The role of surgical disconnection for posterior fossa pial arteriovenous fistulas and dural fistulas with pial supply: an illustrative case series.

BACKGROUND: Pial arteriovenous fistulas (pAVFs) are rare vascular malformations characterized by high-flow arteriovenous shunting involving a cortical arterial supply directly connecting to venous drainage without an intermediate nidus. Dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVFs) can infrequently involve additional pial feeders which can introduce higher flow shunting and increase the associated treatment risk. In the posterior fossa, arteriovenous fistula (AVF) angioarchitecture tends to be particularly complex, involving either multiple arterial feeders-sometimes from both dural and pial origins-or small caliber vessels that are difficult to catheterize and tend to be intimately involved with functionally critical brainstem or upper cervical cord structures. Given their rarity, published experience on microsurgical or endovascular treatment strategies for posterior fossa pAVFs and dAVFs with pial supply remains limited. METHODS: Retrospective chart review from 2019-2023 at a high-volume center identified six adult patients with posterior fossa pAVFs that were unable to be fully treated endovascularly and required microsurgical disconnection. These cases are individually presented with a technical emphasis and supported by comprehensive angiographic and intraoperative images. RESULTS: One vermian (Case 1), three cerebellopontine angle (Cases 2-4) and two craniovertebral junction (Cases 5-6) posterior fossa pAVFs or dAVFs with pial supply are presented. Three cases involved mixed dural and pial arterial supply (Cases 1, 4, and 6), and one case involved a concomitant microAVM (Case 2). Endovascular embolization was attempted in four cases (Cases 1-4): The small caliber and tortuosity of the main arterial feeder prevented catheterization in two cases (Cases 1 and 3). Partial embolization was achieved in Cases 2 and 4. In Cases 5 and 6, involvement of the lateral spinal artery or anterior spinal artery created a prohibitive risk for endovascular embolization, and surgical clip ligation was pursued as primary management. In all cases, microsurgical disconnection resulted in complete fistula obliteration without evidence of recurrence on follow-up imaging (mean follow-up 27.1 months). Two patients experienced persistent post-treatment sensory deficits without significant functional limitation. CONCLUSIONS: This illustrative case series highlights the technical difficulties and anatomical limitations of endovascular management for posterior fossa pAVFs and dAVFs with pial supply and emphasizes the relative safety and utility of microsurgical disconnection in this context. A combined approach involving partial preoperative embolization-when the angioarchitecture is permissive-can potentially decrease surgical morbidity. Larger studies are warranted to better define the role for multimodal intervention and to assess associated long-term AVF obliteration rates in the setting of pial arterial involvement.

Far Lateral Approach With C1 Hemilaminotomy for Excision of a Ruptured Fusiform Lateral Spinal Artery Aneurysm: 2-Dimensional Operative Video.

The lateral spinal artery (LSA) represents the most rostral extent of the posterolateral arterial axis of the spinal cord and supplies both the posterior and lateral aspects of the spinal cord.1 The LSA originates from either the intradural segment of vertebral artery or the lateral segment of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery.1,2 It terminates at the level of C5 because it anastomoses with the posterior spinal artery. Although the LSA is in communication with the subarachnoid space, subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) due to an LSA aneurysm is rare.3-6 Moreover, accurate diagnosis of vascular pathologies involving the LSA is challenging because the LSA is typically too small to be visualized with conventional angiography.2 Here, we present the case of a 74-year-old woman who presented to our institution with headache, nausea, and confusion due to posterior fossa SAH without any visible vascular malformation on initial diagnostic cerebral angiography. A right frontal external ventricular drain was placed for communicating hydrocephalus. Immediate cerebral angiogram was within normal limits. Two-week follow-up angiogram demonstrated a fusiform right LSA aneurysm. The endovascular treatment was not an option because of the risk of occlusion of proximal perforators of the right posterior spinal artery, resulting in a long segment ischemia. The patient underwent a right far lateral transcondylar approach with C1 hemilaminotomy and excision of the LSA aneurysm. The postoperative course was uneventful. The patient was neurologically intact. Six-month follow-up angiogram showed no evidence of residual aneurysm. LSA pathologies should be kept in mind with posterior fossa SAH. Surgical excision is an effective treatment option in carefully selected patients. The patient consented to the procedure.

Postoperative stereotactic radiosurgery for intracranial solitary fibrous tumors: systematic review and pooled quantitative analysis.

BACKGROUND: Intracranial solitary fibrous tumors (SFTs), formerly hemangiopericytomas (HPCs), are rare, aggressive dural-based mesenchymal tumors. While adjuvant radiation therapy has been suggested to improve local tumor control (LTC), especially after subtotal resection, the role of postoperative stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and the optimal SRS dosing strategy remain poorly defined. METHODS: PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science were systematically searched according to PRISMA guidelines for studies describing postoperative SRS for intracranial SFTs. The search strategy was defined in the authors' PROSPERO protocol (CRD42023454258). RESULTS: 15 studies were included describing 293 patients harboring 476 intracranial residual or recurrent SFTs treated with postoperative SRS. At a mean follow-up of 21-77 months, LTC rate after SRS was 46.4-93% with a mean margin SRS dose of 13.5-21.7 Gy, mean maximum dose of 27-39.6 Gy, and mean isodose at the 42.5-77% line. In pooled analysis of individual tumor outcomes, 18.7% of SFTs demonstrated a complete SRS response, 31.7% had a partial response, 18.9% remained stable (overall LTC rate of 69.3%), and 30.7% progressed. When studies were stratified by margin dose, a mean margin dose > 15 Gy showed an improvement in LTC rate (74.7% versus 65.7%). CONCLUSIONS: SRS is a safe and effective treatment for intracranial SFTs. In the setting of measurable disease, our pooled data suggests a potential dose response of improving LTC with increasing SRS margin dose. Our improved understanding of the aggressive biology of SFTs and the tolerated adjuvant SRS parameters supports potentially earlier use of SRS in the postoperative treatment paradigm for intracranial SFTs.

Anterior-posterior diameter is a key driver of resectability and complications for pituitary adenomas with suprasellar extension in endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery.

BACKGROUND: As endoscopic transsphenoidal approaches are more routinely selected for progressively larger pituitary adenomas with parasellar extension, understanding potential anatomical factors that limit resection and contribute to complications is becoming increasingly important for tailoring a surgical approach. This study aimed to reevaluate existing predictive tools for resectability in pituitary adenomas specifically with suprasellar extension, and furthermore identify any additional measurable features that may be more useful in preoperative planning. METHODS: A single-center retrospective chart review of adult patients who underwent endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenomas with suprasellar extension from 2015 to 2020 was performed. Preoperative MRIs were systematically assessed to assign a Knosp classification, a Zurich Pituitary Score (ZPS), and for dimensional measurements of the suprasellar aspect of the lesions. Univariate comparisons and multivariate regression models were employed to assess the influence of these factors on extent of resection and postoperative complications. RESULTS: Of the 96 patients with suprasellar pituitary adenomas who underwent endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery, 74 patients (77%) had a gross total resection (GTR). Neither Knosp grade nor ZPS score, even when dichotomized, demonstrated an association with GTR (Knosp 3A-4 versus Knosp 0-2, p = 0.069; ZPS III-IV versus ZPS I-II, p = 0.079). Multivariate regression analysis identified suprasellar anterior-posterior tumor diameter (SSAP) as the only significant predictor of extent of resection in this cohort (OR 0.951, 95% CI 0.905-1.000, p = 0.048*). A higher SSAP also had the strongest association with intraoperative CSF leaks (p = 0.0012*) and an increased overall rate of postoperative complications (p = 0.002*). Further analysis of the regression model for GTR suggested an optimal cut point value for SSAP of 23.7 mm, above which predictability for failing to achieve GTR carried a sensitivity of 89% and a specificity of 41%. CONCLUSIONS: This study is unique in its examination of endoscopic transsphenoidal surgical outcomes for pituitary adenomas with suprasellar extension. Our findings suggest that previously established grading systems based on lateral extension into the cavernous sinus lose their predictive value in lesions with suprasellar extension and, more specifically, with increasing suprasellar anterior-posterior diameter.

Posterior circulation cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome after high flow external carotid artery to middle cerebral artery bypass.

We present the first report, to our knowledge, in which revascularization of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) with a high flow extracranial-intracranial procedure resulted in symptomatic hyperemia of the posterior circulation. Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome (CHS) is a poorly understood phenomenon that is classically seen in the distribution of a revascularized artery. A 37-year-old woman presented with a 3 month history of cognitive and speech difficulties, persistent headaches, weakness, numbness, and paresthesia which was worse in the right extremities and face. She was found to have bilateral watershed infarcts worse in the left cerebral hemisphere, severe bilateral stenosis of the supraclinoid internal carotid artery, and a small left superior hypophyseal aneurysm. The patient underwent left cerebral hemisphere revascularization with a high flow external carotid artery to MCA bypass with aneurysm trapping. During skin closure, significant changes were seen in her bilateral upper extremity motor-evoked potentials. The patient's postoperative exam was noted for an intermittent inability to follow commands, bilateral upper extremity weakness, vertical nystagmus, and alogia that all dramatically improved with strict blood pressure control. Postoperative perfusion imaging revealed posterior circulation hyperemia. This patient highlights the potential for hyperemic complications outside the revascularized arterial territory. Strict blood pressure control is recommended in order to prevent and manage hyperemia-associated symptoms. Improving our understanding of CHS may assist in identifying at risk patients and at risk arterial territories in order to optimize CHS prevention and management strategies.

Characterization of a murine model of SMA.

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive neuromuscular disease, which is the leading genetic cause of mortality in children. To date no effective treatment exists for SMA. The genetic basis for SMA has been well documented as a mutation in the gene for survival of motor neuron (SMN). Because there is an understanding of which gene needs to be replaced (SMN) and where it needs to be replaced (spinal motor systems), SMA is an ideal target for gene replacement via gene therapy. While a variety of animal models for SMA exist, they are either too fulminant to realistically test most gene delivery strategies, or too mild to provide a robust read out of the therapeutic effect. The field, therefore, requires a robust model with a slower symptomatic progression. A conditional knockout of SMN in neuronal cell types, giving a phenotype of functional motor defects, weight loss and reduced life expectancy partially satisfies this need (Frugier, Tiziano et al. 2000). This Cre/LoxP mediated neuron specific model presents an attractive alternative. In the present manuscript, we characterize the functional motor deficits of the model. We observed a decline in locomotor ability, as assessed by open field testing. The finer functions of motor skills such as righting reflex and grip strength were also observed to degenerate in the SMA mice. The decline in motor function that we observed here correlates with the anatomical decline in motor neurons and motor axons presented in the literature (Ferri, Melki et al. 2004). This work adds to our understanding and knowledge base of this Cre/LoxP model and provides a basis from which functional recovery, following interventions can be assessed.

Comparison of adeno-associated viral vector serotypes for spinal cord and motor neuron gene delivery.

Gene therapy for motor neuron diseases requires efficient gene delivery to motor neurons (MNs) throughout the spinal cord and brainstem. The present study compared adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector serotypes 1, 6, 8, and 9 for spinal cord delivery in adult mice, by the intraparenchymal or intrathecal route of administration. Whereas intraparenchymal injections resulted in local transduction of the lumbar segment of the spinal cord, intrathecal injections led to a broader distribution, transducing cells along the sacral, lumbar, and lower thoracic spinal cord. Overall, AAV6 and AAV9 performed better than the other serotypes. Dramatic differences in cell-specific expression patterns could be observed when constructs bearing the chicken ß-actin (Cba) versus cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter were compared. In summary, intrathecal delivery of AAV6 or AAV9 vectors containing the CMV promoter yielded the strongest levels of biodistribution and MN transduction in the spinal cord.

A conditioning lesion provides selective protection in a rat model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is neurodegenerative disease characterized by muscle weakness and atrophy due to progressive motoneuron loss. The death of motoneuron is preceded by the failure of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) and axonal retraction. Thus, to develop an effective ALS therapy you must simultaneously preserve motoneuron somas, motor axons and NMJs. A conditioning lesion has the potential to accomplish this since it has been shown to enhance neuronal survival and recovery from trauma in a variety of contexts. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: To test the effects of a conditioning lesion in a model of familial ALS we administered a tibial nerve crush injury to presymptomatic fALS(G93A) rats. We examined its effects on motor function, motoneuron somas, motor axons, and NMJs. Our experiments revealed a novel paradigm for the conditioning lesion effect. Specifically we found that the motor functional decline in fALS(G93A) rats that received a conditioning lesion was delayed and less severe. These improvements in motor function corresponded to greater motoneuron survival, reduced motor axonopathy, and enhanced NMJ maintenance at disease end-stage. Furthermore, the increased NMJ maintenance was selective for muscle compartments innervated by the most resilient (slow) motoneuron subtypes, but was absent in muscle compartments innervated by the most vulnerable (fast fatigable) motoneuron subtypes. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: These findings support the development of strategies aimed at mimicking the conditioning lesion effect to treat ALS as well as underlined the importance of considering the heterogeneity of motoneuron sub-types when evaluating prospective ALS therapeutics.