Gait Analysis of Amputee Dogs Using a Pressure-Sensitive Walkway.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to perform gait analysis using a pressure-sensitive walkway in dogs submitted to high (total) or low amputation (partial) of one forelimb or hindlimb. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 39 dogs met the inclusion criteria. The reasons for the amputations were motor vehicle accidents in 38 dogs and possible limb malformation in 1 dog. The amputee dogs were divided into four groups: G1 (n = 10)-high forelimb; G2 (n = 10)-low forelimb; G3 (n = 9)-high hindlimb; and G4 (n = 10)-low hindlimb. For kinetic evaluation, the dogs were walked across a pressure-sensitive walkway. RESULTS: In dogs with forelimb amputation, the percentage of body weight (%BW) distribution on the contralateral forelimb was 50.7% in cases of high amputation and 55.5% in cases of low amputation, while the %BW distribution on the hindlimbs, mainly in the ipsilateral hindlimb, was 27.9% in cases of high amputation and 27.1% in cases of low amputation. In cases of high amputation of the hindlimb, the %BW distribution was 71.5% on the forelimbs and 29.7% on the contralateral hindlimb, while in cases of low amputation, the distribution was mainly for the contralateral hindlimb and ipsilateral forelimb. No statistical difference was noted between the amputation levels, except for the contralateral limb in cases of low and high amputation of the hindlimbs concerning the overload percentage and %BW distribution. CONCLUSION: The amputation level of one forelimb did not influence the %BW distribution; however, in the hindlimb, this was higher for the contralateral limb in dogs submitted to high amputation.

Partial Amputation of a Nonreducing Prolapsed Phallus in an Ostrich (Struthio camelus).

A 19-year-old male ostrich (Struthio camelus) was referred to a veterinary teaching hospital (São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil) due to a 6-month history of recurrent prolapse of the phallus. On physical examination, 2 ulcerative wounds were present on the phallus, as well as caseous plaques and myiasis. Conservative treatment resulted in improvement but prolapse of the phallus remained. Thus, a decision was made to perform a partial phallectomy. The surgery was successful and no postoperative complications occurred. When the ostrich was reexamined 6 months postsurgery, the ostrich was alert, in good health, and the surgical site completely healed. The owner verbally reported no recurrence of the phallus prolapse 1 year after surgery.

Radiographic measurements of the hind limbs in capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp.).

BACKGROUND: Radiographic measurements are a useful tool to assess skeletal health and development in primates. This study aimed to perform radiographic measurements of hind limbs in capuchin monkeys. METHODS: Twelve Sapajus spp. were used; ten adults and two sub-adults, nine females and three males. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The pelvimetry showed that the pelvic inlet area presented mean values of 7.63, 10.23, and 5.43 cm2 for adult males, adult females, and sub-adult females, respectively. The mean inclination angle was 129.45° and the mean values for the mechanical lateral proximal and distal femoral angles were 102.32° and 90.93°, respectively. The mean values for the anatomic lateral proximal and distal femoral angles were 104.59° and 85.98°, respectively. In conclusion, the radiographic measurements proved feasible for hind limb evaluation in Sapajus spp. and can be used for comparison with animals presenting orthopedic lesions.

Histological, Immunohistochemical, Biomechanical, and Wettability Evaluations of the Leukocyte- and Platelet-Rich Fibrin Membranes Derived from Canine Blood.

This study aimed to perform histological, immunohistochemical, biomechanical, and wettability assessments of leukocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) membranes obtained from the blood of healthy dogs. Ten client-owned Labrador Retriever dogs were enrolled. Blood samples were obtained from the external jugular vein using a vacuum tube without anticoagulant, which was immediately centrifuged at 400g for 12 min in a dedicated centrifuge. The L-PRF clot was removed from the tube, and the red clot was released from the buffy coat using a spatula. The membrane was produced using a PRF box. Histological examination identified the three portions of the L-PRF membranes. The first portion was composed mainly of red blood cells with the presence of a low number of leukocytes among them. The second portion was composed of white blood cells, mainly neutrophils. The third portion was composed of the fibrin network which was characterized by acidophilic staining. The immunohistochemical analysis showed that vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor were expressed in all samples at different intensities, both in cellular components and fibrin mesh. The tensile test and wettability assessments were measured in membranes 30 min and 3 h after production. The 30 min L-PRF membranes supported twice the ultimate tensile strength compared to 3 h L-PRF membranes. The wettability of the 30 min sample membranes was statistically higher than the 3 h sample membranes. In conclusion, the centrifugation protocol allowed production of the L-PRF membrane using canine blood and this was confirmed by histological and immunohistochemical analysis. The mechanical resistance and wettability of the L-PRF membrane were significantly reduced over time.

Eleven-year retrospective analysis of acquired diaphragmatic hernia in 49 dogs and 48 cats.

Data on dogs and cats that underwent surgery for a traumatic diaphragmatic hernia were retrospectively collected and analyzed, with an objective to identify factors that influenced the survival rate. Forty-nine dogs and 48 cats were included. The predominant respiratory clinical sign was dyspnea, and the interval from trauma to development of clinical signs did not influence patient survival. Concurrent orthopedic and/or soft tissue injuries were identified in 48.45% of the animals. Intraoperative complications occurred in 14 dogs and 5 cats, and postoperative complications in 7 dogs and 6 cats. Intraoperative death occurred in 6.2% and postoperative death in 8.3% from 1 h to 10 d after surgery. Animals that received surgical treatment within 48 h after diagnosis had a lower risk of death. Conversely, concurrent injuries and intraoperative and postoperative complications were the main factors associated with a higher risk of death.

Analyse rétrospective sur onze ans des hernies diaphragmatiques acquises chez 49 chiens et 48 chats. Les données sur les chiens et les chats ayant subi une intervention chirurgicale pour une hernie diaphragmatique traumatique ont été recueillies et analysées rétrospectivement, dans le but d'identifier les facteurs qui ont influencé le taux de survie. Quarante-neuf chiens et 48 chats ont été inclus. Le signe clinique respiratoire prédominant était la dyspnée, et l'intervalle entre le traumatisme et le développement des signes cliniques n'a pas influencé la survie des patients. Des lésions orthopédiques et/ou des tissus mous concomitantes ont été identifiées chez 48,45 % des animaux. Des complications peropératoires sont survenues chez 14 chiens et cinq chats, et des complications postopératoires chez sept chiens et six chats. Le décès peropératoire est survenu chez 6,2 % et le décès postopératoire chez 8,3 % de 1 h à 10 j après la chirurgie. Les animaux qui ont reçu un traitement chirurgical dans les 48 h après le diagnostic avaient un risque de décès plus faible. À l'inverse, les blessures concomitantes et les complications peropératoires et postopératoires étaient les principaux facteurs associés à un risque de décès plus élevé.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Comparison of ultrasonographic renal measurements in kittens up to 3 months of age and young cats.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate renal measurements by B-mode ultrasound in kittens during their first 3 months and compare them with those of young adult cats. METHODS: Forty-eight healthy mixed-breed cats (24 males and 24 females) were enrolled in this study. The cats were divided into six age groups: groups 1-5 (kittens) and group 6 (young adult cats). Each kidney was examined using B-mode imaging and the following measurements taken: renal length (RL), renal height (RH), renal width (RW), cortical thickness (CoT), medullary thickness (MdT) and corticomedullary ratio (CMr). The ratio and correlation of RL to aortic diameter (AoD) and the length of the fifth/sixth lumbar vertebrae (LLV) were also determined. RESULTS: Among groups, there was a statistically significant difference between RW, renal volume (RV), CoT, MdT and CMr. The smallest renal dimensions were obtained in the youngest kittens (up to 10 days of age), including RL (1.84 ± 0.40 cm), RH (1.14 ± 0.17 cm), RW (1.25 ± 0.20 cm) and RV (1.47 ± 0.68 ml). A strong correlation was observed between RL:AoD and RL:LLV, allowing for linear regression equations and reference intervals for RL:AoD and RL:LLV to be created for each age group. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: B-mode ultrasound showed that renal measurements in kittens differed from those in young adult cats, and that the renal dimensions, renal CoT and CMr increased with the growth of the cat. The RL-LLV ratio is a reliable method for measuring RL according to age group.

Influence of the Near-Cortical Over-Drilling Technique on the Mechanical Behaviour of Locking Plate Constructs Applied in Maned Wolf's Femur.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of near-cortical over-drilling holes on the mechanical behaviour of locking plate constructs applied in maned wolf's femur by using mechanical testing and finite element method (FEM). STUDY DESIGN: Seven pairs of adult maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) femur bones were randomly distributed into four groups. In all groups, a 3.5 mm locking compression plate, designed with 12 combi-holes and one locked, was applied to the lateral surface of the femur. G1 (n = 4) received bicortical locking screws placed in holes 1, 3, 5, 8, 10 and 12. In G2 (n = 5), the plate was applied as used in G1, but the application of the locked screws involved the near-cortical over-drilling technique. In G3 (n = 4), the plate was applied as used in G2, but the size of the near-cortical over-drilling was larger. The combi-holes 6 and 7 were maintained over a 10 mm fracture gap without screws. All constructs were tested for failure in the axial load. The axial load was applied eccentrically to the femoral head. RESULTS: Statistical differences were observed in the maximum load with G3 > G1 and G3 > G2, and in the deflection with G2 > G1 and G2 > G3. The FEM showed the lowest total displacement of the bone-plate constructs as well as of the plate in G1 compared with G2 and G3. CONCLUSION: The near-cortical over-drilling technique used in unstable fractures induced in the maned wolf's femur showed by static axial compression test that maximum load and deflection are dependent on drill hole size induced in the near-cortex. Based on FEM, the lowest total displacement of the bone-plate constructs was observed in Group 1.

Effects of Reticulated Hyaluronic Acid Alone or Associated With Whole-Body Vibration in Dogs With Osteoarthritis Due to Hip Dysplasia.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of reticulated hyaluronic acid (HA) alone or associated with whole-body vibration (WBV) in dogs with osteoarthritis due to hip dysplasia. Fourteen dogs were randomized assigned into 2 groups of 7 animals: Group 1 (G1) - single intra-articular injection of hyaluronic acid; Group 2 (G2) - single intra-articular injection of hyaluronic acid associated with WBV sessions. The affected hip joint received 0.70 mL of reticulated HA guided by ultrasound. Dogs were submitted to a single session of WBV (30 and 50 Hz, for 15 min) every 48 hours for 12 weeks. Dogs were evaluated for morphometric measurements; orthopedic, radiographic and lameness scores of the hip joints; kinetic analysis; and ultrassonographic measurement of the following muscles: middle gluteal, vastus lateralis and biceps femoris. The morphometric measurements, lameness scores, and muscle measurements were conducted at 10 minutes before treatments (TP0), and at days 30 (TP30), 60 (TP60) and 90 (TP90) after treatments. The orthopedic and radiographic scores and kinetic analysis were performed at TP0 and TP90. The scores of lameness showed a statistical decrease in G1 and G2 between time-points. Significant decreases (P = .01) were observed in orthopedic scores in both groups between time-points. The Peak Vertical Force between TP0 and TP90 was significantly higher in G2 (P = .01). Vertical Impulse was null in G1 and positive in G2. Dogs treated with single intra-articular injection of hyaluronic acid alone and associated with WBV had beneficial effects in dogs with osteoarthritis due to hip dysplasia, however the association of viscosupplementation with hyaluronic acid and WBV had an earlier improvement clinical outcome and allowed better kinetic results.

Simultaneous occurrence of inflammatory bowel disease and trichomonosis in a Maine coon cat.

A 2-year-old, 4.2 kg, spayed female, Maine coon cat was referred to the veterinary hospital for evaluation of hyporexia, slow growth, and chronic, intermittent, mucoid, bloody, voluminous, and fetid diarrhea. The diarrhea had been observed since the cat was acquired from a cattery at 4 months of age; with acute worsening in the 5 d before presentation. Abdominal palpation revealed moderate pain. Ultrasonographic examination showed thickening of the jejunal wall and ileal loops, increased echogenicity of the jejunal mucosa, and enlargement of the jejunal and ileocolic lymph nodes. Histopathology of full-thickness intestinal biopsies showed moderate, diffuse, lymphoplasmacytic, erosive enteritis with hemorrhage and edema. Diffuse, lymphoplasmacytic, erosive colitis with mild, interstitial fibrosis and hemorrhage was also noted. The ileocecal lymph node biopsy showed eosinophilic lymphadenitis. Based on the immunohistochemical evaluation of intestinal samples with CD3 and CD79a antibodies, a diagnosis of lymphoma was ruled out. Fecal polymerase chain reaction testing was positive for Tritrichomonas foetus. Based on these results, inflammatory bowel disease and trichomonosis were diagnosed. Treatment for the cat included a hypoallergenic diet and an oral omega-3 fatty acid supplement, in conjunction with prednisolone, to manage the inflammatory bowel disease. Ronidazole was administered to target the Tritrichomonas foetus. The cat was clinically normal during a follow-up examination after 6 months of treatment.

Apparition simultanée d'une maladie inflammatoire de l'intestin et d'une trichomonose chez un chat Maine coon. Une chatte Maine coon de 2 ans, pesant 4,2 kg, stérilisée, a été référée à l'hôpital vétérinaire pour une évaluation d'hyporexie, de croissance lente et de diarrhée chronique, intermittente, mucoïde, sanglante, volumineuse et fétide. La diarrhée avait été observée depuis que le chat avait été acquis en chatterie à l'âge de 4 mois; avec une aggravation aiguë dans les 5 jours avant la présentation. La palpation abdominale a révélé une douleur modérée. L'examen échographique a montré un épaississement de la paroi jéjunale et des anses iléales, une augmentation de l'échogénicité de la muqueuse jéjunale et une hypertrophie des ganglions lymphatiques jéjunaux et iléocoliques. L'histopathologie des biopsies intestinales de pleine épaisseur a montré une entérite modérée, diffuse, lymphoplasmocytaire, érosive avec hémorragie et oedème. Une colite érosive diffuse, lymphoplasmocytaire avec fibrose interstitielle légère et hémorragie a également été notée. La biopsie ganglionnaire iléo-caecale montrait une lymphadénite à éosinophiles. Sur la base de l'évaluation immunohistochimique d'échantillons intestinaux avec des anticorps CD3 et CD79a, un diagnostic de lymphome a été écarté. Le test de réaction en chaîne par la polymérase sur les matières fécales était positif pour Tritrichomonas foetus. Sur la base de ces résultats, une maladie inflammatoire de l'intestin et une trichomonose ont été diagnostiquées. Le traitement du chat comprenait un régime hypoallergénique et un supplément oral d'acides gras oméga-3, en association avec de la prednisolone, pour gérer la maladie inflammatoire de l'intestin. Le ronidazole a été administré pour cibler Tritrichomonas foetus. Le chat était cliniquement normal lors d'un examen de suivi après 6 mois de traitement.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Joint involvement in canine visceral leishmaniasis: Orthopedic physical examination, radiographic and computed tomographic findings.

This study aimed to evaluate the joint involvement in dogs with visceral leishmaniasis by means of orthopedic physical examination, radiographic and computed tomographic (CT) findings. Of the 46 evaluated dogs, an overall of 91.3 % presented joint (carpal, tarsal, elbows, and stifle) abnormalities, observed on physical examination, radiography and/or CT. In 67.3 % of the dogs orthopedic examination showed no abnormalities. Among the 31 dogs with normal orthopedic examination, 61.3 % showed radiographic and CT findings suggestive of osteoarthritis, 25.8 % presented normal radiographs with abnormalities evidenced only on CT, while 12.9 % presented normal radiographs and CT imaging. From the 15 dogs with abnormal orthopedic examination, 80 % had abnormal radiographic and CT findings suggestive of osteoarthritis, while 20 % presented normal radiographs with abnormalities evidenced only in their CT. Radiographic and CT findings included evident trabecular pattern, subchondral bone sclerosis, osteolysis, mixed bone lesions (osteolytic-proliferative lesions), soft tissue swelling around the joint (edema), joint space narrowing, bone proliferation, osteophytes, bone cyst and cartilage flap. Based on CT results the most affected joints, among those assessed, were the tarsal (80.9 %), followed by stifle (78.5 %), carpal (64.2 %), and elbows (54.7 %). Except by one dog that presented only one stifle joint compromised, the other three joints presented bilateral abnormalities in all dogs.

Potential effect of hyaluronic acid and triamcinolone acetate, alone or combined, on chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells / Efecto potencial del ácido hialurónico y del acetato de triamcinolona solos o combinados sobre la diferenciación condrogénica de células-tronco mesenquimales / Efeito potencial do ácido hialurônico e triancinolona acetonida, isolados e combinados, na diferenciação condrogênica de células-tronco mensenquimais

Abstract Background: Osteoarthritis is a complex degenerative disease with several factors contributing to joint damage. Objective: To compare the potential effect of hyaluronic acid (HA) and triamcinolone acetonide (TA), alone or combined, on the in vitro chondrogenic differentiation process of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Methods: MSCs were divided into four groups: Control, HA, TA, and HA/TA combined. Each treatment group was cultured for 14 days in chondrogenic differentiation medium. The chondrogenic differentiation potential was assessed by histology and immunohistochemistry. Results: The HA and HA/TA-treated MSCs presented histological characteristics similar to native chondrocytes. The extracellular matrix (ECM) of TA-treated MSCs was compact and organized. Glycosaminoglycan staining was intense in Control, moderate in TA, slight in HA/TA, and undetectable in HA. Type II collagen immunoreactivity was high in the TA-treated ECM and MSCs. Conclusions: Histological analysis shows that HA influences morphological development similar to chondrocytes of the MSCs, but with low expression of specific cartilage molecules. The TA promotes formation of a compact and organized ECM.

Resumen Antecedentes: La osteoartritis es una enfermedad degenerativa compleja en la cual varios factores contribuyen al daño articular. Objetivo: Comparar el efecto del ácido hialurónico (HA) y acetónido de triamcinolona (TA), solos o en combinación, en el proceso de diferenciación condrogénica in vitro de células madre mesenquimales (MSCs). Métodos: Las MSCs fueron divididas en cuatro grupos: Control, HA, TA y HA/TA, y cultivadas por 14 días en medio de diferenciación condrogénica para cada tratamiento. El potencial de diferenciación condrogénica fue analizado por medio de histología e inmunohistoquímica. Resultados: Las MSCs tratadas con HA y HA/TA, presentaron características histológicas similares a los condrocitos nativos, y la matriz extracelular (ECM) de MSCs tratadas con TA fue más compacta y organizada. La tinción de glicosaminoglicanos fue intensa en el Control, moderada en TA, ligera en HA/TA, y sin tinción en HA. La inmunoreactividad para colágeno tipo II fue más alta en las MSCs y ECM tratadas con TA. Conclusión: El análisis histológico muestra que el HA influencia un desarrollo morfológico similar a los condrocitos de las MSCs, pero con baja expresión de moléculas específicas de cartílago. La TA promueve la formación de una ECM compacta y organizada.

Resumo Antecedentes: A osteoartrite é uma doença degenerativa complexa, na qual vários fatores contribuem ao dano articular. Objetivo: Comparar o efeito do ácido hialurônico (HA) e Triancinolona acetonida (TA), só ou combinado no processo de diferenciação condrogênica in vitro de células tronco mesenquimais (MSCs). Métodos: MSCs foram divididas em 4 grupos: Controle, HA, TA y HA/TA e cultivadas por 14 dias com meio de diferenciação condrogênica e seus respectivos tratamentos. O potencial de diferenciação condrogênica foi acessado por meio de histologia e imunohistoquímica. Resultados: Histologicamente, MSCs tratadas com HA e HA/TA apresentaram características semelhantes de condrócitos nativos, e a matriz extracelular de MSCs tratadas com TA foi mais compacta e organizada. A coloração para glicosaminoglicanos foi intensa no Controle, moderada no TA, leve no HA/TA e sem coloração com HA. Para os grupos tratamento, a imunoreatividade para colágeno tipo II foi maior nas células e matriz extracelular tratadas com TA. Conclusão: Mediante análise histológica, o HA influenciou o desenvolvimento morfológico semelhante a condrócitos das MSCs, mas com baixa expressão de moléculas específicas de cartilagem. A TA promoveu a formação de uma matriz extracelular compacta e organizada.

Masquelet-Induced Membrane Characteristics in Chicken Radii Bone Defects.

This study evaluated the formation of a Masquelet-induced membrane created through the formation of segmental bone defects in the radii of 15 healthy domestic chickens. When the chickens were in a surgical plane of anesthesia, a 1.5-cm segmental bone defect was produced in the left radius, which was subsequently filled with a bone cement spacer during its pasty polymerization phase. The bone defects were evaluated through radiographic imaging immediately after surgery and at 7, 15, 21, and 30 days after the creation of the bone defect. Five birds were euthanatized at 15, 21, and 30 days postoperatively for histological evaluation of the bone defect site. Immediate postoperative radiographic examination of the radii showed the presence of bone cement, which occupied the segmental bone defect. Thirty days after the surgical procedure, the presence of new bone formation at the fractured extremities was evident in the 5 remaining chickens. Histologically, the induced-membrane had 3 distinct zones at 15 days postoperatively, including 1 cell layer in contact with the bone cement spacer, 1 layer with collagen fibers, and 1 layer in contact with muscle, which was composed of disorganized connective tissue, active fibroblasts, and blood vessels. Twenty-one days after surgery, the zones were less defined, and there were metaplastic areas comprising cartilage and bone. Postoperative, diffuse mineralization of the membrane was observed 30 days after the surgical procedure. Formation of the induced membrane was observed during all periods of evaluation. The best histological characteristics for the Masquelet-induced membrane were detected 15 days after the formation of the bone defect, suggesting this would be the optimal time for second-stage surgery for bone reconstruction.

Serum Cortisol and Clinical Response to a Single Session of Whole-Body Vibration in Healthy Adult Dogs.

This study evaluated the serum cortisol response to a single session of whole-body vibration (WBV) in healthy adult dogs. Ten healthy adult medium dogs, females and males, aged between 24 and 48 months and with body weight between 10.1 and 17.9 kg were used. A single WBV session at a frequency of 30 Hz for 5 min (3.10 mm peak displacement, 11.16 m/s2 peak acceleration, and 0.29 m/s velocity), then 50 Hz for 5 min (3.98 mm peak displacement, 39.75 m/s2 peak acceleration, and 0.62 m/s velocity), and finishing with 30 Hz for 5 min (3.10 mm peak displacement, 11.16 m/s2 peak acceleration, and 0.29 m/s velocity) was performed. Serum cortisol, heart and respiratory rate, and systolic blood pressure were evaluated at different time points: 1 min before WBV (1PRE) and 1 min (1POST), 60 min (60POST), and 360 min (360POST) after the WBV session. An increase (P = 0.0417) of the serum cortisol values was observed between 1PRE and 1POST and a decrease (P = 0.0417) between 1POST and 60POST and between 60POST and 360POST. However, the values remained within the reference range. The heart and respiratory rate and the systolic blood pressure remained unchanged. Our findings suggest that a single bout of WBV (5 min of 30 and 50 Hz) using a vibrating platform that delivered a vortex wave circulation does not modify the serum cortisol levels and clinical parameters of healthy adult dogs.

Evaluation of hip joint laxity in crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous) / Avaliação da lassitude da articulação coxofemoral em cachorro-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous)

Like canids, crab-eating foxes may probably be predisposed to similar orthopedic diseases of domestic dogs, such as hip dysplasia. However, for the adequate hip dysplasia diagnosis in wild animals, the normality characteristics of each species must be determined. This study aimed to estimate radiographic and computed tomographic (CT) values of hip joint laxity in healthy crab-eating foxes. Fifteen intact crab-eating foxes, eight males and seven females, ages 1 to 5 and mean body mass of 6.66kg were used. Norberg angle (NA) was calculated from ventrodorsal hip-extended radiographs. To calculate the dorsolateral subluxation (DLS) score, the center distance (CD) index, the lateral center edge angle (LCEA), and the dorsal acetabular rim angle (DARA), measurements obtained from transverse CT images were used. No statistically significant differences were observed between the right and left sides in the radiographic and tomographic parameters. The mean NA was 107.57°. The mean DLS score, the CD index, the LCEA, and the DARA were 60.79%, 0.16, 98.25° and 13.47°, respectively. The data obtained are helpful in characterizing mean values of the hip joint in healthy crab-eating foxes, and can contribute to the knowledge of the species.(AU)

Como canídeos, os cachorros-do-mato podem estar predispostos a doenças ortopédicas semelhantes aquelas de cães domésticos, tais como a displasia coxofemoral. No entanto, para o diagnóstico adequado da displasia coxofemoral em animais selvagens, os padrões de normalidade de cada espécie precisam ser determinados. Sendo assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo estimar os valores radiográficos e tomográficos (TC) da lassitude da articulação coxofemoral em cachorros-do-mato hígidos. Foram utilizados quinze cachorros-do-mato não castrados, oito machos e sete fêmeas, com idades entre 1 e 5 anos e massa corporal média de 6,66kg. O ângulo de Norberg (NA) foi calculado a partir de radiografias na projeção ventrodorsal com os membros estendidos. Para calcular o escore de subluxação dorsolateral (DLS), o índice de distância central (CD), o ângulo da margem central lateral (LCEA) e o ângulo da borda dorsal acetabular (DARA), foram utilizadas as mensurações obtidas a partir de imagens transversais da TC. Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas entre os lados direito e esquerdo nos parâmetros radiográficos e tomográficos. A média do NA foi de 107,57°. As médias do escore do DLS, do índice de CD, e dos ângulos LCEA e DARA foram, respectivamente, 60,79%, 0,16, 98,25° e 13,47°. Os dados obtidos são úteis para a caracterização dos valores médios referentes à articulação coxofemoral de cachorros-do-mato e podem contribuir para o conhecimento da espécie.(AU)

Evaluation of hip joint laxity in crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous)

ABSTRACT: Like canids, crab-eating foxes may probably be predisposed to similar orthopedic diseases of domestic dogs, such as hip dysplasia. However, for the adequate hip dysplasia diagnosis in wild animals, the normality characteristics of each species must be determined. This study aimed to estimate radiographic and computed tomographic (CT) values of hip joint laxity in healthy crab-eating foxes. Fifteen intact crab-eating foxes, eight males and seven females, ages 1 to 5 and mean body mass of 6.66kg were used. Norberg angle (NA) was calculated from ventrodorsal hip-extended radiographs. To calculate the dorsolateral subluxation (DLS) score, the center distance (CD) index, the lateral center edge angle (LCEA), and the dorsal acetabular rim angle (DARA), measurements obtained from transverse CT images were used. No statistically significant differences were observed between the right and left sides in the radiographic and tomographic parameters. The mean NA was 107.57°. The mean DLS score, the CD index, the LCEA, and the DARA were 60.79%, 0.16, 98.25° and 13.47°, respectively. The data obtained are helpful in characterizing mean values of the hip joint in healthy crab-eating foxes, and can contribute to the knowledge of the species.

RESUMO: Como canídeos, os cachorros-do-mato podem estar predispostos a doenças ortopédicas semelhantes aquelas de cães domésticos, tais como a displasia coxofemoral. No entanto, para o diagnóstico adequado da displasia coxofemoral em animais selvagens, os padrões de normalidade de cada espécie precisam ser determinados. Sendo assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo estimar os valores radiográficos e tomográficos (TC) da lassitude da articulação coxofemoral em cachorros-do-mato hígidos. Foram utilizados quinze cachorros-do-mato não castrados, oito machos e sete fêmeas, com idades entre 1 e 5 anos e massa corporal média de 6,66kg. O ângulo de Norberg (NA) foi calculado a partir de radiografias na projeção ventrodorsal com os membros estendidos. Para calcular o escore de subluxação dorsolateral (DLS), o índice de distância central (CD), o ângulo da margem central lateral (LCEA) e o ângulo da borda dorsal acetabular (DARA), foram utilizadas as mensurações obtidas a partir de imagens transversais da TC. Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas entre os lados direito e esquerdo nos parâmetros radiográficos e tomográficos. A média do NA foi de 107,57°. As médias do escore do DLS, do índice de CD, e dos ângulos LCEA e DARA foram, respectivamente, 60,79%, 0,16, 98,25° e 13,47°. Os dados obtidos são úteis para a caracterização dos valores médios referentes à articulação coxofemoral de cachorros-do-mato e podem contribuir para o conhecimento da espécie.

Use of Reticulated Hyaluronic Acid Alone or Associated With Ozone Gas in the Treatment of Osteoarthritis Due to Hip Dysplasia in Dogs.

This study aimed to evaluate reticulated hyaluronic acid alone or associated with ozone gas in the treatment of osteoarthritis due to hip dysplasia in dogs. Fourteen client-owned dogs were randomly assigned into two groups: Group 1-single intra-articular injection of hyaluronic acid; Group 2-single intra-articular infiltration injection of hyaluronic acid associated with ozone gas. Each hip joint received an average of 0.75 mL of reticulated hyaluronic acid ultrasound-guided. Ozone gas at a dose of 45 µg/mL was incorporated into hyaluronic acid by insufflation. Dogs were evaluated for body condition scoring, orthopedic examination and radiographic scores of the hip joints, goniometric measurements of the hip joints, visual gait score, and kinetic analysis. The evaluations were conducted immediately before treatments (M0), and at days 30 (M1), 60 (M2), and 90 (M3) after treatments. There were no significant differences in body mass and body condition scoring (5-point scale) in each group in all evaluation moments. The scores of orthopedic examination of the hip joints showed statistical differences in each group between moments (M0 > M3), but differences were not observed between groups. No statistical differences were found for radiographic scores in each group between moments, but differences were observed between groups immediately prior to treatments (G1 > G2) and 90 (G1 > G2) after treatments. Goniometric measurements of hip flexion and extension showed no significant differences in each group between moments or between groups. No statistical differences between groups were found concerning the lameness score. There were significant differences for lameness score among moments in Group 1, being M0 > M2 and M0 > M3, and Group 2 in which M0 > M1, M0 > M2, and M0 > M3. The mean percentage of change of PVF and VI between M3 and M0 in Group 1 was almost null and in Group 2 was positive, being 31.1 ± 29.4 and 10.6 ± 25.4, respectively. In conclusion, the intra-articular viscosupplementation alone or associated with ozone gas allowed improvement of lameness scores and orthopedic examination score. In Group 2 the association of ozone gas had better results on kinetic analysis.

Radiographic Measurements of the Cardiac Silhouette in Healthy Blue-Fronted Amazon Parrots (Amazona aestiva).

The objective of this investigation was to determine radiographic measurements, without chemical restraint, of the cardiac silhouette in 34 healthy, adult blue-fronted Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva) of unknown sex with a mean body weight of 393 g. The birds were fasted 3 hours before the radiographic examinations. Three thoracic radiographic views (ventrodorsal, right lateral, and left lateral) were obtained from each bird for assessment. There was no significant statistical difference between right and left radiographic measurements. The mean values of the measurements in the ventrodorsal views were heart width of 21.04 mm and coelomic cavity width of 50.61 mm. The mean values of the measurements in the lateral views were left heart length of 23.44 mm, right heart length of 23.40 mm, left sternal length of 65.69 mm, and right sternal length of 65.03 mm. A strong correlation and ratio of 43% between the heart width and coelomic cavity width and a moderate correlation and ratio of 36% between the heart length and sternal length were observed. In conclusion, the radiographic measurements of the cardiac silhouette in healthy blue-fronted Amazon parrots can be obtained without chemical restraint. The values obtained can be used to assist in the detection of cardiomegaly or microcardia in blue-fronted Amazon parrots.

Computed tomographic and radiographic morphometric study of cardiac and coelomic dimensions in captive blue-fronted Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva, Linnaeus, 1758) with varying body condition scores.

This study aimed to assess radiographic and tomographic cardiac parameters, including width and length of the heart, and the ratio of heart width to coelom width of blue-fronted Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva) with varying body condition scores. Thirty-five captive birds were included in the study and were allocated into one of three groups according to their respective body condition score: lean, ideal and obese. No differences were observed among the groups with regard to radiographic and tomographic measurements. Computed tomography enabled better identification of the structures of the cardiovascular system without interference from the overlying structures of the celomatic cavity observed in radiographic images. However, radiographic examinations should still be considered the standard screening method to identify cardiac alterations, such as increased or reduced organ dimensions. Standardizing the techniques and measurements performed in this study may serve as a basis for further research in the field.

Radiographic evaluation of the forelimbs and hind limbs of marmosets (Callithrix spp.).

BACKGROUND: The maintenance of marmosets in captivity may trigger various disorders. The objective of this study was to provide a radiographic evaluation of the forelimbs and hind limbs of marmosets rescued from illegal wildlife trade and maintained in captivity. METHODS: Fourteen marmosets were studied. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Three marmosets were apparently normal. Of the eleven marmosets with radiographic changes in the hind limbs, five had pelvic narrowing and bilateral varus deviation of the femur, with one suggestive of rickets and another of osteomalacia. The other marmosets showed changes such as malunion of acetabular fracture, transtibial amputation, tibial antecurvatum, and knee osteoarthritis. Six marmosets showed alterations in the forelimbs such as radius fracture, scapulohumeral subluxation, and elbow joint incongruence. In conclusion, 78.57% of the marmosets had bone and/or joint changes detected by plain radiography, which were found predominantly in the hind limbs and without impediment to locomotion in captivity.

Assessment of Distal Motor Latency of the Femoral Nerve in Clinically Healthy Adult Dogs.

This study aimed to evaluate femoral nerve latency time recorded from both vastus lateralis and vastus medialis muscles, in clinically healthy dogs. Eighteen adult dogs were distributed into 2 distinct body mass ranges (Group 1: 1-4.1 kg, n= 9; Group 2: 4.2-13 kg, n= 8), according to the median body mass (4.1 kg). Distal motor latencies for the femoral nerve were obtained in right- and left hind limbs. Platinum surface electrodes were used to record the latency of femoral nerve from the vastus lateralis muscle, whereas coaxial needle electrodes were used to record the latency from the vastus medialis muscle. The distal motor nerve latencies were 1.52 ± .23 milliseconds and 1.69 ± .42 milliseconds, respectively, for vastus lateralis and vastus medialis muscles. There were no significant differences of distal motor nerve latencies between vastus lateralis and vastus medialis muscles. Hind limb length of Group 1 was significant shorter than Group 2. There were no significant differences of latencies between Groups 1 and 2. No significant correlations were observed between latency and body mass, and between latency and hind limb length for dogs of both groups. In conclusion, the femoral motor latency measurement was easy to obtain and may supply additional data in the examination of diseases that affect the hind limbs. Latency values of vastus lateralis longer than 1.52 ± .23 milliseconds in small/medium-sized breeds may be considered as suggestive of a femoral neuropathy.