RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Reproductive health education (RHE) is an important component of school curricula. It helps students in the decision-making process regarding several issues concerning reproductive health. However delivering RHE at schools is a difficult task for the teachers. METHODS: This study was conducted to assess the experiences and perceptions towards reproductive health education (RHE) among 236 secondary school teachers in January 2019. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: Only 21 (8.9%) were trained in RHE. Majority [179 (75.8%)] identified cultural barriers as the major challenge involved in its implementation. 95 (40.3%) teachers felt that the provision of sexual education as a part of RHE will promote pre-marital sexual activity among the students. Of the total, 185 (78.4%) had average while 51 (21.6%) participants had a good perception towards RHE. It was taught in only 3 (16.7%) out of the 18 schools surveyed. Only 11 (4.7%) participants felt that the availability of teaching aids to conduct RHE classes at their schools was adequate. Hardly 14 (5.9%) teachers had taken RHE classes for students. Among the rest, 135 (60.8%) expressed their willingness to take RHE classes with appropriate training. In multi variable analysis, participants aged ≤ 40 years (p = 0.031), those belonging to nuclear families (p = 0.013), and those who had taken classes in RHE (p = 0.037) had significantly good perception level towards RHE. CONCLUSIONS: Teachers therefore need to be trained and given more opportunities to take RHE sessions which will help improve their perception towards RHE. Schools need to be better equipped with resources and various perceived barriers need to be overcome before RHE can be successfully implemented.
This study was conducted to assess the experiences and perceptions towards reproductive health education (RHE) secondary school teachers. The participants provided the required information by filling a questionnaire. Hardly one in ten of them had prior training in RHE and one in twenty had taken RHE classes at schools. More than three-fourth of them felt that cultural barriers could pose problems in its implementation at schools. One in four teachers had good perception towards RHE. Two in three among teachers, who had not taken RHE classes before, expressed their willingness to take RHE classes with appropriate training. Favourable perception towards RHE were expressed by teachers who were young, from small families and those who had taken RHE classes before.
Assuntos
Educação em Saúde , Saúde Reprodutiva , Idoso , Humanos , Índia , Percepção , Instituições AcadêmicasRESUMO
Genetic variants in micro-RNAs (miRNA) have been shown to affect progression, diagnosis, and prognosis of various malignancies; however, their role in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) susceptibility is controversial. Therefore, we aimed to determine role of common genetic variants in cancer related pre-miRNA in susceptibility and survival outcome of north Indian ESCC patients. We genotyped four common polymorphisms in pre-miRNA: mir-196a-2C>T, mir-146aG>C, mir-499T>C, and mir-423C>A in 289 incident ESCC cases (including 153 follow-up cases) and 309 controls using PCR/PCR RFLP-based methods. Binary logistic regression was applied for risk estimation, while Kaplan-Meier and Cox Regression tests were performed for survival analysis. We observed that none of the pre-miRNA genetic variants were associated with ESCC or its clinical phenotypes independently, however, combined risk genotypes of four pre-miRNA polymorphisms increased risk of ESCC in dose-response manner (Ptrend = 0.011). Specifically, patients with 2-4 risk genotypes of pre-miRNA polymorphisms had 1.4-fold higher risk of ESCC compared to patients with 0-1 risk genotypes (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.02-1.09, P-value = 0.037). The risk was more pronounced in ESCC cases with upper-third esophageal tumors. Moreover, cumulative but not independent effect of risk genotypes of pre-miRNA polymorphisms was observed on survival outcome of ESCC patients. Cases with 2-4 risk genotypes had significantly lower median survival (11.60 vs. 30.2 months) and 2.3-fold greater hazard of death compared to patients with 0-1 risk genotypes. In conclusion, the four studied common pre-miRNA polymorphisms cumulatively affect susceptibility and survival of ESCC patients in north Indian population. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
