Registered Replication Report: Rand, Greene, and Nowak (2012).

In an anonymous 4-person economic game, participants contributed more money to a common project (i.e., cooperated) when required to decide quickly than when forced to delay their decision (Rand, Greene & Nowak, 2012), a pattern consistent with the social heuristics hypothesis proposed by Rand and colleagues. The results of studies using time pressure have been mixed, with some replication attempts observing similar patterns (e.g., Rand et al., 2014) and others observing null effects (e.g., Tinghög et al., 2013; Verkoeijen & Bouwmeester, 2014). This Registered Replication Report (RRR) assessed the size and variability of the effect of time pressure on cooperative decisions by combining 21 separate, preregistered replications of the critical conditions from Study 7 of the original article (Rand et al., 2012). The primary planned analysis used data from all participants who were randomly assigned to conditions and who met the protocol inclusion criteria (an intent-to-treat approach that included the 65.9% of participants in the time-pressure condition and 7.5% in the forced-delay condition who did not adhere to the time constraints), and we observed a difference in contributions of -0.37 percentage points compared with an 8.6 percentage point difference calculated from the original data. Analyzing the data as the original article did, including data only for participants who complied with the time constraints, the RRR observed a 10.37 percentage point difference in contributions compared with a 15.31 percentage point difference in the original study. In combination, the results of the intent-to-treat analysis and the compliant-only analysis are consistent with the presence of selection biases and the absence of a causal effect of time pressure on cooperation.

Prevalence of bacteria in the nipple discharge of patients with duct ectasia.

The aim of this study was to identify the aerobic and the anaerobic microorganisms which can be related to duct ectasia. The patients were divided into two groups. Group 1 comprised 100 patients with coloured nipple discharge (duct ectasia group), and Group 2 (the control group) was composed of 50 patients without nipple discharge. The culture media used were BHI-PRAS, blood agar, mannitol agar and MacConkey agar. There was a high frequency of bacterial growth in the two groups: 85% in Group 1 and 88% in Group 2. The most prevalent bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. There was a statistically significant higher rate of smokers in the duct ectasia group compared with the control group, 25 (25%) patients vs. 5 (10%), respectively (p = 0.03). These findings allow us to put forth the hypothesis that the genesis of duct ectasia may be a non-infectious inflammatory process.