[The system of epidemiological control of hepatitis E and complex of anti-epidemic, hygienic and veterinary sanitary activities in the Belgorod oblast].

The Hepatitis E (HE) is a viral liver disease that is common on all continents at different rates and very frequently is not symptomatically distinguishable from other viral hepatitis, such as hepatitis A, B and C, as well as from other infectious diseases referred to as "acute jaundice syndrome". The GE-anthroponosis (in the case of infection caused by genotypes 1 or 2 of hepatitis E virus) or anthropozoonosis (in the case of infection caused by 3 or 4 viruses) is predominantly propagated through fecal-oral transmission. The article presents the general characteristics of VGE, human risk factors and means of prevention. The particular attention is paid to the development of complex of anti-epidemic, hygienic and veterinary sanitary measures in the Belgorod Oblast.

[Belgorod region - the territory endemic for hepatitis E.]

INTRODUCTION: Belgorod region is the territory with the highest incidence of hepatitis E in the Russian Federation. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to comprehensively characterize the circulation of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in the Belgorod region, including the study of population immunity to the virus, determining the prevalence of infection among the pig population and analysis of the genetic diversity of HEV from patients and animals. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Serum samples of a conditionally healthy population (n = 2027) of all age groups were tested for anti-HEV IgG and IgM by ELISA with commercial assays. HEV RNA was determined in fecal samples from pigs aged 2-4 months (n = 526), in sewage samples from pig farms (n = 10), as well as in stool samples from patients with hepatitis E (n = 6) using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Phylogenetic analysis was performed for an amplified 300 nt fragment corresponding to HEV open reading frame 2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The prevalence of anti-HEV IgG in general population averaged 16.4% (95% CI: 14.8-18.1; 332/2027). The proportion of individuals who had both anti-HEV IgM and IgG averaged 2.8% (95% CI: 2.2-3.6; 57/2027). The incidence rate of anti-HEV IgG increased with age, from 2.8% (95% CI: 1.3-5.8) in children aged 1-14 years to 40.1% (95% CI: 34.9-45.6) in people 70 years or older. The detection rate of HEV RNA in pigs was 20% (95% CI: 16.8-23.6; 105/526). HEV RNA was detected in 2 out of 10 sewage samples. The HEV sequences isolated from patients with hepatitis E, pigs, and sewage samples in Belgorod region belonged to the HEV genotype 3, had a 95-100% homology, and formed common clusters on a phylogenetic tree. CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of HEV in pigs population has led to the formation of an endemic territory in the Belgorod region, which is the center of pig breeding. Measures aimed at reducing the circulation of HEV among pig population and decontamination of sewage from pig farms are necessary to control HEV infection.

[The duration of preservation of anamnestic antibodies to hepatitis E virus.]

The purpose of the study was to determine the duration of antibody response against hepatitis E virus (anti-HEV). Veterans of the war in Afghanistan who were in this endemic region in the late 1970s and early 1980s were tested for anti-HEV. On average, 20 years after the end of military service in Afghanistan, the rate of seropositivity was 30.0% (95/317), which was significantly higher compared to positivity rates in males who were at military service in the territory of Russia during the same period (3.9%, 8/208). At an average of 29.5 years after the visit to Afghanistan anti-HEV prevalence in veterans dropped to 20.0% (21/105), but still significantly exceeded the seroprevalence in general population (3.8%). Serum samples from elderly individuals (>60 years) without known risk factors of infection were also tested for anti-HEV IgG and IgM (n = 896). Anti-HEV IgG detection rates in the elderly from two regions of Russia exceeded those observed of primary blood donors (18.0-27.8% vs. 4.5-10.0%, p<0.01). The detection of anti-HEV IgM in individuals above 60 years (2.7-6.9%) indicates a current or recent infection. Thus, anti-HEV IgG can persist several decades after the infection. This might account for the wide anti-HEV prevalence among the elderly. At the same time, a significant proportion of individuals exposed to HEV lose detectable anti-HEV IgG within 20-30 years. The detection of anti-HEV IgM among the elderly indicates the viral circulation in older age groups, suggesting the need for testing for hepatitis E markers in elderly patients with liver diseases.