theranekron and Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) combined treatment on nerve healing in experimental PNI by using histomorphometric, electron microscopic, immunohistochemical and molecular biological methods. Sixty-two Wistar rats were divided into six groups; the normal control group, sham operation group, experimental control group having a crush type injury with no treatment, Theranekron treatment group, ALA treatment group and Theranekron+ALA combined treatment group. Sciatic nerve tissue samples were obtained on days 1, 7 and 14 following injury in all groups. GAP-43 expression was upregulated in all PNI received groups compared to the control group. Krox-20 expression was downregulated in all groups that received PNI compared to the control group. While intensely positive TNF-α and IL-6 expressions were observed up to the 1st to the 14th day for the experimental control group, these expressions were seen as "weakly positive" in the treatment groups from the 1st day to the 14th day. The number of myelinated fibers was higher in the control and sham operation groups. Additionally, the number of myelinated nerve fibers increased in the combined treatment group. In conclusion, these findings suggest that combined therapy of Theranekron and ALA promotes structural recovery and it should be considered as an effective treatment protocol following PNI.
Assuntos
Traumatismos dos Nervos Periféricos , Ácido Tióctico , Animais , Proteína GAP-43/genética , Expressão Gênica , Inflamação , Traumatismos dos Nervos Periféricos/tratamento farmacológico , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Nervo Isquiático , Venenos de Aranha , Ácido Tióctico/farmacologiaRESUMO
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical agent known to have detrimental reproductive and developmental effects. The tissue-specific impacts of BPA exposures and target tissues sensitiveness to BPA are still unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the short- and long-term dose-dependent toxic effects of BPA on rat testes. Forty-eight Wistar albino male rats were divided into four groups each containing 12 rats. To induce toxicity, BPA was administered orally at three different dosages (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) for 14 and 28 days, respectively. Testis tissues were examined using light and electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and biochemical methods. Serum testosterone (T) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were measured. Additionally, insulin-like factor 3 (INSL3) as a marker of Leydig cell function was evaluated immunohistochemically. Groups administered high doses of BPA showed severe degenerations such as testicular atrophy, spermatogenic arrest, and interstitial edema in testis. Also, a significant decrease in INSL3 immunoreactivity and serum LH and T levels was found. The results indicated that both increased exposure time and dosage of BPA caused more serious detrimental effects on testes in the rat. Decreased INSL3 and T levels was evidence of Leydig cell function impairment due to BPA.
Assuntos
Compostos Benzidrílicos/toxicidade , Fenóis/toxicidade , Somatomedinas/efeitos dos fármacos , Testículo/efeitos dos fármacos , Testículo/ultraestrutura , Testosterona/sangue , Adulto , Animais , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Modelos Animais , Gravidez , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Endometriosis is a gynocological disease characterized by the presence of the endometrial glands and stroma outside the uterine cavity. This disease affects % 6-10 of women with reproductive age and it causes serious problems such as pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea and infertility. Although endometriosis is one of the most investigated disease of gynecology, its pathogenesis is not clear completely. In recent years, many studies revealed the inflammatory nature of endometriosis. Many of the immune cells and their secretory products cytokines and chemokines has been detected in body fluids of women with endometriosis. Cytokines are protein or glycoprotein in structures and hormon-like molecules that act generally in a paracrine fashion to regulate immun responses. They involved in chemotaxis, cell proliferation, cell activation, motility, adhesion and morphogenesis. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is a proinflammatory cytokine secreted by the macrophages, monocytes, neutrophiles, T cells and natural killer cells. It stimulates increase in the level of the chemokines in body fluids. Monocyte chemotactic protein 2 (MCP-2) is a chemokine act to recruit and activate monocytes into sites of inflammation area. The aim of this study to investigate the ultrastructural properties and whether the expression and localization of TNF-α and MCP-2 in the eutopic endometrium (normal endometrium of women with endometriosis) and endometritic tissues of women with endometriosis. Eutopic endometrial and endometriotic tissue samples were obtained from women with endometriosis between 20-41 y and normal endometrial tissues were collected from 5 women without endometriosis as a control group. Tissues were processed for light and electron microscopy and examined. The epithelial cells of endometriotic tissues were revealed strongly cytoplasmic TNF-α and MCP-2 immunreactivities. Eutopic endometrial tissues were also stained prominently for both TNF-α and MCP-2. Furthermore, a significant increase in stromal macrophages were observed in endometriotic tissues. Moreover, the ultrastructural observations on the normal and endometriotic tissues were exhibited microvilli-rich cells and ciliated cells. These findings suggest that TNF-α and MCP-2 may be involved in normal endometrial biology and in the pathogenesis of endometriosis.
Assuntos
Quimiocina CCL8/metabolismo , Endometriose/metabolismo , Endométrio/metabolismo , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Adulto , Dismenorreia/etiologia , Endometriose/etiologia , Endometriose/patologia , Endométrio/anatomia & histologia , Endométrio/ultraestrutura , Feminino , Humanos , Infertilidade Feminina/etiologia , Microscopia , Dor Pélvica/etiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Peripheral nerve injuries (PNI) are an important health problem in the world. In this study, the effects of nerve growth factor (NGF) and betamethasone on nerve regeneration after sciatic nerve crush injury were examined by footprint analysis, electron microscopic, histomorphometric, and biochemical methods. Fifty Wistar rats were divided into five groups as intact control, experimental control, NGF, betamethasone, and NGF+betamethasone combined treatment groups. After the injury, betamethasone was subcutaneously injected into the lesion area of the treatment groups three times during the first day. NGF was subcutaneously injected into the lesion area of treatment groups for 14 days. Footprint analysis was made on 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days and after 6 weeks, tissue samples were obtained from all groups. In the experimental control group, there were severe degenerative changes in most of the axons and myelin sheaths of the nerve fibers. Moreover, an increase of MDA levels and a decrease in SOD activities were found in this group. On the other hand, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels decreased, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities increased and significant motor functional recovery were found in the combined treatment group. The number of axons, axon diameters, and myelin thickness were significantly greater in the combined treatment group when compared with experimental control and other treatment groups. It was thought that nerve regenerative effects of NGF and anti-inflammatory and/or anti-edematous effects of betamethasone could induce functional recovery in the combined treatment group. In conclusion, combined therapy of NGF and betamethasone may be an effective approach for the treatment of PNI.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Betametasona/farmacologia , Fibras Nervosas/ultraestrutura , Fator de Crescimento Neural/farmacologia , Regeneração Nervosa/efeitos dos fármacos , Traumatismos dos Nervos Periféricos/patologia , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Compressão Nervosa , Fibras Nervosas/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is an important health problem, and there is no universal treatment protocol for it today. Following SCI pro-inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor- alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) increase at the lesion site and play important roles in secondary tissue damage. Methylprednisolone (MP) is a glucocorticoid, and minocycline is a tetracycline-derived antibiotic both with neuroprotective effects on central nervous system trauma. However, there are limited studies on their effects on SCI. In this study, we aimed to evaluate effects of MP+minocycline combined treatment on cellular distribution and localization of TNF-α And IL-6 after SCI. Eighty Wistar rats were divided into three main groups as the intact control group, sham operation group, and experimental control group that received spinal cord compression injury. Following the injury, the experimental control group was subdivided into four groups as control, methylprednisolone treatment, minocycline treatment and, MP+minocycline combined treatment groups. Tissue samples were obtained from all groups at 24 hours and 72 hours after the injury. We found a significant decrease in TNF-α And IL-6 expressions in combined treatment group at 24 hours after injury. Also, there was a significant decrease in MDA and increase in SOD levels in this group. Furthermore, decreased lipid peroxidation and neuronal and glial cell death were also observed in combined treatment group. These results suggest that MP+minocycline combined treatment promotes functional recovery and, it should be considered as an effective treatment protocol following SCI.
Assuntos
Metilprednisolona/farmacologia , Minociclina/farmacologia , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/metabolismo , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/patologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/biossíntese , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Interleucina-6/biossíntese , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Proliferation and differentiation of adult Leydig cells are mainly completed in puberty. In many studies, apart from normal postnatal development process, it is widely indicated that, through administrating EDS, Leydig cell population is eliminated and regenerated. It is believed that osteocalcin released from osteoblasts, which is responsible for modulating bone metabolism, induces testosterone production in Leydig cells, independent of the HPG axis. In addition, INSL3 produced by Leydig cells, such as testosterone, plays a critical role in bone metabolism and is known to reflect the development process and functional capacities of Leydig cells. This study is aimed at investigating OC-mediated testosterone regulation and INSL3 synthesis during differentiation of adult Leydig cells that are independent of LH. For this purpose, male rats were divided into 2 groups: prepubertal normal rats and adult EDS-injected rats. Each group was divided into 4 subgroups in which GnRH antagonist or OC was applied. After adult Leydig cells completed their development, testicular tissue samples obtained from the sacrificed rats were examined by light-electron microscopic, immunohistochemical, and biochemical methods. Slight upregulation in 3ßHSD, INSL3, and GPRC6A expressions along with the increase in serum testosterone levels was observed in groups treated with osteocalcin against GnRH antagonist. In addition, biochemical and microscopic findings in osteocalcin treated groups were similar to those in control groups. While there was no significant difference in the number of Leydig cells reported, the presence of a significant upregulation in INSL3 and GPRC6A expressions and the increase in serum testosterone and ucOC levels were observed. After evaluation of findings altogether, it is put forward that, for the first time in this study, although osteocalcin treatment made no significant difference in the number of Leydig cells, it increased the level of testosterone through improving the function of existing adult Leydig cells during normal postnatal development process and post-EDS regeneration. This positive correlation between osteocalcin-testosterone and osteocalcin-INSL3 is concluded to be independent of LH at in vivo conditions.
RESUMO
Objectives: The aim of the study was to determine the relationships between microRNA-20a and microRNA-125b expression and apoptosis and inflammation in a rat model of spinal cord injury (SCI) using microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and molecular biology. Methods: Sixty-one rats were divided into three groups: a control group that was not subjected to any operation; a sham-operated group; and an experimental group that was subjected to spinal cord compression. The experimental group was further subdivided into two subgroups: the experimental control group, which did not receive any drug treatment; and the methylprednisolone treatment group, which received 30 mg/kg methylprednisolone on day 0 followed by 10 mg/kg/day methylprednisolone from days 1-14. Results: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 levels increased in the experimental control group on days 1 and 3, and decreased in the experimental control group and methylprednisolone treatment group on days 7 and 14. Caspase-3 levels increased in the experimental control group on day 1, and decreased in the experimental control group and methylprednisolone treatment group on days 3, 7, and 14. MicroRNA-20a expression was upregulated in the experimental control group on days 1 and 3, and microRNA-125b expression was downregulated on days 3 and 7. Conclusions: After SCI, upregulated microRNA-20a expression and increased proinflammatory cytokines may lead to an increase in inflammation. MicroRNA-125b may be associated with caspase-3, and microRNA-125b downregulation may inhibit apoptosis. Although the results of this study suggest potential relationships between microRNA-20a and microRNA-125b expression and apoptosis and inflammation in SCI, further studies are needed to confirm microRNA-20a and microRNA-125b as biomarkers in SCI and to develop new strategies for the treatment of SCI.
Assuntos
Apoptose/genética , MicroRNAs/genética , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Citocinas/metabolismo , Regulação para Baixo/efeitos dos fármacos , Inflamação/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Masculino , Metilprednisolona/uso terapêutico , Ratos Wistar , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Medula Espinal/metabolismo , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/genética , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Regulação para Cima/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Hydrosalpinx is a disease commonly observed in women and characterized by the obstruction which is in the shape of a fluid-filled sac at the distal part of tuba uterina closed to the ovary. In this study, we aimed to obtain endometrial tissue samples from the hydrosalpinx patients, before and after the surgical treatment and compare these endometrial tissue samples by using light and electron microscope. Endometrial tissue samples were obtained from the 24 women with bilateral hydrosalpinx range 19-46 years before and after the surgical treatment, and normal endometrial tissues were collected from five women without hydrosalpinx and evaluated as a control group. In endometrial samples of hydrosalpinx patients; it was observed that large and unregulated interstitial spaces representing the organellar destruction, membranous whorl structures associated with organelle destruction, thinning in the surface epithelium, decreasing in numbers of microvillus and pinopodes in microvilli cells, increasing in heterochromatin and picnotic changes in the nucleus, expansion, and vacuolization in the endoplasmic reticulum cisternae in the apical cytoplasm and intraepithelial macrophages and lymphocytes were rised in number. Although mild structural changes were observed in endometrial tissues obtained after surgical treatment of hydrosalpinx, surface epithelium, glandular and stromal cell structures were more similar to control endometrial specimens. In conclusion; serious structural changes have occurred in endometrial tissues of hydrosalpinx patients. These structural abnormalities have removed after surgical treatment so it is considered that surgical treatment is effective in patients with hydrosalpinx.
Assuntos
Endométrio/anormalidades , Endométrio/ultraestrutura , Retículo Endoplasmático/ultraestrutura , Microscopia Eletrônica , Adulto , Elétrons , Endométrio/cirurgia , Epitélio/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The cytokine profile and the ultrastructural changes of refluxing ureterovesical junctions(UVJs) of children treated with failed dextranomer/hyaluronic-acid (Dx/HA) injections were investigated using immunohis-tochemical methods and transmission electron microscopy(TEM). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eighteen children who had undergone injection for reflux were included the study. The smooth muscle arrangement of the ureteral wall, transforming growth factor-? (TGF-?1),vascular-endotheli-al-growth factor (VEGF) and CD34 were evaluated immunohistochemically, and the results were compared with 10 age-matched autopsy specimens as controls. The ultrastructural evaluation and morphological description was made semi-quantitatively and compared with published data. RESULT: Four of the patients (22%) were male, and 14 (78%) were female. The mean age of the patients was 105.4 ± 44.5(48-184) months. There was no correlation between the vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) grade and age (P = 0.85). The mean VEGF and CD34 scores were 16.2 ± 9.6 (0-90) cells per HPF and 10.2 ± 3.5 (4-16) vessels per HPF in ureters with reflux; these values were 60.6±16.4 (32-84) cells per HPF and 17.8 ± 4.1 (12-24) vessels per HPF in the control group. The amount of VEGF and CD34 were significantly decreased in patients compared with the control group (P < 0.001, P < 0.001).The TGF-?1 levels were significantly higher in patients with VUR compared with the control group (34.2 ± 19.9 vs 5.0±1.9; P=0.001).The amount of VEGF, CD34, and TGF-?1 were not correlated with the grade of reflux (P = 0.26, P = 0.94, and P = 0.42, respectively). Ultrastructural changes in the muscle cells were observed in all the VUR specimens (Grade II-IV). CONCLUSION: Refluxing ureters exhibited immune-histopathological abnormalities and ultrastructural changes of the muscle cells in all VUR specimens in the ureterovesical junctions of children treated with failed Dx/HA injec-tions for reflux.