Misoprostol for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a randomised control trial.

INTRODUCTION: The management of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is an unmet clinical need. Misoprostol, a structural analogue of naturally occurring prostaglandin E1, has been reported to decrease proinflammatory cytokine production and may have a potential role in treating NASH. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of misoprostol in treating patients with NASH. METHODS: In this phase 2, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial, patients with NASH were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive 200 µg of misoprostol or placebo thrice daily for 2 months. The primary endpoint was an improvement in liver function tests (LFTs), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and endotoxin levels. The secondary endpoint was improvement in insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, hepatic fibrosis and hepatic steatosis. RESULTS: A total of 50 patients underwent randomisation, of whom 44 (88%) were males. The age range was 25-64 years (mean±SE of mean (SEM) 38.1±1.4). 19 (38%) patients had concomitant type 2 diabetes mellitus. 32 (64%) patients were either overweight or obese. At the end of 2 months' treatment, a reduction in total leucocyte count (TLC) (p=0.005), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (p<0.001), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (p=0.002) and controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) (p=0.003) was observed in the misoprostol group, whereas placebo ensued a decline in ALT (p<0.001), AST (p=0.018), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) (p=0.003), CAP (p=0.010) and triglycerides (p=0.048). There was no diminution in insulin resistance, hepatic fibrosis (elastography) and dyslipidaemia in both groups. However, misoprostol resulted in a significant reduction in CAP as compared with the placebo group (p=0.039). Moreover, in the misoprostol group, pretreatment and post-treatment IL-6 and endotoxin levels remained stable, while in the placebo group, an increase in the IL-6 levels was noted (p=0.049). Six (12%) patients had at least one adverse event in the misoprostol group, as did five (10%) in the placebo group. The most common adverse event in the misoprostol group was diarrhoea. No life-threatening events or treatment-related deaths occurred in each group. CONCLUSION: Improvement in the biochemical profile was seen in both misoprostol and placebo groups without any statistically significant difference. However, there was more improvement in steatosis, as depicted by CAP, in the misoprostol group and worsening of IL-6 levels in the placebo group. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT05804305.

Mesenteric panniculitis associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A case series.

Mesenter ic p anniculitis (MP) is a b enign infla mmatory condi tion of the abdomin al mesentery, whi ch presents with a wid e variety of symptoms. I t is diagnosed non - invasively through com puted to mography (CT ) scan, whereas biopsy is still co nside red th e gold standa rd. Steroids are the first line of treatment. Here, we report four cases who presented with abdominal pain. These patients were overweight and the CT scan findings were suggestive of mese nte ric panniculitis. Three cases had concomitant non- alcoholic steatohep atitis w ith el evated alanine transaminase levels, dyslipidaemia, and insulin resistance. FibroSca n showed moderate to severe steatosis. PNPLA3 rs738409 genotype was homozygous positive (GG) in one patient, whereas two patients were heterozygous positive (CG ). This a ssociat io n has not been well-described so far and w arrants f ur ther inve s tigation. There may be some common predisposing factors.

Des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin and alpha-fetoprotein levels as biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma and their correlation with radiological characteristics.

BACKGROUND: Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), a commonly used biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is normal in up to one-third of patients. AIM: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of des-gamma-carboxy-prothrombin (DCP) alone and in combination with AFP. METHODS: In this study, 202 patients with radiologically proven HCC were enrolled, and their DCP and AFP levels were evaluated for their diagnostic performance. RESULTS: The mean age of the enrolled patients was 58.5 years; 72.0% were male. DCP was elevated in 86.6% (n = 175) of all patients, 100.0% (n = 74) of patients with portal vein thrombus, and 87.4% (n = 111) of patients with multicentric HCC. AFP was elevated in 64.3% (n = 130) of all the patients, 74% (n = 55) of the patients with portal vein thrombus, and 71.6% (n = 91) of the patients with multicentric HCC (P = 0.030, 0.001, and 0.015, respectively). In tumors less than 2 cm in size (n = 46), DCP was increased in 32 (69.5%) patients, and AFP was increased in 25 (54.3%) patients (P = 0.801). There was good pairing between DCP and AFP for HCCs of 2 cm size or larger (P < 0.001); however, the pairing among tumors < 2 cm size was not significant (P = 0.210). In 69 of the patients (34.1%), only one of the tumor markers was positive; DCP was elevated alone in 57/202 (28.2%) of all patients, and AFP alone was elevated in 12/202 (5.9%) of the patients. The areas under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROC) for tumors > 2 cm was 0.74 for DCP and 0.59 for AFP; combining both markers resulted in an AUROC of 0.73. For tumors < 2 cm, the AUROC was 0.25 for DCP and 0.40 for AFP. CONCLUSION: DCP, as an individual marker, had a better diagnostic performance in many cases of HCC. Hence, DCP may replace AFP as the primary HCC biomarker.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae for abdominal pain and discomfort in irritable bowel syndrome patients.

Background: Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) leads to significant impairment of health-related quality of life, for the alleviation of which, the efficacy of available therapies is modest. Limited data is available on the role of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in treating patients with IBS. Methods: Thirty patients with IBS as per Rome-IV criteria, visiting our outpatient department from March 2021 to October 2021, were given capsule Saccharomyces cerevisiae 500 mg twice daily for four weeks. Evaluation for abdominal pain symptoms was done every week and the patient's compliance was assessed. IBS Quality of Life (QOL) questionnaires were filled at baseline and after four weeks of treatment. The QOL and pain scales were adjusted to 0-100 for statistical analysis. Results: Seventeen patients (56.7%) were males. The age range was 21-72 years (mean ± SD: 39. 63 ± 14.32), out of which 18(60%) patients were 20-40 years old. Body Mass Index (BMI) ranged from 18-33 (25.33 ± 4.09), and 17 (56.67%) were overweight or obese. Sixteen patients had constipation predominant (53.3%), nine had diarrhea-predominant (30%), and five had mixed-type (16.7%) IBS. There was an improvement in the pain score from 63.81 at week 0 (W0) to 20.48 at the end of week 4 (W4) (p<0.001). An improvement was noted in all the eight categories of IBS QOL questionnaire, i.e., dysphoria (p<0.001), interference with activity (p<0.001), body image (p<0.001), health worry (p<0.001), food avoidance (p<0.001), social reaction (p<0.001), sexual function (p<0.001) and relationships (p<0.001). There was an overall improvement in QOL score from a mean of 24.68 at baseline to 58.09 at the end of the study duration (p<0.001). The improvement in the pain score showed a positive correlation with the improvement in quality of life (p<0.001). Conclusion: Treatment with Saccharomyces cerevisiae improved the pain and quality of life in patients with IBS and it appears to be a promising option for alleviating symptoms in these patients.

Point of Care Testing for SARS-COV-2 Antibodies before doing Endoscopy.

Objectives: COVID-19 has taken the world by storm, creating much disparity among both healthcare and non-healthcare centres regarding the provision of services. The purpose of our study was to see the prevalence of the SARS-COV-2 exposure in the asymptomatic patients undergoing the endoscopic procedure, already triaged based on history and examination. Methods: Total 207 patients were enrolled during a time period of five months during October 2020 to April 2021 at Dr. Ziauddin Hospital Clifton campus, Karachi. In this prospective observational study patients undergoing endoscopic procedures were included after taking informed consent. The patients who already tested positive for COVID-19 by PCR were excluded. Patients were tested for Covid serology by immunochromatographic rapid serology test (ICT). Standard Operating Procedures for dealing with endoscopy patients during the COVID era were followed in all patients irrespective of antibody status. Result: Total number of patients included was 207; males were 121 (58.5%). The mean age was 48.5 ± 17.55 (range 13 to 92). Forty eight patients (23.2%) were positive for either antibody suggesting exposure to the COVID-19 virus. Out of these combined IgM and IgG positivity was seen in 24 (11.5%), IgM mono antibody positivity was seen in 7 (3.38%) and 17 (8.21%) of the study population tested positive for IgG only. 15 out of 46 (32.6%) patients with chronic liver disease in the cohort were seropositive for COVID antibodies. Conclusion: About one-fourth of the patients undergoing the endoscopic procedure were tested positive for COVID antibodies of which a significant percentage had chronic liver disease. It stresses the need of observing standard precautions to prevent the spread of infection during these procedures, especially in the vulnerable population.

Patients visiting gastroenterology clinics avoid giving honest history for COVID-19 related symptoms in the pre-clinic triage.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the discrepancy in terms of history related to coronavirus disease-2019 and symptoms given in the pre-clinic triage and to the doctor attending the patient in a gastroenterology clinic. METHODS: The observational study was conducted from September 2020 to January 2021 at the Gastroenterology outpatient department of Dr Ziauddin Hospital's Clifton unit in Karachi, and comprised all patients visiting the facility regardless of age and gender. Data was collected using a questionnaire that was first filled up by the receptionist outside the clinic and was then administered again once the patient entered the clinic. Discrepancy on the answers was then checked and associations were determined with clinical assessment. Data was analysed using SPSS 20. RESULTS: Of the 300 patients, 184(61.3%) were males and 116(38.6%) were females. The overall mean age was 55 ± 16.98 (range: 18-92 years). Discrepancy between pre-clinic and in-clinic self-reported data was significant for fever, cough, fatigue, headache, body ache, diarrhoea, sore throat, loss of sense of smell/taste, shortness of breath, and contact with someone positive for coronavirus disease-2019 was significant (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Patients were found to be afraid of getting barred from seeing a consultant, had fear of hospital-based isolation or were in denial regarding the pandemic.

Severe COVID-19 Associated With Liver Injury in Patients Without Preexisting Liver Disease.

OBJECTIVE: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is known to disturb liver function tests (LFTs). Not much literature is available regarding the effect of COVID-19 on LFTs in patients without preexisting liver disease. The study aimed to find the effect of COVID-19 in these patients. METHODS:  This was a single-center, observational study with 142 patients who were admitted with COVID-19 during three months. Seven patients were excluded due to the presence of chronic liver disease.  Results: A total of 135 patients were included in the study aged between 18 and 95 years (mean 57.7 ± 15.6); among them, 93 were males (68.9%). Hypertension was present in 74 patients (54.8%), and diabetes was present in 48 patients (35.6%). Fever was the chief complaint in 112 patients (83%), followed by dyspnea in 93 patients (68.9%) and cough in 79 patients (58.5%). Elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was seen in 35 patients (26%), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) in 43 patients (32%), alanine transaminase (ALT) in 18 patients (24%), alkaline phosphatase in 19 patients (14%), bilirubin in six patients (4%), and low albumin in 27 patients (20%). Severe COVID-19, when compared with mild to moderate disease, was associated with elevated AST > two-time upper limit normal (2ULN) (p = 0.002), GGT > 2ULN (0.026), and lower albumin (p = 0.020), higher systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) (0.045), raised procalcitonin (p = 0.045), higher ferritin (p = 0.005), lower pO2 (p = 0.044), and higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score (SOFA) (p = 0.002) pointing to the inflammatory response as cause of liver injury. Factors predicting mortality with COVID-19 were assessed, which showed that direct bilirubin (p = 0.001), low albumin (p = 0.013), tachypnea (0.002), and leukocytosis (<0.001) were independently associated with increased COVID-19-related mortality. CONCLUSION:  Patients suffering from COVID-19 have evidence of liver injury, which appears to be secondary to an inflammatory response that correlates with the severity of COVID-19.

The Severity of Hepatitis D in Young Adults of Age 18-25 Years.

Background Current literature on the prevalence and characteristics of hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection in young adults is limited. This study aims to determine the disease characteristics and severity in young adults. Methods The case records of HDV RNA positive patients of age 18-25 years were analyzed. Results Out of 119 patients, 105 (88%) patients were male. HBV-DNA was detectable in 83 (70%). Hepatitis B e-antigen (HBeAg) was non-reactive in 99 (83%). Cirrhosis was identified in 45 (37.8%) individuals; nine (7.5%) were classified as Child class B or Child class C. Twenty-four (20.2%) had a Model For End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score of ≥10, out of these 16 had a score of 15 or more. The risk of decompensation was calculated according to the Baseline-event-anticipation (BEA) score; eight (6.7%) patients were at BEA-A (mild risk), 105 (88.2%) were at BEA-B (moderate risk), and six (5.0%) were at BEA-C (severe risk). Notable findings in patients with cirrhosis included splenomegaly, low total leucocyte counts, low platelets, high bilirubin, elevated aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase and international normalization ratio, low albumin, high AST to Platelet Ratio Index (APRI), and high BEA score. The splenic size, platelet count, and albumin levels were independently associated with cirrhosis (p < 0.001, <0.001, and 0.003). A model using a combination of platelet count, albumin, and spleen size was developed to accurately predict cirrhosis in this cohort. It had an area under the receiver operating characteristics (AUROC) of 0.935. Conclusions HDV-infected young adults, age 18-25 years, were at moderate to severe risk of disease progression. About one-third of patients had already developed cirrhosis indicating the aggressive nature of the disease.