[Investigation of morphogenesis of inflorescence and determination of the nature of inheritance of "supernumerary spikelets" trait of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) mutant line].

Using C-banding and FISH methods, the karyotype of MC1611 induced mutant of bread wheat, which develop additional spikelets at a rachis node (trait "supernumerary spikelets") was characterized. It was determined that the mutant phenotype is not associated with aneuploidy and major chromosomal rearrangements. The results of genetic analysis showed that supernumerary spikelets of the line are caused by a mutation of the single bh-D. 1 gene, influenced by the genetic background. The mutation causes abnormalities of inflorescence morphogenesis associated with the development of ectopic spikelet meristems in place of floral meristems in the basal part of the spikelets, causing the appearance of additional spikes at a rachis node. The mutant phenotype suggests that the Bh-D gene determines the fate of the lateral meristem in ear, which develops as floral meristem and gives rise to floral organs in wild-type inflorescences. In the Bh-D. 1 mutant, the establishing identity is impaired. The characterized mutant can be used in further studies on molecular genetic basis of development of wheat inflorescence.

[Genetic analysis of anthocyanin of the anthers and culm pigmentation in common wheat].

Anthocyanin pigmentation of various organs develops during plant ontogeny in response to adverse and damaging abiotic and biotic stressors (environmental factors). Using the monosome method, the genes responsible for anther and culm anthocyanin pigmentation (Pan1 and Pc2, respectively) were localized to 7D chromosome in introgressive lines from crosses between common wheat Triticum aestivum L. and the species Triticum timopheevii Zhuk. Genetic analysis of ten common wheat genotypes using testers carrying genes Pan1, Pn1, and Pn2 showed that these genotypes contained Pan1 and Pn2 genes. Visual examination of plants from 70 and 76 varieties of respectively winter and spring common wheat revealed anthocyanin pigmentation of anthers and culms in 36 varieties. Pan1 and Pn2 genes were presumably introduced into common wheat from Aegilops tauschii (Fig.) Tzvel., a donor of the D genome.

[Resistance to fungal diseases in hybrid progeny from crosses between common wheat variety Saratovskaia 29 and the amphidiploid Triticum timopheevii/Triticum tauschii (AAGGDD)]. / Izuchenie ustoichivosti k gribnym bolezniam potomstv gibridov ot skreshchivaniia sorta miagkoi pshenitsy Saratovskaia 29 s amfidiploidom--Triticum timopheevii/Triticum tauschii (AAGGDD).

The progeny of BC6F2-BC9F(2)-4 has been analyzed for resistance to brown rust (Lr genes) and powdery mildew (Pm genes). This progeny was obtained due to introgression of the alien material from the synthetic hexaploid wheat Triticum timopheevii/Aegilops squarrosa (= Triticum tauschii AAGGDD, 2n = 42) into the common wheat variety Saratovskaya 29. Against the background of natural infection, the lines resistant to both diseases and to either of them were developed. The brown-rust and powdery-mildew resistance is controlled by one/two effective independent genes Lr and Pm.

[Effect of the 5R(5A) alien chromosome substitution on the growth habit and winter hardiness of wheat]. / Vliianie chuzherodnogo zameshcheniia khromosom 5R(5A) na obraz zhizni i zimostoikost' pshenitsy.

The growth habit, ear emergence time, and frost tolerance of wheat/rye substitution lines have been studied in cultivars Rang and Mironovskaya Krupnozernaya whose chromosome 5A is substituted with chromosome 5R of Onkhoyskaya rye. Hybrid analysis has demonstrated that the spring habit of the recipient cultivars Rang and Mironovskaya Krupnozernaya is controlled by dominant gene Vrn-A1 located in chromosome 5A. Onokhoyskaya rye has a dominant gene for the spring habit (Sp1) located in chromosome 5R. It has been found that the resultant 5R(5A) alien-substitution lines have a winter type of development and ears do not emerge during summer in plants sown in spring. The change in growth habit has been shown to be related to the absence of the rye Spl gene expression in the substitution lines. The winter hardiness of winter 5R(5A) alien-substitution lines has been studied under the environmental conditions of Novosibirsk. Testing the lines in the first winter demonstrated that their winter survival is 20-27%. The possible presence of the frost resistance gene homeoallelic to the known genes Fr1 and Fr2 of the common wheat located on chromosomes 5A and 5D, respectively, is discussed.

[Construction of immune lines with complex resistance to leaf rust and powdery mildew in common spring wheat cultivar Saratovskaya 29]. / Sozdanie immunnykh linii sorta miagkoi pshenitsy Saratovskaia 29 s kompleksnoi ustoichivost'iu k gribam buroi rrhavchiny i muchinistoi rosy.

Immune lines resistant both to leaf rust and to powdery mildew were constructed on the basis of common wheat cultivar Saratovskaya 29. Synthetic wheat Triticum timopheevii/Aegilops squarrosa (AAGGDD, 2n = 42) of Savov (Bulgaria) was used as a source of resistance genes. Using cytological analysis of BC2, we selected resistant plants (21") free from meiosis 1 (M1) defects. With these plants and continuous selection, BC8-BC9 immune lines were obtained. The lines were shown to carry new resistance genes differing from the known ones, and were proposed as donors of immunity to the diseases.

[Comparative genetic analysis of the hexaploid wheat Triticum petropavlovskyi Udasz. et Migusch. and Triticum aestivum L]. / Sravnitel'no-geneticheskii analiz geksaploidnykh pshenits Triticum petropavlovskyi Udasz. et Migusch. i Triticum aestivum L.

A poorly studied species of hexaploid wheat Triticum petropavlovskyi Udacz. et Migusch. was compared with common wheat Triticum aestivum L. by means of monosomic and genetic analyses of F2 hybrids. Triticum petropavlovskyi was found to carry 13 dominant genes determining its morphological and physiological characters and regular bivalent conjugation of chromosomes. These genes were allelic to the respective genes of common wheat and were located in the same chromosomes. The modes of gene interaction were also the same. There was simple dominance for most genes studied and complementary interaction for the genes of hybrid dwarfism and hybrid necrosis. Triticum petropavlovskyi had the following dominant genes: Hg (downy glume); Rg1 (red glume color); Hl (downy leaf); Hn (downy node); Pa (pubescent auricles); Q (speltlike ears); D1 (grass-clump dwarfism); Ne1 (hybrid necrosis); Ph1 and Ph2 (genes of bivalent conjugation preventing homoeologous chromosomes from pairing); and Vrn1, Vrn2, Vrn3, and Vrn4 (genes of the spring habit). The gene Vrn1, which caused an increase in ear emergence time and a pronounced response to vernalization, was poorly expressed. T. petropavlovskyi was earlier demonstrated to have a species-specific gene P or Eg (elongated glume), which was not allelic to the gene Eg of the tetraploid T. polonicum L. The data obtained indicate that T. petropavlovskyi has originated from T. aestivum via mutations.

[Comparative study of the antiviral activity of natural double-stranded RNAs in experimental tick-borne encephalitis]. / Sravnital'noe izuchenie protivovirusnoi aktivnosti prirodnykh dvuspiral'nykh RNK pri éksperimental'nom kleshchevom éntsefalite.

A comparative study of the antiviral effect of interferon inducers from the group of natural double-stranded RNAs (yeast plasmid dsRNA, phage phi 6 and phage f2 dsRNAs was carried out on the model of experimental tick-borne encephalitis. The possibility of inducing up to 60% protection against 10 LD50 of TBE virus by prophylactic inoculation of interferon inducers alone was demonstrated. The therapeutic effect was observed only with yeast dsRNA (30% protection when the inducer was administered 4 hours after virus infection of mice). The prophylactic effect of inoculation of interferon inducers (yeast dsRNA and f2 dsRNA) to immune mice correlated with the protective effect of inducers alone. At the same time, the therapeutic effect of inoculation of yeast dsRNA to immune animals (4 hours after TBE virus, 40% protection) was more marked. In the therapeutic use of f2 dsRNA for pre-immunized animals a synergetic effect of the preparation was observed (56.7% protection in 4 hours and 26.7% protection 24 hours postinfection).

[Indices of alpha-interferon and of lymphocyte natural killer activity in genital herpes and the effect on them of specific vaccinal therapy and interferon therapy]. / Pokazateli al'fa-interferona i normal'noi killernoi aktivnosti limfotsitov pri genital'nom gerpese i vliianie na nikh spetsificheskoi vaktsinoterapii i interferonoterapii.

Fifty-six patients with recurrent genital herpes (RGH) and 53 normal subjects were examined. No interferon was found in the blood sera of the patients either in the period of the disease relapse or during remission. The leukocyte capacity to produce interferon in vitro (leukocyte interferon reaction, LIR) in the patients was found to be 4-5 times lower than in normal subjects. Study of the normal killer activity of lymphocytes in patients with RGH as compared with that in normal subjects revealed its decrease in 37.5% of the patients and only in 5.1% of normal subjects. Interferon therapy with purified human leukocyte interferon given to 36 patients with RGH resulted in clinical improvement in 88.9% of the patients that was accompanied by increasing normal killer activity of lymphocytes. Vaccine therapy given to 35 patients resulted in a stable clinical effect in 91.4% of the patients, however, without activation of LIR in them. It is concluded that the therapeutic effects of interferon therapy and vaccine therapy have different mechanisms.

[Combined use of a specific vaccine and interferon inducers for preventing and treating experimental tick-borne encephalitis]. / Sochetannoe primenenie spetsificheskoi vaktsiny i induktorov interferona dlia profilaktiki i lecheniia éksperimental'nogo kleshchevogo éntsefalita.

A comparative study of prophylactic and therapeutic activity of 6 Soviet interferon inducers in tick-borne encephalitis was carried out. Such inducers as double-stranded RNA, poly(G) . poly(C), and tyloron were most active prophylactically. A therapeutic effect was observed after combined use of specific vaccine and interferon inducers: double-stranded RNA and poly(G) . poly(C) which underwent clinical trials. When these inducers were administered 3 hours after infection the protective effect was 56.7% and 46%, respectively.

[Immunostimulating effect of interferon inducers]. / Immunostimuliruiushchii éffekt induktorov interferona.

The effect of interferon inducers on the immune response to vaccination was determined. The prophylactic effect of interferon inducers in combination with vaccines was determined with regard to experimental influenza, the therapeutic effect with regard to rabies and tick-borne encephalitis. Despite the differences in the experimental design (administration of the inducers before, after, or together with vaccines), the additive or synergistic effect was regularly observed with a 2-6-fold increase in the level of protection of the animals infected with the appropriate viruses as compared with the use of vaccines or interferon inducers separately. The protective effect depends a lot on the concentration, site and time of inoculation of the preparations, multiplicity of infection, and some other conditions.

[Typing of ornithosis strains with species-specific antigens]. / Tipirovanie shtammov ornitoza s pomoshci pomoshch'iu vidospetsificheskikh antigenov.

Species-specific antigens of three ornithosis strains of varying origin were isolated. These antigens were used in the complement-fixation test to study immune sera to different strains. The ornithosis strains studied were represented by three serotypes. To differentiate ornithosis from other chlamidia infections and for the preparation of diagnostic immune sera it is recommended to use species-specific antigens of serotype 3, while for vaccine production the corresponding strains should be used.

[Detection of humoral antibodies to species-specific and group ornithosis antigens in the dynamics of the infection]. / Obnaruzhenie gumoral'nykh antitel k vidospetsificheskomu i gruppovomu antigenam ornitoza v dinamike infektsii.

The time course of antibody production to group- and species-specific antigens of ornithosis agent was studied by complement fixation (CFT) and hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests. In rabbits after a single intravenous inoculation of the ornithosis agent, antibody to the homologous species-specific antigen appeared in the peripheral blood 3--5 days after inoculation and reached maximum levels during the 1-st week, and to the group-specific antigen could be detected 3--5 days after inoculation but reached maximum titers only 3--4 weeks later. In practical serological diagnosis of ornithosis and other chlamydia infections, the group antigen is used which gives retrospective diagnosis at 10--14 days or later. The results of the study suggest that the use of CFT with the species-specific antigen will not only differentiate ornithosis from other chlamydial infections but also will permit early serological diagnosis of ornithosis.

[Participation of species specific and group specific ornithosis antigens in immune reactions]. / Uchastie vidospetsificheskogo i gruppospetsificheskogo antigenov ornitoza v reaktsiiakh immuniteta.

The immunogenic properties of the species-specific antigen localized in the elementary particle membrane and group-specific or inner antigen of the causative agent of ornithosis were studied. The species specific antigen was shown to induce the antibody neutralizing the infectious properties of the agent as well as those agglutinating elementary bodies, inhibiting hemagglutination, and complement-fixing antibody detectable in the direct and indirect complement-fixation tests. The results indicate that the antigens most clearly defining the species-specific properties of the causative agent of ornithosis are localized in the elementary particle membrane. These antigens may be used for differential diagnosis studies employing not only CFT but also other antibody tests.

[Role of Chylamydia in the pathology of pregnancy and chronic gynecological diseases]. / Rol' khlamidii pri patologii beremennosti i kronicheskikh ginekologicheskikh zabolevaniiakh.

For the elucidation of the role of chlamydial infection in pathological pregnancies, serological examination by the CFT with group-specific and species ornithosis antigen was carried out on 723 blood serum specimens from women with obstetrical pathology, 124 specimens from patients with various chronic gynecological diseases and 124 control blood serum specimens from women with nromal pregnancy and favourable obstetrical anamnesis. The complement-fixing antibody (CF) was detected in 72 (9.9%) serum specimens from women with obstetrical pathology and chronic gynecological diseases. No CF antibody was found in control sera. Negative results of the CFT were obtained with species ornithosis antigen in all sera. In parallel examinations of the blood serum specimens from women with obstetrical and gynecological pathology by the CFT and intradermal test, correlation of positive results was demonstrated in 62.5% of the patients. Among the women with positive reactions for chlamydial infection, in 52.8% thee pregnancy was pathological. Among 52 sero-positive pregnant women the death of the fetus was observed in the perinatal period in 21.2%. Among 111 babies born alive after previous pregnancies 55 babies (49.5%) died at the age under 1 year. Thus, chlamydial infection may possibly have causative relation to pathological pregnancy, death of the fetus in the perinatal period, and death of the babies under 1 year.

[Role of chlamydia in chronic renal and urogenital diseases in man]. / Rol' khlamidii pri khronicheskikh pochechnykh i urogenital'nykh zabolevaniiakh cheloveka

Serological examinations by the CFT with the group-specific ornithosis antigen were carried out with 1910 sera from patients with chronic diseases of the kidneys, urinary tracts and male sexual organs, as well as with 556 control sera from patients with cardio-vascular and other diseases for elucidation of the role of chlamydia (OLT group) in the infectious pathology of the kidneys and urinary tracts of man. No complement-fixing antibody was detected with the group-specific ornithosis antigen in control sera. The antibody was found in 5.2% of sera from patients with chronic diseases of the kidneys and upper urinary tracts and in 6.2% of cases with the involvement of the proximal part of the urinary tracts and male sexual organs. The intradermal test (IDT) with ornithosis allergen was performed for those patients whose sera contained complement-fixing antibody. The results of CFT and IDT coincided in 82.8% of the patients, thus confirming the etiological role of chlamydia in human urogenital pathology. Studies on the positive sera with the species-specific ornithosis antigen gave negative results, indicating that a distinct species of chlamydia is the agent of urogenital diseases.