Carbon nanoparticle-based lateral flow assay for the detection of specific double-tagged DNA amplicons of Paracoccidioides spp.

To overcome the limitations of current methods for diagnosing paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), it is critical to develop novel diagnostic strategies that can be implemented in low-resource settings and dramatically improve turnaround times. This study focused on the development of a portable molecular test to screen for Paracoccidioides spp. The proposed approach integrated double-tagging polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and a paper-based lateral flow assay (LFA) for readout, using carbon nanoparticles as a signal generation system. Primers tagged with biotin and digoxigenin were employed to conduct the double-tagging PCR, which can be conveniently carried out on portable thermocyclers. This method can generate billions of tagged DNA copies from a single target molecule, which can be rapidly detected by the LFA platform, providing results within minutes. Avidin-modified carbon nanoparticles served as a signal generation system, enabling detection in the immunochromatographic assay. The LFA demonstrated the capability to detect double-tagged amplicons as low as 0.21 ng or 0.10 ng, depending on whether the results were assessed visually or with a smartphone equipped with an image processor. These findings suggest that the proposed approach holds great promise as a point-of-care diagnostic tool for the early and accurate detection of PCM in low-resource settings. The diagnostic test is rapid and inexpensive, requires minimal handling and can be easily introduced into the general practitioner's armoury for ambulatory screening of infection. This innovative approach has the potential to make a substantial contribution to PCM diagnosis, ultimately reducing morbidity and mortality associated with this disease.

Comparative Study of Gold and Carbon Nanoparticles in Nucleic Acid Lateral Flow Assay.

A lateral flow assay (LFA) is a paper-based, point-of-need test designed to detect a specific analyte in complex samples in low-resource settings. Although LFA has been successfully used in different applications, its use is still limited when high sensitivity is required, especially in the diagnosis of an early-stage condition. The limit of detection (LOD) is clearly related to the signal-generating system used to achieve the visual readout, in many cases involving nanoparticles coupled to a biomolecule, which, when combined, provides sensitivity and specificity, respectively. While colloidal gold is currently the most-used label, other detection systems are being developed. Carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) demonstrate outstanding features to improve the sensitivity of this technology by producing an increased contrast in the paper background. Based on the necessity of sensitivity improvement, the aim of this work is a comparative study, in terms of analytical performance, between commercial streptavidin gold nanoparticles (streptAv-AuNPs) and avidin carbon nanoparticles (Av-CNPs) in a nucleic acid lateral flow assay. The visual LOD of the method was calculated by serial dilution of the DNA template, ranging from 0.0 to 7 pg µL-1/1.5 × 104 CFU mL-1). The LFA achieved visual detection of as low as 2.2 × 10-2 pg µL-1 using Av-CNPs and 8.4 × 10-2 pg µL-1 using streptAv-AuNPs. These LODs could be obtained without the assistance of any instrumentation. The results demonstrate that CNPs showed an increased sensitivity, achieving the nanomolar range even by visual inspection. Furthermore, CNPs are the cheapest labels, and the suspensions are very stable and easy to modify.

Aislamiento y caracterización de macrófagos- células espusas a partir de aorta de un modelo de ateroesclerosis en conejo hipercolesterolémico / Isolation and characterization of macrophages-foam cells from aorta of hypercholesterolemic rabbit

Actualmente existe suficiente evidencia que sustenta que la ateroesclerosis es una patología en la cual están involucrados no sólo procesos de desequilibrio y aumento de lípidos, sino también procesos inflamatorios mediados por macrófagos-células espumosas. Estos hallazgos han sido encontrados en estudios llevados a cabo con animales de experimentación. Con el propósito de racionalizar la utilización de animales y de proponer un modelo biológico alterno en el que se puedan estudiar los mecanismos de patogenicidad que involucren tipos celulares relacionados con la ateroesclerosis, en el presente trabajo se estandarizó una técnica de aislamiento y cultivo de macrófagos-células espumosas, así como, los procedimientos para caracterizar los cultivos establecidos mediante la detección de esterasas no específicas. Para el análisis de la expresión de estas enzimas, se utilizó una técnica histoquímica y electroforesis en gel de poliacrilamida en condiciones no denaturantes. En la literatura revisada, este último método no ha sido empleado para evidenciar expresión de esterasas no específicas en leucocitos. El modelo biológico aportado por este trabajo puede ser usado para estudiar respuestas de los macrófagos activados y células espumosas relacionadas con la ateroesclerosis.

[Isolation and characterization of macrophages-foam cells from aorta of hypercholesterolemic rabbit]. / Aislamiento y caracterización de macrófagos-células espumosas a partir de aorta de un modelo deateroesclerosis en conejo hipercolesterolémico.

Evidence has accumulatd to support the hypothesis that atherosclerosis involves lipid imbalance as well as inflammatory responses mediated by macrophage and foam cells. These findings have been based on animal models. To rationalize animal use and to propose an alternative biological model, a technique was standardized for macrophage-foam cell isolation and culture. The cultures were characterized by non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of nonspecific esterases and histochemical staining. This method has not been applied previously for the characterization of the non specific esterases from leucocytes. The biological model presented here can be used to study macrophage-foam cell responses related to atherosclerosis.