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1.
Mol Biol Rep ; 51(1): 964, 2024 Sep 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39240390

RESUMO

The intricate interplay between Homeobox genes, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and the development of malignancies represents a rapidly expanding area of research. Specific discernible lncRNAs have been discovered to adeptly regulate HOX gene expression in the context of cancer, providing fresh insights into the molecular mechanisms that govern cancer development and progression. An in-depth comprehension of these intricate associations may pave the way for innovative therapeutic strategies in cancer treatment. The HOX gene family is garnering increasing attention due to its involvement in immune system regulation, interaction with long non-coding RNAs, and tumor progression. Although initially recognized for its crucial role in embryonic development, this comprehensive exploration of the world of HOX genes contributes to our understanding of their diverse functions, potentially leading to immunology, developmental biology, and cancer research discoveries. Thus, the primary objective of this review is to delve into these aspects of HOX gene biology in greater detail, shedding light on their complex functions and potential therapeutic applications.


Assuntos
Progressão da Doença , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Genes Homeobox , Sistema Imunitário , Neoplasias , RNA Longo não Codificante , Humanos , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/imunologia , RNA Longo não Codificante/genética , Genes Homeobox/genética , Sistema Imunitário/metabolismo , Animais
2.
Cell Biochem Biophys ; 2024 Aug 13.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39136839

RESUMO

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are single-stranded RNAs that have received much attention in recent years. CircRNAs lack a 5' head and a 3' poly-A tail. The structure of this type of RNAs make them resistant to digestion by exonucleases. CircRNAs are expressed in different cells and have various functions. The function of circRNAs is done by sponging miRNAs, changing gene expression, and protein production. The expression of circRNAs changes in different types of cancers, which causes changes in cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Changes in the expression of circRNAs can cause the invasion and progression of tumors. Studies have shown that changes in the expression of circRNAs can be seen in acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) and chronic lymphoid leukemia (CLL). The conducted studies aim to identify circRNAs whose expression has changed in these leukemias and their more precise function so that these circRNAs can be identified as biomarkers, prediction of patient prognosis, and treatment targets for ALL and CLL patients. In this study, we review the studies conducted on the role and function of circRNAs in ALL and CLL patients. The results of the studies show that there is a possibility of using circRNAs as biomarkers in the identification and treatment of patients in the future.

3.
Cell Biochem Biophys ; 2024 Aug 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39110298

RESUMO

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential receptors involved in inflammation and innate immunity. Various types of cancer cells, as well as innate immune cells, express TLRs. There is mounting proof that TLRs are critical to the development and spread of cancer as well as metabolism. In breast cancer, up-regulated levels of TLRs have been linked to the aggressiveness of the diseases, worse treatment outcomes, and the emergence of therapeutic resistance. Patients with advanced non-resectable, recurring, and metastatic breast cancer currently have few available treatment choices. An intriguing new strategy is an innate immunity-mediated anticancer immunotherapy, either used alone or in conjunction with existing treatments. In fact, several TLR agonists and antagonists have been used in clinical studies for anti-cancer immunotherapy. Consequently, TLRs serve as critical targets for controlling the course of breast cancer and treatment resistance in addition to being implicated in immune responses against pathogen infection and cancer immunology. In this review, we deliver an overview of the most current findings on TLR involvement in the development of breast cancer and treatment resistance.

4.
Brain Res ; 1845: 149202, 2024 Aug 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39216694

RESUMO

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a progressive neurological disease associated with behavioral abnormalities, memory loss, and cognitive impairment that cause major causes of dementia in the elderly. The pathogenetic processes cause complex effects on brain function and AD progression. The proper protein homeostasis, or proteostasis, is critical for cell health. AD causes the buildup of misfolded proteins, particularly tau and amyloid-beta, to break down proteostasis, such aggregates are toxic to neurons and play a critical role in AD pathogenesis. The rise of cellular senescence is accompanied by aging, marked by irreversible cell cycle arrest and the release of pro-inflammatory proteins. Senescent cell build-up in the brains of AD patients exacerbates neuroinflammation and neuronal degeneration. These cells senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) also disturbs the brain environment. When proteostasis failure and cellular senescence coalesce, a cycle is generated that compounds each other. While senescent cells contribute to proteostasis breakdown through inflammatory and degradative processes, misfolded proteins induce cellular stress and senescence. The principal aspects of the neurodegenerative processes in AD are the interaction of cellular senescence and proteostasis failure. This review explores the interconnected roles of proteostasis disruption and cellular senescence in the pathways leading to neurodegeneration in AD.

5.
Brain Res ; 1844: 149165, 2024 Dec 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39155034

RESUMO

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease characterized by abnormal accumulation of tau proteins and amyloid-ß, leading to neuronal death and cognitive impairment. Recent studies have implicated aging pathways, including dysregulation of tau and cellular senescence in AD pathogenesis. In AD brains, tau protein, which normally stabilizes microtubules, becomes hyperphosphorylated and forms insoluble neurofibrillary tangles. These tau aggregates impair neuronal function and are propagated across the brain's neurocircuitry. Meanwhile, the number of senescent cells accumulating in the aging brain is rising, releasing a pro-inflammatory SASP responsible for neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. This review explores potential therapeutic interventions for AD targeting tau protein and senescent cells, and tau -directed compounds, senolytics, eliminating senescent cells, and agents that modulate the SASP-senomodulators. Ultimately, a combined approach that incorporates tau-directed medications and targeted senescent cell-based therapies holds promise for reducing the harmful impact of AD's shared aging pathways.


Assuntos
Envelhecimento , Doença de Alzheimer , Senescência Celular , Proteínas tau , Humanos , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Proteínas tau/metabolismo , Senescência Celular/fisiologia , Senescência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Envelhecimento/metabolismo , Animais , Encéfalo/metabolismo
6.
Cell Biochem Biophys ; 2024 Jul 26.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39060914

RESUMO

Tumor recurrence after curative therapy and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells' resistance to conventional therapies is the reasons for the worse clinical results of HCC patients. A tiny population of cancer cells with a strong potential for self-renewal, differentiation, and tumorigenesis has been identified as cancer stem cells (CSCs). The discovery of CSC surface markers and the separation of CSC subpopulations from HCC cells have been made possible by recent developments in the study of hepatic (liver) CSCs. Hepatic CSC surface markers include epithelial cell adhesion molecules (EpCAM), CD133, CD90, CD13, CD44, OV-6, ALDH, and K19. CSCs have a significant influence on the development of cancer, invasiveness, self-renewal, metastasis, and drug resistance in HCC, and thus provide a therapeutic chance to treat HCC and avoid its recurrence. Therefore, it is essential to develop treatment approaches that specifically and effectively target hepatic stem cells. Given this, one potential treatment approach is to use particular small interfering RNA (siRNA) to target CSC, disrupting their behavior and microenvironment as well as changing their epigenetic state. The characteristics of CSCs in HCC are outlined in this study, along with new treatment approaches based on siRNA that may be used to target hepatic CSCs and overcome HCC resistance to traditional therapies.

7.
J Reprod Immunol ; 164: 104274, 2024 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38865894

RESUMO

Numerous recent studies have examined the impact epigenetics-including DNA methylation-has on spermatogenesis and male infertility. Differential methylation of several genes has been linked to compromised spermatogenesis and/or reproductive failure. Specifically, male infertility has been frequently associated with DNA methylation abnormalities of MEST and H19 inside imprinted genes and MTHFR within non-imprinted genes. Microbial infections mainly result in male infertility because of the immune response triggered by the bacteria' accumulation of immune cells, proinflammatory cytokines, and chemokines. Thus, bacterially produced epigenetic dysregulations may impact host cell function, supporting host defense or enabling pathogen persistence. So, it is possible to think of pathogenic bacteria as potential epimutagens that can alter the epigenome. It has been demonstrated that dysregulated levels of LncRNA correlate with motility and sperm count in ejaculated spermatozoa from infertile males. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the relationship between decreased reproductive capacity and sperm DNA methylation status should aid in creating new diagnostic instruments for this condition. To fully understand the mechanisms influencing sperm methylation and how they relate to male infertility, more research is required.


Assuntos
Metilação de DNA , Epigênese Genética , Infertilidade Masculina , Espermatogênese , Espermatozoides , Masculino , Humanos , Infertilidade Masculina/imunologia , Infertilidade Masculina/genética , Infertilidade Masculina/microbiologia , Epigênese Genética/imunologia , Metilação de DNA/imunologia , Espermatozoides/imunologia , Espermatogênese/genética , Espermatogênese/imunologia , Animais , RNA Longo não Codificante/genética , RNA Longo não Codificante/imunologia , Infecções Bacterianas/imunologia , Infecções Bacterianas/genética , Metilenotetra-Hidrofolato Redutase (NADPH2)/genética
8.
Cell Biochem Biophys ; 2024 May 28.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38805114

RESUMO

While intensity-modulated radiation therapy-based comprehensive therapy increases outcomes, cancer patients still have a low five-year survival rate and a high recurrence rate. The primary factor contributing to cancer patients' poor prognoses is radiation resistance. A class of endogenous non-coding RNAs, known as microRNAs (miRNAs), controls various biological processes in eukaryotes. These miRNAs influence tumor cell growth, death, migration, invasion, and metastasis, which controls how human carcinoma develops and spreads. The correlation between the unbalanced expression of miRNAs and the prognosis and sensitivity to radiation therapy is well-established. MiRNAs have a significant impact on the regulation of DNA repair, the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and stemness in the tumor radiation response. But because radio resistance is a complicated phenomena, further research is required to fully comprehend these mechanisms. Radiation response rates vary depending on the modality used, which includes the method of delivery, radiation dosage, tumor stage and grade, confounding medical co-morbidities, and intrinsic tumor microenvironment. Here, we summarize the possible mechanisms through which miRNAs contribute to human tumors' resistance to radiation.

9.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38700796

RESUMO

The utilization of medicinal plant extracts in therapeutics has been hindered by various challenges, including poor bioavailability and stability issues. Nanovesicular delivery systems have emerged as promising tools to overcome these limitations by enhancing the solubility, bioavailability, and targeted delivery of bioactive compounds from medicinal plants. This review explores the applications of nanovesicular delivery systems in antibacterial and anticancer therapeutics using medicinal plant extracts. We provide an overview of the bioactive compounds present in medicinal plants and their therapeutic properties, emphasizing the challenges associated with their utilization. Various types of nanovesicular delivery systems, including liposomes, niosomes, ethosomes, and solid lipid nanoparticles, among others, are discussed in detail, along with their potential applications in combating bacterial infections and cancer. The review highlights specific examples of antibacterial and anticancer activities demonstrated by these delivery systems against a range of pathogens and cancer types. Furthermore, we address the challenges and limitations associated with the scale-up, stability, toxicity, and regulatory considerations of nanovesicular delivery systems. Finally, future perspectives are outlined, focusing on emerging technologies, integration with personalized medicine, and potential collaborations to drive forward research in this field. Overall, this review underscores the potential of nanovesicular delivery systems for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of medicinal plant extracts in antibacterial and anticancer applications, while identifying avenues for further research and development.

10.
Pathol Res Pract ; 257: 155282, 2024 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38608371

RESUMO

Cancer is a group of diseases marked by unchecked cell proliferation and the ability for the disease to metastasize to different body areas. Enhancements in treatment and early detection are crucial for improved outcomes. LncRNAs are RNA molecules that encode proteins and have a length of more than 200 nucleotides. LncRNAs are crucial for chromatin architecture, gene regulation, and other cellular activities that impact both normal growth & pathological processes, even though they are unable to code for proteins. LncRNAs have emerged as significant regulators in the study of cancer biology, with a focus on their intricate function in the Notch signaling pathway. The imbalance of this pathway is often linked to a variety of malignancies. Notch signaling is essential for cellular functions like proliferation, differentiation, and death. The cellular response is shaped by these lncRNAs through their modulation of essential Notch pathway constituents such as receptors, ligands, and downstream effectors around it. Furthermore, a variety of cancer types exhibit irregular expression of Notch-related lncRNAs, underscoring their potential use as therapeutic targets and diagnostic markers. Gaining an understanding of the molecular processes behind the interaction between the Notch pathway and lncRNAs will help you better understand the intricate regulatory networks that control the development of cancer. This can open up new possibilities for individualized treatment plans and focused therapeutic interventions. The intricate relationships between lncRNAs & the Notch pathway in cancer are examined in this review.


Assuntos
Neoplasias , RNA Longo não Codificante , Receptores Notch , Transdução de Sinais , Humanos , RNA Longo não Codificante/genética , RNA Longo não Codificante/metabolismo , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/patologia , Neoplasias/terapia , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Receptores Notch/metabolismo , Receptores Notch/genética , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/genética , Animais
11.
Cell Biochem Funct ; 42(3): e3993, 2024 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38532685

RESUMO

About 70% of cases of breast cancer are compromised by Estrogen-positive breast cancer. Through its regulation of several processes, including cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis, Estrogen signaling plays a pivotal role in the genesis and progression of this particular kind of breast cancer. One of the best treatment strategies for treating Estrogen-positive breast cancer is blocking Estrogen signaling. However, patients' treatment failure is mainly caused by the emergence of resistance and metastases, necessitating the development of novel therapeutic targets. Numerous studies have shown long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) to play a role in Estrogen-mediated carcinogenesis. These lncRNAs interact with co-regulators and the Estrogen signaling cascade components, primarily due to Estrogen activation. Vimentin and E-cadherin are examples of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition markers, and they regulate genes involved in cell cycle progression, such as Cyclins, to affect the growth, proliferation, and metastasis of Estrogen-positive breast cancer. Furthermore, a few of these lncRNAs contribute to developing resistance to chemotherapy, making them more desirable targets for enhancing results. Thus, to shed light on the creation of fresh approaches for treating this cancer, this review attempts to compile recently conducted studies on the relationship between lncRNAs and the advancement of Estrogen-positive breast cancer.


Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama , RNA Longo não Codificante , Humanos , Feminino , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , RNA Longo não Codificante/genética , Estrogênios , Proliferação de Células/genética , Receptores de Estrogênio/metabolismo , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica
12.
Pathol Res Pract ; 256: 155266, 2024 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38554489

RESUMO

Hepatic tumors present a formidable challenge in cancer therapeutics, necessitating the exploration of novel treatment strategies. In recent years, targeting the immune system has attracted interest to augment existing therapeutic efficacy. The immune system in hepatic tumors includes numerous cells with diverse actions. CD8+ T lymphocytes, T helper 1 (Th1) CD4+ T lymphocytes, alternative M1 macrophages, and natural killer (NK) cells provide the antitumor immunity. However, Foxp3+ regulatory CD4+ T cells (Tregs), M2-like tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are the key immune inhibitor cells. Tumor stroma can also affect these interactions. Targeting these cells and their secreted molecules is intriguing for eliminating malignant cells. The current review provides a synopsis of the immune system components involved in hepatic tumor expansion and highlights the molecular and cellular pathways that can be targeted for therapeutic intervention. It also overviews the diverse range of drugs, natural products, immunotherapy drugs, and nanoparticles that have been investigated to manipulate immune responses and bolster antitumor immunity. The review also addresses the potential advantages and challenges associated with these approaches.


Assuntos
Produtos Biológicos , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Nanopartículas , Neoplasias , Humanos , Produtos Biológicos/uso terapêutico , Produtos Biológicos/metabolismo , Neoplasias/patologia , Imunoterapia , Macrófagos/patologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologia , Nanopartículas/uso terapêutico , Microambiente Tumoral
13.
Cancer Drug Resist ; 5(2): 317-327, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35800364

RESUMO

Pancreatic cancer is ranked as the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality and is predicted to become the second leading cause of cancer-related death by 2030. The cause of this high mortality rate is due to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma's rapid progression and metastasis, and development of drug resistance. Today, cancer immunotherapy is becoming a strong candidate to not only treat various cancers but also to combat against chemoresistance. Studies have suggested that complement system pathways play an important role in cancer progression and chemoresistance, especially in pancreatic cancer. A recent report also suggested that several signaling pathways play an important role in causing chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer, major ones including nuclear factor kappa B, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, c-mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor, and phosphoinositide-3-kinase/protein kinase B. In addition, it has also been proven that the complement system has a very active role in establishing the tumor microenvironment, which would aid in promoting tumorigenesis, progression, metastasis, and recurrence. Interestingly, it has been shown that the downstream products of the complement system directly upregulate inflammatory mediators, which in turn activate these chemo-resistant pathways. Therefore, targeting complement pathways could be an innovative approach to combat against pancreatic cancer drugs resistance. In this review, we have discussed the role of complement system pathways in pancreatic cancer drug resistance and a special focus on the complement as a therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer.

14.
Indian J Gastroenterol ; 40(6): 613-620, 2021 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34877633

RESUMO

AIMS: Lockdown and restricted mobility due to the pandemic of corona virus disease  2019 (COVID-19) has severely affected the continuity of healthcare of patients with acute and chronic diseases. We evaluated the impact of COVID-19 on the adherence to gluten-free diet (GFD), symptom control, and quality of life (QOL) in patients with celiac disease (CeD). METHODS: A questionnaire, consisting of both ad-hoc and validated questions, was created after review of literature, group discussions, and expert meetings. Standardized questionnaires namely CeD adherence test (CDAT), celiac symptom index score, and CeD-related QOL were used. The web-based questionnaire was sent to 3130 patients via social media and 452 responses (14.4%) were received. Also, additional 68 patients (not available on any social media application) were interviewed telephonically by a trained dietitian. RESULTS: Overall, 505 patients (females: 318; mean age: 24.1±14.2 years) were included. While only 6.7% (n = 34) had poor compliance to GFD (CDAT > 17) before COVID-19 pandemic, it almost doubled to 12.6% (n = 64) during the COVID-19 pandemic times (p = 0.02). Furthermore, 4.9% (n = 25) of patients were diagnosed contacting  COVID-19. Interestingly, 73.2% (n = 370) patients preferred online appointment than physical appointment. Most common difficulties faced during lockdown period were high delivery charges for getting gluten-free (GF) food at home (54.4%), increased prices of regular GF food (43.1%), and travelling long distance to arrange GF food (44.9%). CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic has substantially affected the adherence, symptom control, and QOL in patients with CeD, attributable to unavailability, shortage of money, and heightened cost of GF food. The pandemic has offered an opportunity to practice teleconsultation approach for patients with CeD.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , Doença Celíaca , Adolescente , Adulto , Doença Celíaca/epidemiologia , Criança , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis , Dieta Livre de Glúten , Feminino , Humanos , Pandemias , Cooperação do Paciente , Qualidade de Vida , SARS-CoV-2 , Adulto Jovem
15.
Emerg Infect Dis ; 26(8): 1645-1653, 2020 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32687019

RESUMO

Plasmodium infections are co-endemic with infections caused by other agents of acute febrile illnesses, such as dengue virus (DENV), chikungunya virus, Leptospira spp., and Orientia tsutsugamushi. However, co-infections may influence disease severity, treatment outcomes, and development of drug resistance. When we analyzed cases of acute febrile illness at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, from July 2017 through September 2018, we found that most patients with malaria harbored co-infections (Plasmodium mixed species and other pathogens). DENV was the most common malaria co-infection (44% of total infections). DENV serotype 4 was associated with mild malaria, and Leptospira was associated with severe malaria. We also found the presence of P. knowlesi in our study population. Therefore, in areas with a large number of severe malaria cases, diagnostic screening for all 4 DENV serotypes, Leptospira, and all Plasmodium species should be performed.


Assuntos
Coinfecção , Vírus da Dengue , Dengue , Leptospira , Malária , Coinfecção/epidemiologia , Dengue/complicações , Dengue/diagnóstico , Dengue/epidemiologia , Humanos , Índia , Malária/complicações , Malária/diagnóstico , Malária/epidemiologia
16.
BMC Res Notes ; 13(1): 37, 2020 Jan 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31959229

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent presentation in malaria infections. Several cases of AKI that are accompanied by clinical symptoms of malaria infection, such as fever, nausea, respiratory distress, and anemia remain undiagnosed due to challenges in accurate diagnosis using peripheral blood microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests that are currently used in clinical settings. This is particularly true for P. vivax and P. knowlesi infections. As a result, these patients are not able to receive anti-malarial therapy in a timely manner. The objective of the present study was to investigate if patients presenting with AKI harbored any of the five human Plasmodium species (P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. knowlesi, P. malariae, and P. ovale) within their renal tissues. RESULTS: We found that renal biopsies from malaria associated AKI patients harbor the human malaria parasites P. falciparum, P. vivax and P. knowlesi as mono- and mixed species infections. Presence of microvascular injury in a majority of the malaria associated AKI cases suggested vascular involvement of P. vivax and P. knowlesi. This research note also highlights P. knowlesi as an emerging pathogen in the Indian subcontinent.


Assuntos
Injúria Renal Aguda/parasitologia , Rim/parasitologia , Malária/parasitologia , Plasmodium/isolamento & purificação , Biópsia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Índia , Rim/patologia , Malária/diagnóstico , Malária/epidemiologia , Microscopia , Plasmodium falciparum/isolamento & purificação , Plasmodium knowlesi/isolamento & purificação , Plasmodium vivax/isolamento & purificação , Estudos Retrospectivos
17.
J Clin Med ; 8(6)2019 Jun 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31234270

RESUMO

Once thought to be uncommon, celiac disease has now become a common disease globally. While avoidance of the gluten-containing diet is the only effective treatment so far, many new targets are being explored for the development of new drugs for its treatment. The endpoints of therapy include not only reversal of symptoms, normalization of immunological abnormalities and healing of mucosa, but also maintenance of remission of the disease by strict adherence of the gluten-free diet (GFD). There is no single gold standard test for the diagnosis of celiac disease and the diagnosis is based on the presence of a combination of characteristics including the presence of a celiac-specific antibody (anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody, anti-endomysial antibody or anti-deamidated gliadin peptide antibody) and demonstration of villous abnormalities. While the demonstration of enteropathy is an important criterion for a definite diagnosis of celiac disease, it requires endoscopic examination which is perceived as an invasive procedure. The capability of prediction of enteropathy by the presence of the high titer of anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody led to an option of making a diagnosis even without obtaining mucosal biopsies. While present day diagnostic tests are great, they, however, have certain limitations. Therefore, there is a need for biomarkers for screening of patients, prediction of enteropathy, and monitoring of patients for adherence of the gluten-free diet. Efforts are now being made to explore various biomarkers which reflect different changes that occur in the intestinal mucosa using modern day tools including transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. In the present review, we have discussed comprehensively the pros and cons of available biomarkers and also summarized the current status of emerging biomarkers for the screening, diagnosis, and monitoring of celiac disease.

18.
Sci Rep ; 7(1): 6892, 2017 07 31.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28761062

RESUMO

We performed integrative analysis of genes associated with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) associated complications by automated text mining with manual curation and also gene expression analysis from Gene Expression Omnibus. They were analysed for pathogenic or protective role, trends, interaction with risk factors, Gene Ontology enrichment and tissue wise differential expression. The database T2DiACoD houses 650 genes, and 34 microRNAs associated with T2DM complications. Seven genes AGER, TNFRSF11B, CRK, PON1, ADIPOQ, CRP and NOS3 are associated with all 5 complications. Several genes are studied in multiple years in all complications with high proportion in cardiovascular (75.8%) and atherosclerosis (51.3%). T2DM Patients' skeletal muscle tissues showed high fold change in differentially expressed genes. Among the differentially expressed genes, VEGFA is associated with several complications of T2DM. A few genes ACE2, ADCYAP1, HDAC4, NCF1, NFE2L2, OSM, SMAD1, TGFB1, BDNF, SYVN1, TXNIP, CD36, CYP2J2, NLRP3 with details of protective role are catalogued. Obesity is clearly a dominant risk factor interacting with the genes of T2DM complications followed by inflammation, diet and stress to variable extents. This information emerging from the integrative approach used in this work could benefit further therapeutic approaches. The T2DiACoD is available at www.http://t2diacod.igib.res.in/ .


Assuntos
Bases de Dados Genéticas , Complicações do Diabetes/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Curadoria de Dados , Mineração de Dados , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Humanos , Internet , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Especificidade de Órgãos
19.
Sci Rep ; 6: 30827, 2016 08 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27501775

RESUMO

The Mycobacterium tuberculosis dihydrodipicolinate synthase (Mtb-dapA) is an essential gene. Mtb-DapA catalyzes the aldol condensation between pyruvate and L-aspartate-beta-semialdehyde (ASA) to yield dihydrodipicolinate. In this work we tested the inhibitory effects of structural analogues of pyruvate on recombinant Mtb-DapA (Mtb-rDapA) using a coupled assay with recombinant dihydrodipicolinate reductase (Mtb-rDapB). Alpha-ketopimelic acid (α-KPA) showed maximum inhibition of 88% and IC50 of 21 µM in the presence of pyruvate (500 µM) and ASA (400 µM). Competition experiments with pyruvate and ASA revealed competition of α-KPA with pyruvate. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) data with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) showed that the relative abundance peak of final product, 2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate, was decreased by 50%. Thermal shift assays showed 1 °C Tm shift of Mtb-rDapA upon binding α-KPA. The 2.4 Å crystal structure of Mtb-rDapA-α-KPA complex showed the interaction of critical residues at the active site with α-KPA. Molecular dynamics simulations over 500 ns of pyruvate docked to Mtb-DapA and of α-KPA-bound Mtb-rDapA revealed formation of hydrogen bonds with pyruvate throughout in contrast to α-KPA. Molecular descriptors analysis showed that ligands with polar surface area of 91.7 Å(2) are likely inhibitors. In summary, α-hydroxypimelic acid and other analogues could be explored further as inhibitors of Mtb-DapA.


Assuntos
Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Hidrocarbonetos Aromáticos com Pontes/farmacologia , Hidroliases/metabolismo , Cetonas/farmacologia , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/efeitos dos fármacos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/enzimologia , Ácido Aspártico/análogos & derivados , Ácido Aspártico/química , Ácido Aspártico/metabolismo , Proteínas de Bactérias/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Sítios de Ligação , Hidrocarbonetos Aromáticos com Pontes/química , Hidrocarbonetos Aromáticos com Pontes/metabolismo , Domínio Catalítico , Cristalografia por Raios X , Ativação Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Hidroliases/antagonistas & inibidores , Hidroliases/genética , Ligação de Hidrogênio , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Cetonas/química , Cetonas/metabolismo , Cinética , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular , Ácido Pirúvico/química , Ácido Pirúvico/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes/biossíntese , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/isolamento & purificação
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