RESUMO
The excessive and irrational use of antibiotics to control bovine mastitis and the informal trade in milk with antibiotic residues are objects of great interest for public health, due to the problems associated with the consumption of milk with antibiotic residues on human, animal, and environmental health, and antibiotic resistance. The objective of this study was to understand the attitudes of dairy farmers towards the self-consumption of milk on the farm, the use of milk with antibiotic residues, and the formal and informal milk trade that generates risks for public health. Mixed methods: cross-sectional and grounded theory. Convergent triangulation design. The study was carried out in 9 dairy municipalities in the North of Antioquia, where 216 dairy farmers participated in the quantitative component; and 17 milk producers and 9 veterinarians took part in the qualitative component. A dairy farmer characterization survey was conducted, as well as a survey on the use and marketing of milk from cows with udder health problems and/or under antibiotic treatment. Semistructured interviews were conducted on the same subject. The variable "Intention to sell milk in the village when the dairy industry does not buy it due to high BTSCC" is associated with the BTSCC variable. The variable "Type of marketing reported" is associated with the CFU variable. 5 categories: self-consumption of milk, use of milk with antibiotics, informal milk trade, control of the dairy industry, and beliefs about the elimination of antibiotics in milk, were constructed to theorize about udder health and public health. Sociocultural, political, and economic factors affect decision making in dairy farmers regarding the use and marketing of milk from cows with mastitis and antibiotic residues. These attitudes and behaviors have public health implications.
RESUMO
Babesia sp. is a protozoan hemoparasite that affects livestock worldwide. The Colombian Middle Magdalena is an enzootic region for babesiosis, but there is no previous research providing detail on its transmission cycle. This study aims to assess some Babesia sp. infection indicators in cattle and ticks from the area, by using direct microscopic and molecular techniques to detect the infection. In the cattle, 59.9% and 3.4 % positivity values for B. bigemina and mixed infection (B. bovis + B. bigemina) were found respectively. In ticks, the positivity of B. bigemina reached 79.2% and 9.4% for the mixed infection. The degree of infestation in the region was 3.2 ticks per bovine. There was positive correlation between tick control acaricide frequencies and infestation in bovines. This leads us to infer that control periodicity greater than 90 days, in stable zones, is an abiotic factor that benefits the acquisition of protective immunity in calves, the natural control of the infection and eventual disease absence. It is necessary to monitor the disease by applying new entomological and parasitological indicators showing the complexity of this phenomenon.
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Babesia bovis/isolamento & purificação , Bovinos/parasitologia , Carrapatos/parasitologia , Rhipicephalus , Babesiose/veterinária , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Multiplex/veterináriaRESUMO
To assess the physiological state of an animal, analysis and diagnostic tests comparable with defined reference values are necessary. These values are influenced by various factors and their definition should be based on the characteristics of each population. In the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Antioquia, universal reference values for hemogram are normally used. This represents a problem at the time of interpretation of results, due to local environmental factors that differ from the international ones, in which the reference values were originally defined. Objective: to determine reference limits of hemogram in clinically healthy dogs between 1 and 6 years of age, in the city of Medellín. Methods: retrospective study. In this study, medical records of healthy dogs attending the Veterinary Hospital of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of the University of Antioquia for ambulatory surgery, clinical examination, vaccination, and annual monitoring between 2002 and 2009 were analyzed. Information contained in medical records was collected using a questionnaire. The statistical analysis of the information was carried out using parametric and nonparametric methods. Results: reference limits were established. Significant statistically differences in some parameters of the hemogram in relation to variables such as age and breed of dogs were established. Conclusions: parameters of hemogram in evaluated dogs are related to physiological conditions such as age and race, as well as to environmental and nutritional conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to have reference values that match the characteristics of animals and the environment.
Para la determinación del estado fisiológico de un animal son necesarios análisis y pruebas diagnósticas comparables con valores de referencia definidos; estos valores se encuentran influenciados por diversos factores, y se establecen con base en las características propias de cada población. En el Hospital Veterinario de la Universidad de Antioquia se emplean valores de referencia universales para el hemograma, lo cual constituye un problema al momento de su interpretación, ya que los factores ambientales locales difieren de los internacionales donde los valores de referencia se definieron originalmente. Objetivo: determinar los límites de referencia del hemograma en perros entre 1 y 6 años de edad, clínicamente sanos de la ciudad de Medellín. Métodos: se diseñó un estudio retrospectivo para en el cual se analizaron historias clínicas de perros sanos que fueron llevados al Hospital Veterinario de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias de la Universidad de Antioquia a para cirugía ambulatoria, revisión general, vacunación, y control anual, entre los años 2002 y 2009. La información contenida en las historias clínicas se recopiló mediante el uso de una encuesta, y para su análisis se utilizó estadística paramétrica y no paramétrica. Resultados: se establecieron límites de referencia y se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en algunos parámetros del hemograma en relación con variables como edad y raza de los perros. Conclusión: los parámetros del hemograma en los perros evaluados se encuentran relacionados con condiciones fisiológicas como edad y raza, así como por condiciones medioambientales y de nutrición, por lo que es necesario tener límites de referencia que concuerden con las características propias de los animales y del medio.
O estado fisiológico de um animal é avaliado a partir de análises e provas diagnósticas comparáveis com valores de referência definidos. Esses valores estão influenciados por diversos fatores e são definidos com base nas características próprias de cada população. No Hospital Veterinário da Universidade de Antióquia são empregados limites de referência universais para o hemograma. Este é um problema no momento da interpretação, devido a que fatores ambientais locais são diferentes dos internacionais. Objetivo: o objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar os limites de referência do hemograma em cães entre 1 e 6 anos de idade, clinicamente sadios, procedentes da cidade de Medellín. Métodos: foi desenhado um estudo retrospectivo no qual analisaram-se os prontuarios de cães sadios que foram submetidos a cirurgia ambulatória, revisão geral, vacinação e controle anual no Hospital Veterinário da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade de Antióquia entre os anos 2002 e 2009. A informação contida nos prontuarios foi recopilada mediante o uso de uma enquete e para sua análise utilizou-se estatística paramétrica e não paramétrica. Resultados: estabeleceram-se limites de referência e foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas em alguns parâmetros do hemograma como a idade e a raça dos cães. Conclusões: os parâmetros do hemograma nos cães avaliados estão relacionados com condições fisiológicas como idade e raça, assim como também por condições medioambientais e de nutrição. Por esta razão, é necessário ter limites de referência que estejam de acordo com as características próprias dos animais e do médio.