[The ``tobacco-free hospital and campus'' action: mid-term evaluation of the needs expressed by students and professionals]. / Action « hôpital et campus sans tabac ¼ : évaluation à mi-parcours des connaissances de l'action et des besoins exprimés par les étudiants et les professionnels.

INTRODUCTION: In 2021, smoking was considered to be the leading cause of avoidable death in the world, causing numerous pathologies. The rate of smoking in French department of Finistère is high, and the ARS (regional health authority) has funded a prevention campaign for a tobacco-free hospital and campus in Brest. Some health students' smoke (17.8%) and/or vape (5.6%). The aim of this article was to study the middle-term impact of the Smokefree campus prevention campaign. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A descriptive cross-sectional study by self-administered questionnaire was carried out between 24/01/2022 and 21/02/2022, using Sphinx software. RESULTS: The participation rates were 29.9% (students) and 29.4% (professionals). Among students, 12.6% were smokers, as were 13.3% of professionals. Just over 75% of respondents were aware of Smokefree campus, and 75% knew that it concerned both vaping and smoking. Nearly 60% of respondents thought that the smoke-free campus program could improve coherence between (a) the care training function of the faculty and the IFPS and (b) its exemplarity on the issue of smoking. Among smokers, 44% thought that quitting smoking or vaping during working hours was possible, while and 44% thought that it was possible to quit, whatever the setting. For student smokers, this was contemplated by only 18.2%, and deemed possible by 24%. CONCLUSION: While the smoking rate has remained relatively high, the Smokefree campus campaign is widely known and understood. It is important to pursue this kind of prevention campaign insofar as it could have a positive impact on the health of future caregivers and their patients.

[Protection of caregivers in a university hospital at the time of Covid-19: Between overprotection and underprotection or between abandonment and weakening of the vital forces?] / Protection des soignants dans un CHU au temps du Covid-19 : entre surprotection et sous-protection ou entre abandon et affaiblissement des forces vives ?

During the first months of the Sars-Cov-2 pandemic, French caregivers faced difficult situations, organizational changes, and rapidly changing recommendations. The occupational physicians of the hospital staff had to accompany the caregivers, both to answer their questions, both to better prevent the risks to their health in connection with the pandemic. Recommendations were quickly issued by the Société française de médecine du travail (French Society of Occupational Medicine). In our CHU, an evaluation of exposures was made by department. Occupational physicians advised agents and the institution to limit the risks to the health of agents. However, faced with the uncertainties linked to ignorance of the virus, how can we play both the role of protection of each agent, and that of a doctor registered in a health war? This article revisits from a distance the ethical tensions of the hospital occupational physician and the qualities necessary for the accomplishment of these missions.

[Smoking, vaping among hospital staff during the Covid-19 pandemic: Appraisal of the "tobacco-free hospital, campus" campaign in Brest]. / Tabagisme et vapotage dans un CHRU en période de pandémie de covid-19 : Point de la campagne Hôpital et Campus Sans Tabac à Brest.

INTRODUCTION: In the framework of a "tobacco-free hospital and campus" campaign, we conducted a study on the prevalence of smoking and vaping among a university hospital (CHRU) staff. The study took place in late 2020 (from 1 September to 15 December), and involved self-assessment of the impact of the covid-19 pandemic on smoking. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A cross-sectional study was carried out using an online questionnaire, which was distributed by email and QR code posting and included socio-professional details as well as data on participants' smoking and vaping. RESULTS: There were 782 responses, representing a participation rate of 13.5%. The sample included 73.3% women and 22.7% men; 28.9% nurses, 24.9% medical staff, 3.6% nursing assistants and 42.6% other professional categories. The overall smoking rate was 13%. Sixty-two (7.9%) participants vaped; 37 (5%) vaped exclusively, 25 (3.2%) combined smoking and vaping. Men smoked more than women: 23.7% vs. 9.4% (P < 0.01). Medical staff smoked and vaped less than other categories; 6.2% vs 14.8% (P < 0.01) and 4.1% vs 9.1% respectively (P=0.02). Doctors were more often non-smokers: OR=2.71 (95% CI: 1.14-6.46). Among smokers, 25% said they had increased their cigarette consumption during the covid-19 pandemic, frequently as a means of combating stress or fatigue. CONCLUSION: This study showed a lower smoking rate than in the literature, possibly due to the high participation of physicians. Ours were the initial estimates of vaping among hospital staff.

[How has the Covid-19 pandemic questioned the medical power?] / En quoi la pandémie Covid-19 a-t-elle mis en question le pouvoir médical ?

The Covid-19 pandemic marked public opinion by the scale and violence of scientific and medical debates. Patients can sometimes say that they have never seen so many doctors in the papers. Everyone has their own opinion and some use social networks. Yet, despite massive publications on the pandemic, doctors don't always seem to know what to do. While some journalists believe that doctors have found the pandemic an opportunity to assert new medical power through the media, others see medicine as far too limited a science. So how can medical power be re-examined by the action of physicians during this pandemic? The article discusses the classic dimensions of power (politics, judgment, action) to highlight other dimensions of medical power: responsibility, dedication, creativity, and exemplarity.

Pneumocystis exhalation by infants developing Pneumocystis primary infection: putative infectious sources in hospitals and the community.

Pneumocystis jirovecii DNA was detected using a polymerase chain reaction assay in air samples collected using an air-liquid impaction device at 1 m distance from three out of 14 infants who had developed Pneumocystis primary infection. P. jirovecii genotype identification was successful in one out of three pairs of air samples. Matching of P. jirovecii genotypes between the nasopharyngeal and air samples suggested that P. jirovecii was effectively exhaled by the infected infant. These original results represent a proof of concept of the role of infants with primary pneumocystis infection as infectious sources of P. jirovecii in hospitals and in the community.

[Cigarette and e-cigarette use among a sample of French health students]. / Consommation de cigarettes et de cigarettes électroniques des étudiants en santé.

INTRODUCTION: Smoking is one of the leading causes of preventable death worldwide. Data from the literature show that caregivers and health students have a high prevalence. The purpose of this article was to study the prevalence among health students (medicine, dentistry, physiotherapy, nursing) at a University and a Teaching Hospital in France. MATERIAL AND METHOD: This was a cross-sectional study using a self-administered questionnaire completed at the start of university meetings. This study was carried out as part of a campaign to combat smoking supported by the Brittany Regional Health Agency. RESULTS: The participation rate was 76.4%: 1349 respondents out of 1766 health students surveyed. The prevalence of smoking 17.8% and that of vaping 5.6%. Nursing students smoked and vaped more than students in other streams: respectively, for smoking, 21.8% (73/335) vs. 16.5% (167/1014) (P<0.001), for vaping, 10.4% (35/335) vs. 4.0% (39/980) (P<0.001). Students in 3rd year nursing smoked and vaped significantly more than those in the first 2 years (P=0.02 and P<0.001). CONCLUSION: The smoking rate was high, but comparable to the data for health students. Nursing students were significantly greater smokers, especially in the last year. Their vaping rate was higher than in other studies.

[How junior doctors live their work during pregnancy? A qualitative study in France]. / Grossesse et maternité pendant l'internat de médecine ? Étude qualitative en France.

INTRODUCTION: During the final part of their medical studies, residents are under a large amount of stress and work overload as reported by a literature review between 2004 and 2014 assessing 33.2% of burn out among them. Pregnancy and motherhood lead to major physical and psychological changes. The purpose of this study was to point out the female residents feeling about the consequences of motherhood and pregnancy during residency. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted for this qualitative study. It was based on the Grounded theory and analyzed by a continuous thematization. RESULTS: Ten interviews were conducted. Data saturation was obtained by the 8th interview. Diversity of medical specialty was sought. Residents expressed their feeling towards the consequences of pregnancy and motherhood during residency. The data analysis highlighted two major themes related to either work (training, industrial relations and job adaptation), or pregnancy and maternity. CONCLUSION: Becoming a mother during residency represents an additional challenge for residents. It implies adjustment from them and their work teams in order to reduce the negative effect on a professional and personal level.

[Suffering at work among medical students: qualitative study using semi-structured interviews]. / Souffrance au travail des étudiants en médecine : étude qualitative par entretiens semi-dirigés.

INTRODUCTION: Suffering at work among health professionals is a hot topic. Medical students, doctors of tomorrow, are far from being spared. Prevalence of anxiety and mood disorders range from 20.3 to 69 % for the former and from 12 to 30 % for the latter. The purpose of this article is to determine these factors by qualitative research, according to medical students' points of view. METHODS: It is a qualitative study using semistructured interviews. The analysis is done according to the Grounded Theory. RESULTS: 12 medical students are interviewed. They expressed difficulties at work and positive factors. Three major themes are identified in selective coding: occupational factors, " study " factors and individual factors. All themes are both a source of well-being and ill-being according to the situations specified in the results. CONCLUSION: Studying medicine includes positive and negative aspects. Abandonment issues, lack of recognition and insufficient coaching emerge from our study. Screening of suffering at work should be systematic for medical students.

INTRODUCTION: La souffrance au travail chez les professionnels de santé est un sujet d'actualité. Les étudiants en médecine, médecins de demain, sont loin d'être épargnés. Ils présentent notamment des troubles anxieux et de l'humeur dont les prévalences s'échelonnent de 20,3 à 69 % pour les premiers et de 12 à 30 % pour les seconds. Cette étude a pour objectif de déterminer ce qui est ressenti comme positif ou négatif au travail du point de vue des étudiants hospitaliers. Matériel et méthode : Il s'agit d'une étude qualitative par entretiens semi-dirigés. L'analyse se fait selon une thématisation progressive en suivant la Grounded Theory, ou théorisation ancrée, méthode issue des sciences sociales, visant à élaborer une théorie des représentations, non à partir d'hypothèses prédéterminées, mais à partir de données de terrain recueillies par entretiens. Résultats : La variation est maximale. La saturation des données a été atteinte avec 12 sujets. Ceux-ci ont exprimé des difficultés au travail mais aussi des facteurs de ressenti positif. Trois grands thèmes ont été définis en codage sélectif : les facteurs professionnels, les facteurs " étude " et les facteurs individuels. Quelle que soit la thématique abordée, les relations avec le ressenti du travail sont à la fois source d'épanouissement et de souffrance selon les situations précisées dans les résultats. CONCLUSION: Le vécu des études médicales comprend des aspects positifs et négatifs. Les problématiques de délaissement, de manque de reconnaissance ou encore d'accompagnement insuffisant ressortent de notre étude. Ceci ouvre des pistes de prévention. Le dépistage d'un malêtre au travail devrait être systématique chez ces étudiants.

Investigation of nosocomial pneumocystis infections: usefulness of longitudinal screening of epidemic and post-epidemic pneumocystis genotypes.

BACKGROUND: Twenty-five patients, of whom 22 were renal transplant recipients, developed Pneumocystis jirovecii infections at the nephrology department of Reims University Hospital (France) from September 2008 to October 2009, whereas only four sporadic cases had been diagnosed in this department over the 14 previous years. AIM: This outbreak was investigated by analysing patient encounters and P. jirovecii types. METHODS: A transmission map was drawn up. P. jirovecii typing at DHPS, ITS and mtLSU rRNA sequences was performed in the patients of the cluster (18 patients with Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) and seven colonized patients), 10 unlinked control patients (six PCP patients and four colonized patients), as well as 23 other patients diagnosed with P. jirovecii (nine PCP patients and 14 colonized patients) in the same department over a three-year post-epidemic period. FINDINGS: Eleven encounters between patients harbouring the same types were observed. Three PCP patients and one colonized patient were considered as possible index cases. The most frequent types in the cluster group and the control group were identical. However, their frequency was significantly higher in the first than in the second group (P < 0.01). Identical types were also identified in the post-epidemic group, suggesting a second outbreak due to the same strain, contemporary to a disruption in prevention measures. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide additional data on the role of both PCP and colonized patients as infectious sources. Longitudinal screening of P. jirovecii types in infected patients, including colonized patients, is required in the investigation of the fungus's circulation within hospitals.