Age-related accumulation of B-1 cell progenitors in mice reflects changes in miR15a/16-1 expression and radioresistance capacity.

Hyperproliferative diseases such as Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) are potentially related to some disturbance in the apoptosis pathway, specifically in B-1a cells (CD5+). Accumulation of B-1a cells in lymphoid organs, bone marrow or periphery is observed in some leukemia experimental murine models along aging. It is known that aging also increases the healthy B-1 cell population. However, it is not yet clear if it happens due to self-renewal of mature cells or proliferation of progenitor cells. Herein we demonstrated that the B-1 cell precursor population (B-1p) from bone marrow of middle-aged mice is higher than from young mice. Also, these aged cells are more resistant to irradiation and have downregulation of microRNA15a/16. Alterations in these microRNAs expression and in Bcl-2 regulation were already described in human hematological malignancies and new therapeutically approaches focus on that axis. This finding could explain the early events related to cell transformation during aging and correlate with beginning of symptoms in hyperproliferative diseases. Moreover, studies have already reported these pro-B-1 as a contributor to the origin of other leukemia (Acute Myeloid Leukemia - AML). Our results point to a possible relation between B-1 cell precursors and hyperproliferation during aging. We hypothesized that this population could be maintained until the mature status of the cell or reveal changes that result in re-activation of precursor in adult bone marrow, culminating in accumulation of B-1 cells later. Based on this, B-1 cell progenitor could represent an origin for B cell malignancies and a new candidate target to diagnose and treatments in the future.

An Overview of B-1 Cells as Antigen-Presenting Cells.

The role of B cells as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) has been extensively studied, mainly in relation to the activation of memory T cells. Considering the B cell subtypes, the role of B-1 cells as APCs is beginning to be explored. Initially, it was described that B-1 cells are activated preferentially by T-independent antigens. However, some reports demonstrated that these cells are also involved in a T-dependent response. The aim of this review is to summarize information about the ability of B-1 cells to play a role as APCs and to briefly discuss the role of the BCR and toll-like receptor signals in this process. Furthermore, some characteristics of B-1 cells, such as natural IgM production and phagocytic ability, could interfere in the participation of these cells in the onset of an adaptive response.

Role of B-1 cells in the immune response against an antigen encapsulated into phosphatidylcholine-containing liposomes.

B-1 lymphocytes comprise a unique subset of B cells that differ phenotypically, ontogenetically and functionally from conventional B-2 cells. A frequent specificity of the antibody repertoire of peritoneal B-1 cells is phosphatidylcholine. Liposomes containing phosphatidylcholine have been studied as adjuvants and their interaction with dendritic cells and macrophages has been demonstrated. However, the role of B-1 cells in the adjuvanticity of liposomes composed of phosphatidylcholine has not been explored. In the present work, we studied the contribution of B-1 cells to the humoral response against ovalbumin (OVA) encapsulated into dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and cholesterol-containing liposomes. BALB/X-linked immunodeficient (xid) mice, which are deficient in B-1 cells, showed quantitative and qualitative differences in the anti-OVA antibody response compared with wild-type animals after immunization with these liposomes. The OVA-specific immune response was significantly increased in the BALB/xid mice when reconstituted with B-1 cells from naive BALB/c mice. Our results indicate the internalization of DPPC-containing liposomes by these cells and their migration from the peritoneal cavity to the spleen. Phosphatidylcholine significantly contributed to the immunogenicity of liposomes, as DPPC-containing liposomes more effectively stimulated the anti-OVA response compared with vesicles composed of dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol. In conclusion, we present evidence for a cognate interaction between B-1 cells and phosphatidylcholine liposomes, modulating the immune response to encapsulated antigens. This provides a novel targeting approach to assess the role of B-1 cells in humoral immunity.

Resident peritoneal inflammatory cells are pivotal in the development of experimental atherosclerosis.

AIM: Based on evidence that ionizing radiation can ameliorate chronic and autoimmune diseases in patients and experimental animals, we investigated the effects of radiation on the induction and development of experimental atherogenesis. METHODS: Male New Zealand rabbits were divided into 5 groups and given an atherogenic diet for 90 days. Peritoneal and thoracic areas (9 Gy) were irradiated on the 1st and 45th days for groups 1 and 2, the 45th day for groups 3 and 4, and not at all for group 5. Prior to irradiation, the peritoneal cavity of animals from groups 1 and 3 was washed with buffered saline. Cells collected by peritoneal washing were reinfused into the peritoneal cavity of the same animal after irradiation. Animals from groups 2 and 4 were intraperitoneally injected with saline as a control. RESULTS: Despite similar lipid profiles among the experimental groups, the percentage of aortas covered by plaques was remarkably reduced (p<0.001) among animals submitted to irradiation (groups 2 and 4). These differences were completely abolished in irradiated animals reconstituted with their own peritoneal cells. CONCLUSIONS: These findings point to an important role of resident inflammatory peritoneal cells in experimental atherogenesis.

Co-ordinated expression of lymphoid and myeloid specific transcription factors during B-1b cell differentiation into mononuclear phagocytes in vitro.

We previously demonstrated that B-1b cells can undergo differentiation to acquire a mononuclear phagocyte phenotype upon attachment to substrate in vitro. Here we followed the expression of surface markers and transcription factors during this differentiation. B-1b cells spontaneously express both myeloid and lymphoid restricted transcription factors. When induced to differentiate into a phagocyte, the lymphoid genes E box protein (E2A), early B-cell factor (EBF), paired box 5 (Pax5) are down-modulated, while expression of genes related to myeloid commitment is sustained. Furthermore, B-1b cell-derived phagocytes (B-1CDPs) decrease immunoglobulin M (IgM) expression but retain the expression of the heavy chain variable gene VH11 or VH12, an immunoglobulin gene rearrangement predominantly expressed by B-1 cells. The maintenance of lymphoid characteristics in B-1CDPs characterizes a unique type of phagocyte, not related to monocyte-derived macrophages.