Differences in the Level of Electronic Health Literacy Between Users and Nonusers of Digital Health Services: An Exploratory Survey of a Group of Medical Outpatients.

BACKGROUND: Digitalization of health services ensures greater availability of services and improved contact to health professionals. To ensure high user adoption rates, we need to understand the indicators of use and nonuse. Traditionally, these have included classic sociodemographic variables such as age, sex, and educational level. Electronic health literacy (eHL) describes knowledge, skills, and experiences in the interaction with digital health services and technology. With our recent introduction of 2 new multidimensional instruments to measure eHL, the eHL questionnaire (eHLQ) and the eHL assessment (eHLA) toolkit, eHL provides a multifaceted approach to understand use and nonuse of digital health solutions in detail. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate how users and nonusers of digital services differ with respect to eHL, in a group of patients with regular contact to a hospital outpatient clinic. Furthermore, to examine how usage and nonusage, and eHL levels are associated with factors such as age, sex, educational level, and self-rated health. METHODS: Outpatients were asked to fill out a survey comprising items about usage of digital services, including digital contact to general practitioner (GP) and communication via the national health portal sundhed.dk, the eHLQ, and the eHLA toolkit, as well as items on age, sex, education, and self-rated health. In total, 246 patients completed the survey. A Mann-Whitney test was used to test for differences between users and nonusers of digital services. Correlation tests described correlations between eHL scales (eHEALSs) and age, education, and self-rated health. A significance level of .0071 was used to reject the null hypothesis in relation to the eHEALSs and usage of digital services. RESULTS: In total, 95.1% (234/246) of the participants used their personal digital ID (NemID), 57.7% (142/246) were in contact with their GPs electronically, and 54.0% (133/246) had used the national health portal (sundhed.dk) within the last 3 months. There were no differences between users and nonusers of sundhed.dk with respect to age, sex, educational level, and self-rated health. Users of NemID scored higher than nonusers in 6 of the 7 dimensions of eHLQ, the only one which did not differ was dimension 2: Understanding of health concepts and language. Sundhed.dk users had a higher score in all of the 7 dimensions except for dimension 4: Feel safe and in control. The eHLA toolkit showed that users of sundhed.dk and NemID had higher levels of eHL with regard to tools 2, 5, 6, and 7. Furthermore, users of sundhed.dk had higher levels of eHL with regard to tools 3 and 4. CONCLUSIONS: Information about patients' eHL may provide clinicians an understanding of patients' reasons for not using digital health services, better than sociodemographic data or self-rated health.

[Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors for patients with Type 2 diabetes].

The sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT-2i)-class is efficacious as monotherapy and as add-on therapy with an expected lowering of the glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) concentration of approximately 7 mmol/mol. Side effects relate to the mode of action, genital infections are the main problem. Extremely rare cases of ketoacidosis are reported, mostly in patients with Type 1 diabetes. One SGLT-2i, empagliflozin, has been shown to reduce cardiovascular mortality and progression of kidney disease in patients with Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Outcome trials for other SGLT-2i are pending. SGLT-2i are now in guidelines as a possible second-line therapy or in case of metformin intolerance.

[Treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis in adults in Denmark--need for national guidelines. Secondary publication]. / Behandling af diabetisk ketoacidose hos voksne på medicinske afdelinger i Danmark. Behov for nationale retningslinjer?

This study examines variations in treatment routines for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in Denmark. All departments of internal medicine in Denmark managing DKA were invited to complete a questionnaire. 88% replied. The study shows significant variations in management routines of DKA in Denmark. In many cases, the routines are not supported by evidence from clinical trials. National guidelines for the management of DKA in adult patients are needed.

[Diabetic ketoacidosis in Denmark--registry-based estimation of incidence and mortality. Secondary publication]. / Incidens og mortalitet af diabetisk ketoacidose i Danmark. En registerbaseret opgørelse.

The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and mortality from DKA using data from public health registries. We extracted information on 4807 admissions during the period 1996-2002 and 137 deaths during the period 1996-2000 with a diagnosis of DKA from the Danish National Patient Registry (NPR) and the Danish Cause of Death Registry (CDR) respectively. The annual incidence of DKA in the general population was estimated to 12.9 per 100,000. Overall mortality was 4%. Death from DKA was associated with increasing age and with somatic comorbidity.