Facilitators of and barriers to buprenorphine initiation for people with opioid use disorder in the emergency department: protocol for a scoping review.

INTRODUCTION: Buprenorphine-naloxone is recommended as a first-line agent for the treatment of opioid use disorder. Although initiation of buprenorphine in the emergency department (ED) is evidence based, barriers to implementation persist. A comprehensive review and critical analysis of both facilitators of and barriers to buprenorphine initiation in ED has yet to be published. Our objectives are (1) to map the implementation of buprenorphine induction pathway literature and synthesise what we know about buprenorphine pathways in EDs and (2) to identify gaps in this literature with respect to barriers and facilitators of implementation. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We will conduct a scoping review to comprehensively search the literature, map the evidence and identify gaps in knowledge. The review will adhere to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses Protocols Extension for Scoping Reviews and guidance from the Joanna Briggs Institution for conduct of scoping reviews. We will search Medline, APA, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Embase and IBSS from 1995 to present and the search will be restricted to English and French language publications. Citations will be screened in Covidence by two trained reviewers. Discrepancies will be mediated by consensus. Data will be synthesised using a hybrid, inductive-deductive approach, informed by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research as well as critical theory to guide further interpretation. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This review does not require ethics approval. A group of primary knowledge users, including clinicians and people with lived experience, will be involved in the dissemination of findings including publication in peer-reviewed journals. Results will inform future research, current quality improvement efforts in affiliated hospitals, and aide the creation of a more robust ED response to the escalating overdose crisis.

Hard to swallow: a systematic review of deliberate foreign body ingestion.

OBJECTIVE: Deliberate foreign body ingestion (DFBI) is often impulsively driven, repetitive and refractory to intervention and frequently necessitates multiple medical interventions. As such, the frustrations among health care providers are great, and the financial toll on health care is significant. Nevertheless, the literature on DFBI is sparse, and suggestions for treatment planning and management are limited. The authors sought to investigate and uncover efficacious treatments and strategies for preventing reoccurrence in DFBI. We build on earlier work by offering both broad and diagnosis-specific management strategies. METHOD: A literature review was performed addressing the presentation, management and prevention of reoccurrences of DFBI. Four cases of DFBI are presented illustrating those psychiatric diagnoses (psychosis, malingering, obsessive-compulsive disorder and borderline personality disorder) most frequently encountered in hospital practice. Both broad and specific treatment approaches are presented. RESULTS: Patients engaging in DFBI are best managed through a multidisciplinary approach, following acute medical management. Successful strategies for the prevention of reoccurrences of DFBI are inconclusive. CONCLUSION: Understanding the function of this behavior is critical in developing treatment for patients who engage in these dangerous, potentially life-threatening, self-injurious behaviors. An amalgam of medical, pharmacological and cognitive-behavioral interventions is recommended, as is additional research.

Medical clearance in the psychiatric emergency setting: a call for more standardization.

Literature suggests little standardization in the practice of medical clearance of patients who present to emergency rooms in psychiatric crisis. The present quality improvement study examined current practice in a large psychiatric teaching hospital setting. Using chart review, the completeness of physical examination was examined for 10 body areas in a random sample of 20 psychiatric patients admitted via a psychiatric emergency department (ED) during a one-month period. Charts were examined for four professional groups - family physicians or nurse practitioners, psychiatry residents, medical students and general ED physicians. Results indicated a wide variation in documentation across the four groups and some body systems that were consistently never assessed. To improve standardization, a physical examination form is proposed that is user friendly and based on a review of current literature.

Sex differences in the prevalence of post-stroke depression: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Depression after stroke occurs in 33% of individuals. It is grossly underdiagnosed and untreated. OBJECTIVE: The authors studied sex differences in the prevalence of post-stroke depression (PSD), which have not been adequately studied, and may have important implications for clinicians. METHOD: The authors performed a systematic review of five databases of all observational studies that stratified data by sex, measuring the prevalence of PSD. RESULTS: Fifty-six publications, including 47 primary studies between 1982 and 2006, met eligibility criteria and were included in the review. A total of 75,131 subjects comprised these studies, with 11,910 women and 62,899 men. RESULTS: The prevalence of depression among women was higher in 35 studies. Moreover, the prevalence was generally higher among inpatient populations (both in acute-care and rehabilitation facilities) than in community-dwelling subjects. CONCLUSIONS: PSD is highly prevalent in both sexes, but appears to be slightly more common among women than men. Untreated depression after stroke can lead to a reduced quality of life, poorer prognosis, and increased mortality. All stroke patients should be routinely screened for depression, and further research is needed to determine whether there are sex-specific differences in response to treatment.

Weight restoration in a patient with anorexia nervosa on dialysis.

OBJECTIVE: We report a case of weight restoration in a patient with anorexia nervosa, end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring dialysis, and cardiac insufficiency. METHOD: The technical challenges and ethical issues involved in her clinical management are reviewed. Renal insufficiency is a common complication of more severe anorexia nervosa. RESULTS: Progression to renal failure, when it occurs, is most typically a terminal event. There are currently no published guidelines for monitoring the weight gain of patients undergoing dialysis. CONCLUSION: We present a case of a patient who progressed from renal insufficiency to renal failure while in treatment for anorexia nervosa, and who was ultimately successfully weight restored while on renal dialysis.