RESUMO
In this study, gasification of sewage sludge in supercritical water using a batch reactor was investigated. The effects of temperature, retention time, and the oxidation coefficient on gas composition, gas yield, total organic carbon removal efficiency (XTOC), gasification efficiency (GE), carbon gasification efficiency (CE), and phosphorus release rate (Xp) were investigated. The experimental results indicated that the yields for hydrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide increased with the increase in temperature from 380⯰C to 460⯰C. A maximum hydrogen molar fraction of 55.72% and a yield of 19.86â¯mol/kg were obtained at 460⯰C and 27â¯MPa after 6â¯min. The GE, CE, XTOC, and Xp also increased with the increase in temperature. An extension of the retention time promoted the gasification of sludge, thereby resulting in an increase in the hydrogen and methane molar fraction, yield, GE, CE, XTOC, and Xp. Under the conditions of 420⯰C and 27â¯MPa after 6â¯min, with an increase in the oxidation coefficient from 1.5 to 2.5, the oxidation reaction became dominant in the supercritical water. Hydrogen and methane were converted to carbon dioxide and water with an excess of hydrogen peroxide, which resulted in a lower hydrogen yield. However, the decomposition of organic compounds in the sludge was promoted with the addition of hydrogen peroxide, thereby resulting in an increase in the GE, CE, XTOC, and Xp. When the oxidation coefficient reached 2.5, a maximum GE of 131.6% and Xp of 98.74% were obtained.
Assuntos
Fósforo , Esgotos , Hidrogênio , Compostos Orgânicos , ÁguaRESUMO
Gasification of landfill leachate in supercritical water using batch-type reactor is investigated. Alkali such as NaOH, KOH, K2CO3, Na2CO3 is used as catalyst. The effect of temperature (380-500⯰C), retention time (5-25â¯min), landfill leachate concentration (1595â¯mgâ¯L-1-15,225â¯mgâ¯L-1), catalyst adding amount (1-10â¯wt%) on hydrogen mole fraction, hydrogen yield, carbon gasification rate, COD, TOC, TN removal efficiency are investigated. The results showed that gaseous products mainly contained hydrogen, methane, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide without addition of catalyst. However, the main gaseous products are hydrogen and methane with addition of NaOH, KOH, K2CO3, Na2CO3. In the absence of alkali catalyst, the effect of temperature on landfill leachate gasification is positive. Hydrogen mole fraction, hydrogen yield, carbon gasification ratio increase with temperature, which maximum value being 55.6%, 107.15â¯molâ¯kg-1, 71.96% is obtained at 500⯰C, respectively. Higher raw landfill leachate concentration leads to lower hydrogen production and carbon gasification rate. The suitable retention time is suggested to be 15â¯min for higher hydrogen production and carbon gasification rate. COD, TOC and TN removal efficiency also increase with increase of temperature, decrease of landfill leachate concentration. In the presence of catalyst, the hydrogen production is obviously promoted by addition of alkali catalyst. the effect of catalysts on hydrogen production is in the following order: NaOHâ¯ï¼â¯KOHâ¯ï¼â¯Na2CO3â¯ï¼â¯K2CO3. The maximum hydrogen mole fraction and hydrogen yield being 74.40%, 70.05â¯molâ¯kg-1 is obtained with adding amount of 5â¯wt% NaOH at 450⯰C, 28â¯MPa, 15â¯min.
Assuntos
Hidrogênio/química , Instalações de Eliminação de Resíduos , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Álcalis , Catálise , ÁguaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This study further explores the stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1)/chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) signaling axis mechanism in temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (OA) by detecting the changes in CXCR4, interleukin (IL)-6, and collagen X expression in the ATDC5 cell line stimulated by the cyclic tensile strain and SDF-1. METHODS: Insulin-transferrin-selenium (ITS) was used to induce ATDC5 cells to differentiate into chondrocyte-like cells. After three weeks, the cells were divided into two groups: those with and without cyclic tensile strain. These groups were further divided into the negative control and SDF-1 groups. Strain force of 20% was applied. After 12 h, the total proteins were extracted from cells of the four groups, and Western blot analysis was used to detect the changes in CXCR4, IL-6, and collagen X expression. RESULTS: SDF-1 could enhance CXCR4, IL-6, and collagen X expressions in the chondrocytes, and 20% tensile strain force could further upregulate the three factors. CONCLUSION: Under abnormal tensile force, SDF-1 can upregulate its specific receptor CXCR4, thus increasing its-binding efficiency and resulting in the activation of the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis. This condition enhances the expressions of IL-6 and other inflammatory factors and directly damages to cartilage tissue. Such damage directly promotes chondrocyte hypertrophy, which enhances collagen X expression.