PPARA and IL6: exploring associations with athletic performance and genotype polymorphism.

This study aims to investigate the Interleukin (IL)-6 rs1800795 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARA) rs4253778 polymorphism distributions in the relatively faster and slower subgroups of national cross-country skiing athletes and to identify advantageous genotypes for endurance performance. IL-6 is an inflammatory mediator that is effective in muscle tissue hypertrophy, repair, and the immune system. On the other hand, PPARA transcription factor is a molecule associated with fatty acid, sugar metabolism and inflammation formation. Total of 30 professional cross-country skiing athletes were examined in three groups as athletes, female athletes, and male athletes. DNA of the participants were isolated from blood and genetic polymorphisms were determined by RT-PCR. Athletes were divided into two subgroups as faster and slower referring to their "1-kilometer cross-country skiing time averages (CCSTA)". Polymorphism distributions in these subgroups were analyzed statistically with Fisher's exact test and descriptive tests. In addition, the 1 km-CCSTA values of the genotypes were determined by descriptive statistical methods and the time advantages were calculated. It was determined that the combination of IL-6 rs1800795 GC and PPARA rs4253778 GG genotypes was observed to be more prominent among the faster categories of cross-country skiing competitors, particularly in the athletes and male athletes categories, and it had a time advantage at 1 km-CCSTA. The GC genotype (p= 0.0098) and C-allele (p=0.0398) of IL-6 rs1800795 polymorphism were detected at a higher rate in the fast subgroup in male athletes. These genotypes may support endurance performance.

The Distinguishing Factor in Soccer Players is Aerobic Performance, not the ACTN3 Gene / El Factor Distintivo en los Jugadores de Fútbol es el Rendimiento Aeróbico y no el gen ACTN3

SUMMARY: The purpose of this study was to reveal the differences between ACTN3 genotype (RR, RX, XX) and aerobic performance [Yo-Yo IRT1 (m), VO2 max (ml/kg/min)] in professional and regional amateur league soccer players and to reveal which of these parameters was a distinctive factor in these athletes.71 professional soccer players (age: 23.66 ± 4.11 years; body height: 1.79 ± 6.99 m; body weight: 76.02 ± 6.76 kg; body fat: 11.59±3.11 %) and 62 regional amateur soccer players (age: 23.63 ±3.77 years; body height: 1.81 ± 5.77 m; body weight: 76.36 ± 7.53 kg; body fat: 15.60±4.65 %) volunteered for the study. After DNA extraction from buccal epithelial cells via a commercial kit was performed for the genetic background of the athletes, Real-Time PCR was carried out for genotyping. Furthermore, Yo-Yo IRT1 test was performed to determine the aerobic performance of the soccer players. SPSS 23 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) package program was used for the statistical analysis of the data obtained in the tests. Shapiro-Wilk test for normality and Levene's test for homogeneity of variance were performed. Chi-Square, Independent Sample T Test and One Way ANOVA test were used in the analysis of the parameters. Statistical significance was set as p0.05); however, there was a statistical significance in favor of professional soccer players in terms of aerobic parameters (p<0.05). Consequently, it can be said that aerobic performance is the distinguishing factor, not the ACTN3 gene, in soccer players.

El objetivo de este estudio fue revelar las diferencias entre el genotipo ACTN3 (RR, RX, XX) y el rendimiento aeróbico [Yo-Yo IRT1 (m), VO2 max (ml/kg/min)] en jugadores de fútbol de ligas profesionales y amateurs regionales y determinar cuál de estos parámetros es un factor distintivo en estos deportistas. 71 futbolistas profesionales (edad: 23,66 ±4,11 años; altura corporal: 1,79 ± 6,99 m; peso corporal: 76,02 ± 6,76 kg; grasa corporal: 11,59±3,11 %) y 62 jugadores de fútbol amateur regionales (edad: 23,63 ± 3,77 años; altura corporal: 1,81 ± 5,77 m; peso corporal: 76,36 ± 7,53 kg; grasa corporal: 15,60 ± 4,65 %) se ofrecieron como voluntarios para el estudio. Después de realizar la extracción de ADN de las células epiteliales orales mediante un kit comercial para obtener los antecedentes genéticos de los atletas, se llevó a cabo una PCR en tiempo real para el genotipado. Además, se realizó la prueba Yo-Yo IRT1 para determinar el rendimiento aeróbico de los futbolistas. Para el análisis estadístico de los datos obtenidos en las pruebas se utilizó el programa SPSS 23 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EE. UU.). Se realizó la prueba de normalidad de Shapiro- Wilk y la prueba de homogeneidad de la varianza de Levene. En el análisis de los parámetros se utilizaron Chi-cuadrado, prueba T para muestra independiente y prueba ANOVA unidireccional. La significancia estadística se estableció en p0,05); sin embargo, hubo significación estadística a favor de los futbolistas profesionales en cuanto a los parámetros aeróbicos (p<0,05). En consecuencia, se puede decir que el rendimiento aeróbico es el factor distintivo, no el gen ACTN3, en los jugadores de fútbol.

The Determination Of The Relationship Between Vo2max And The Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Gene (ACE) rs1799752 Polymorphisms In The Turkish National Ice Hockey Sports Team.

In the present study, the effect of ACE rs1799752 polymorphism on maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) in ice hockey players was analyzed. For this reason, 21 male National Ice Hockey players, aged between 18-25, were recruited for the study. The conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used on the genotype rs1799752 polymorphism. The VO2max values were calculated by using the 20m Shuttle Run tests. The numbers and percentages of the II, ID and DD genotypes were 9 (%43), 7 (%33), and 5 (%24), respectively. The allelic distribution for I and D alleles was found to be 25 (60%) and 17 (40%), respectively. The mean VO2max of all the athletes was calculated as 47.52 ml. The mean VO2max of the II, ID, and DD genotypes were 49.74ml, 47.34 ml, and 46.43 ml, respectively. We found that the oxygen utilization capacity increased from the DD genotype to the II genotype. However, this increase was not statistically significant (p> 0.05). In order to confirm our findings, it is recommended that larger prospective studies depending on the effect of the relevant polymorphisms needed to be carried out.

Distribution of α-actinin-3 rs1815739 and angiotensin-1 converting enzyme InDel polymorphisms in Turkish bodybuilders.

The determination of the genetic profiles of successful athletes and the effects of these genetic parameters on athletic performance is gaining increasing interest. The majority of studies assessing the genetics of athletes usually analyse the most well-known genetic variations in athletes associated with the different specialties. The aim of the present study was to analyse the ACE InDel and ACTN3 rs1815739 polymorphisms in Turkish bodybuilders. A total of 11 male bodybuilders were recruited and genotyped for these polymorphisms. The respective percentage of the ACE II, ID and DD genotypes were 18, 73 and 9. For the ACTN3 genotype, the respective frequencies were 55 and 45 for the RX and RR genotypes. No XX genotype was detected. The allelic counts were 12 (55%) for I and 10 (45%) for the D alleles of ACE; and 12 (55%) and 10 (45%) for R and X alleles, respectively, for the ACTN3 genotype. Additionally, 5 athletes had ID + RX genotypes in terms of ACE InDel and ACTN3 rs1815739 polymorphisms, respectively. These results indicate the importance of endurance related alleles of ACE and ACTN3 in bodybuilders. The results of the present are in agreement with previous studies, highlighting a potential association between specific polymorphisms and the endurance-related nature of bodybuilders. Further studies with larger cohorts are required to understand the association between these polymorphisms and specific parameters performance in bodybuilders.