Cryogenic Investigations into the Effect of Impact-Oscillatory Loading on Changes in the Mechanical Properties and Structural Condition of VT23M Two-Phase Titanium Alloy.

Impact-oscillatory loading of variable intensity was applied to the VT23M high-strength sheet two-phase titanium alloy in liquid nitrogen. This was carried out to investigate the effect of this loading type on changes in the mechanical properties and structural condition of the alloy upon subsequent static tensioning at normal temperature. Dynamic non-equilibrium process (DNP) realized at a temperature of liquid nitrogen proved to be unable to impair the strength properties of the VT23M titanium alloy compared to room temperature; however, they caused a significant decrease in ductility (down to 16%). The impaired plastic properties of the alloy were shown to entail additional defects in the structural components of the alloy. The authors have found patterns of damage accumulation in the structural components of the alloy depending on the DNP parameters. They are in good agreement with the findings of the fractographic research.

Polymer Composites with Carbon Fillers Based on Coal Pitch and Petroleum Pitch Cokes: Structure, Electrical, Thermal, and Mechanical Properties.

The effect of particle size and oxidation degree of new carbon microfillers, based on coal pitch (CP) and petroleum pitch (PET) cokes, on the structure as well as thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties of the composites based on ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) was investigated. The composites studied have a segregated structure of filler particle distribution in the UHMWPE matrix. It was found that composite with smaller CP grain fraction has the highest Young's modulus and electrical conductivity compared to the other composites studied, which can be the result of a large contribution of flake-shaped particles. Additionally, conductivity of this composite turned out to be similar to composites with well-known carbon nanofillers, such as graphene, carbon black, and CNTs. Additionally, the relationship between electrical conductivity and Young's modulus values of composites studied was revealed, which indicates that electrical conductivity is very sensitive to the structure of the filler phase in the polymer matrix. In general, it was established that the properties, especially the electrical conductivity, of the composites studied strongly depends on the size, shape, and oxidative treatment of CP and PET filler particles, and that the CP coke of appropriately small particle sizes and flake shape has significant potential as a conductive filler for polymer composites.

Pyroresistive Properties of Composites Based on HDPE and Carbon Fillers.

Electrothermal processes were studied in pyroresistive composites based on high-density polyethylene (HDPE) containing 8 vol.% carbon black (CB), 8 vol.% carbon fibers (CF), and their mixture 4 vol.% CB + 4 vol.% CF. It is shown that the kinetic heating curves of composites are well described by an exponential dependence with a certain heating rate constant k for each type of composite. After a short heating time, the equilibrium temperature Te is reached in the sample. When the applied voltage exceeds a certain value, the Te value decreases due to the presence of the positive temperature coefficient of resistance (PTC) effect. Due to the PTC effect, the composites exhibit a self-regulating effect relative to the Te. Relations between the applied voltage, electric power, and equilibrium temperature are found, the Te value depends on the applied voltage according to the quadratic law whereas there is a linear relationship between the Te and electric power. A possible application of such pyroresistive composites is resistance welding of plastics using a heating element (HE) made of a pyroresistive material. The use of HDPE-CB composite to create HE for resistance welding is demonstrated and the welded joint of HDPE parts obtained using HE is shown.

Plastic Anisotropy Effect on Variation of Mechanical and Structural Properties of VT23 Titanium Alloy Subjected to Impact-Oscillatory Loading.

The main regularities in the impact of varying intensity impact-oscillatory loading on the variation of the mechanical and structural properties of the VT23 high-strength two-phase transverse-rolled sheet titanium alloy have been found. The intensity of the impulse introduction of energy into the alloy under the dynamic non-equilibrium process (DNP) was estimated by εimp (the increment of dynamic strain). The pulse intensity was found to change the shape of the static strain diagram with further tensioning, as compared to the initial state. This indicates the effect from the structure self-organization inherent in the VT23 titanium alloy upon the DNP. After the DNP (εimp = 1.44%), with further static deformation, the tensile diagram revealed yield sites up to 6.5% long. In most cases, the DNP was found to have a negative effect on the variation of the mechanical properties of the VT23 titanium alloy, especially if the latter was rolled in the transverse direction. The optimal DNP intensity is εimp~1.5%. In this case, the DNP can be used as an effective plasticization technology for the VT23 titanium alloy (regardless of the rolling direction) in the stamping of high-strength titanium alloys. Changes in the mechanical and structural condition of the VT23 titanium alloy subjected to the DNP were confirmed by the fractographic investigation of specimen fractures.

Impact of the Initial Phase Composition of Alloys on the Effects Manifested by Yield Sites That Occur on Sheet Aluminum Alloys Subjected to Impact-Oscillatory Loading.

The impact of the initial phase composition of alloys was evaluated, in particular, the content of Cu, Mn, and Mg in aluminum alloys D16ChATW, 2024-T351 and aluminum alloy T, which in its physical and mechanical characteristics is close to alloy 6013. The impact was evaluated on the effects manifested by yield sites that occur on aluminum alloys that were subject to the dynamic non-equilibrium processes (DNPs) at the expense of impact-oscillatory loading of different intensities under conditions of static tensioning, The one-time DNP, to which the investigated aluminum alloys were subjected at the pre-set levels of elastic strain followed by static tensioning, was found to cause yield sites formation. This is due to self-organization of the alloy structure, which contributes to alloy plasticization. The initial phase alloys composition impact on the yield sites, which occurs when impulse energy of a different intensity is applied to the alloys, was analyzed. The specimens from the aluminum alloys undergoing DNPs of the same level were compared. This made it possible to conclude that alloys D16ChATW and 2024-T351, which have a higher content of Cu, Mn, and Mg, have longer yield sites upon subsequent static tensioning. On the basis of the experimental results, in particular, physical studies, the authors derived a physical and mathematical model of the yield sites that appear after DNPs.

Variation of Relief Topography and Hardness of Surface Layers of Materials Due to Impact-Oscillatory Loading.

It was shown previously that cyclic loading can be used to extend the fatigue life of sheet plastic materials subjected to the preliminary impact-oscillatory loading. This type of loading causes dynamic non-equilibrium processes (DNP) in materials, which lead to the formation of dissipative structures in materials and on their surface. The density of these dissipative structures is less than that of the base metal. In this paper, the results of investigations into the relief and hardness of surface layers modified by impact-oscillatory loading are analyzed on the example of five structural materials. The signs of a regular, orderly system of microextrusions formed on flat surfaces of all materials due to DNP are considered along with the alignment of roughness parameters Rz and Ra of relief profiles. The effect of impact-oscillatory loading is one of the main causes that lead to the extension of the fatigue life of materials.