Cardiovascular Imaging-Derived Skeletal Muscle Mass Correlates With Fitness and Survival in Patients With Univentricular Circulation.

Aims This study aims to retrospectively quantify skeletal muscle mass from cardiovascular imaging studies in total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC) patients and to correlate calculated muscle mass with clinical outcomes. Materials and methods Ninety-one TCPC patients at a mean age of 24.0 ±5.5 years (37 women; 40.7%) who underwent chest computed tomography (CT) or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as part of their follow-up were identified in a single-center database. The cross-sectional skeletal muscle index (SMI) at the Th4 and Th12 levels was calculated from CT images, and the dorsal skeletal muscle area (SMA) at the Th12 level was measured from an MRI. Results Calculated SMI at Th12 level was 38.0 (34.5; 42.0) cm2.m-2 or 89.6 (81.9; 101.6) % of predicted values. The median follow-up from CT was 5.9 (3.1; 8.5) years, and the composite endpoint (death N=5, heart transplant N=6) was reached in a total of 11 (26.8%) patients. Patients with SMI (Th12) less than 90% of predicted values had a hazard ratio of 5.8 (95% CI: 1.2; 28.3) (p=0.03) for endpoint achievement. In the MRI group, dorsal SMA at the Th12 level was 27.6 ±5.1 cm2 in men and 20.0 ±5.8 cm2 in women. Correlations were found between SMA/kg and peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak) (r=0.48, p=0.0005) and fat-free mass (r=0.63, p<0.0001), respectively. Conclusions A low SMI at the Th12 level was associated with a higher risk of death or cardiac transplantation. Evaluation of skeletal muscle mass using cardiovascular imaging methods allows rapid identification of individuals at risk of sarcopenia.

Exercise capacity after total cavopulmonary anastomosis: a longitudinal paediatric and adult study.

AIMS: Fontan palliation is a surgical strategy for patients with complex congenital heart disease, in whom biventricular circulation cannot be achieved. Long-term survival is negatively affected by the absence of sub-pulmonary ventricle and increased systemic venous pressure. Exercise capacity is a known predictor of overall survival and quality of life in congenital heart defects. We aim to track individual trends of peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2 peak) after total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC), identify predictors of deterioration, and derive a disease-specific reference V̇O2 peak dataset. METHODS AND RESULTS: A retrospective study of serial cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) data, gathered from all patients who underwent TCPC in the Czech Republic between 1992 and 2016. Of 354 consecutive patients with TCPC, 288 (81.4%) patients underwent one or more CPETs yielding 786 unique V̇O2 peak values used as a reference dataset. Longitudinal data were available in 206 (58.2%) patients, who underwent a median (inter-quartile range) of 3.0 (2.0-5.0) CPETs over a mean (standard deviation) of 8.9 (5.5) years. The decline of exercise capacity with age was linear and not faster than in healthy peers (P = 0.47), but relative values of V̇O2 peak in TCPC patients were 12.6 mL/min/kg lower. Single ventricular morphology and pulmonary artery size had no significant influence on the exercise capacity dynamics. V̇O2 peak decline correlated negatively with the trend of body mass index z-score (P = 0.006) and was faster in women than men (P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Total cavopulmonary connection patients have significantly reduced exercise capacity. The age-related decline paralleled the healthy population and correlated negatively with the body mass index trend. The presented V̇O2 peak reference dataset may help the clinicians to grade the severity of exercise capacity impairment in individual TCPC patients.

Cardiovascular response to peak voluntary exercise in males with cervical spinal cord injury.

CONTEXT/OBJECTIVE: Traumatic damage to the cervical spinal cord is usually associated with a disruption of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and impaired cardiovascular control both during and following exercise. The magnitude of the cardiovascular dysfunction remains unclear. The aim of the current study was to compare cardiovascular responses to peak voluntary exercise in individuals with tetraplegia and able-bodied participants. DESIGN: A case-control study. SUBJECTS: Twenty males with cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) as the Tetra group and 27 able-bodied males as the Control group were included in the study. OUTCOME MEASURES: Blood pressure (BP) response one minute after the peak exercise, peak heart rate (HRpeak), and peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) on an arm crank ergometer were measured. In the second part of the study, 17 individuals of the Control group completed the Tetra group's workload protocol with the same parameters recorded. RESULTS: There was no increase in BP in response to the exercise in the Tetra group. Able-bodied individuals exhibited significantly increased post-exercise systolic BP after the maximal graded exercise test (123±16%) and after completion of the Tetra group's workload protocol (114±11%) as compared to pre-exercise. The Tetra group VO2peak was 59% and the HRpeak was 73% of the Control group VO2peak and HRpeak, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: BP did not increase following maximal arm crank exercise in males with a cervical SCI unlike the increases observed in the Control group. Some males in the Tetra group appeared to be at risk of severe hypotension following high intensity exercise, which can limit the ability to progressive increase and maintain high intensity exercise.

Validation of physical activity monitors in individuals with diabetes: energy expenditure estimation by the multisensor SenseWear Armband Pro3 and the step counter Omron HJ-720 against indirect calorimetry during walking.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to test the agreement between energy expenditure estimate of the SenseWear(®) Armband Pro3 (SWA) (BodyMedia, Pittsburgh, PA) and the Omron HJ-720 (Omron Healthcare, Kyoto, Japan) step counter with indirect calorimetry (IC) as a gold standard in older individuals with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus while walking on a treadmill. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In total, six men (60.3±3.1 years old) and 13 women (51.1±11.0 years old) with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus were included in the study. Each subject performed three 15-min walking sessions with different combinations of speed and incline (3 km/h, 0%; 4 km/h, 0%; 5 km/h, 5%) on a treadmill. Energy expenditure (EE) was simultaneously measured by the SWA, Omron, and IC. Mean over-/underestimation and Pearson's correlation coefficients were used for statistical evaluation of the agreement between tested methods and IC. RESULTS: At the speed of 3 km/h with 0% incline, mean overestimation of +81.19±23.81% was found for SWA (r=0.79, P<0.001) and +70.51±20.91% for Omron (r=0.77, P<0.001). At the speed of 4 km/h and 0% incline, mean overestimation found for SWA was +78.18±33.96% (r=0.63, P<0.01) and +75.77±33.36% for Omron (r=0.52, P<0.05). At the level of high-intensity exercise at the speed of 5 km/h and 5% incline, mean underestimation was -7.88±16.86% for SWA (r=0.74, P<0.001) and -7.37±16.07% for Omron (r=0.75, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Both methods led to considerable overestimation of calculated EE in level walking and a relatively minor underestimation during fast uphill walking.

Detecting postoperative change in children with cerebral palsy: net nondimensional versus body mass oxygen normalization.

The aim of the study is to investigate whether the net nondimensional oxygen utilization scheme is able to detect postoperative improvement in the energy cost of walking in children with cerebral palsy and to compare it with a body mass normalization scheme. We evaluated 10 children with spastic cerebral palsy before and 9 months after equinus deformity surgery. Participants walked at a given speed of 2 km/hr and 3 km/hr on a treadmill. Oxygen utilization was measured, and mass relative VO2 and net nondimensional VO2 were calculated. Coefficient of variation was used for the description of variability among subjects. Postoperatively, gait kinematics normalized and the mass relative VO2 and net nondimensional VO2 showed significant improvement. Net nondimensional VO2 is able to detect postoperative improvement with smaller variability among subjects than body mass related normalization in children with cerebral palsy.

Long-term (up to 20 years) results of percutaneous balloon angioplasty of recurrent aortic coarctation without use of stents.

AIMS: To assess the efficacy, safety, and long-term results of the balloon angioplasty of recoarctation. METHODS AND RESULTS: The angioplasty was performed in 99 consecutive patients aged 36 days to 32.6 years (median 268 days). Recoarctation to descending aorta diameter ratio increased from 0.44 (0.35/0.50) to 0.66 (0.57/0.77), P < 0.001. Systolic gradient was reduced from 34.0 (26.0/44.75) to 15.0 (8.25/27.0) mmHg, P < 0.001. In seven patients (7.1%) the procedure was ineffective. One patient (1%) with heart failure died within 24 h after a successful angioplasty and in another (1%) an intimal abruption necessitated surgical revision. The follow-up ranged up to 20.7 years (median 8.1 years). Actuarial probability of survival 20.7 years after the procedure was 0.91, and of reintervention-free survival was 0.44. Older age at the angioplasty was associated with a higher incidence of reinterventions (hazard ratio 1.057; 95% confidence interval 1.012-1.103; P = 0.010). The type of surgery and the recoarctation anatomy did not influence the outcome. In 69 patients aneurysm formation was studied by high-sensitive methods with only one positive finding per 462 patient-years. CONCLUSION: Angioplasty is safe and effective regardless of the type of surgery used and the recoarctation anatomy. Older age at the angioplasty is associated with a higher incidence of reinterventions.