Catharanthus roseus-mediated CuAl2O4 nanocomposites for evaluation of killing kinetics.

The present article portrayed on the killing kinetic of human pathogenic bacteria using bioinspired mesoporous CuAl2O4 nanocomposites (NCs). The NCs was fabricated using leaf extract of medicinal plant Catharanthus roseus (CR) as a green reducer and stabilizer. As bio-fabricated material was calcined at 800 °C and characterized by several analytical techniques like X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Ultraviolet-Visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV-DRS), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS), X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Raman, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) to authenticate its structure, phase, chemical bonding, chemical state, size and morphology behaviors. XRD and TEM revealed a reduced crystallite and nanoscale sizes of biosynthesized NCs. Moreover, XRD study exposed a cubic-structure of material, while transmission electron microscopy rendered an average particles size in range 10-15 nm. However, BET profile advocates a mesoporous nature of the particles. An effective biological molecular docking modulation assessed by substituting natural inhibitor by bioinspired NCs, while the protein PDB ID 4Z8D FabH as a receptor site for the present investigation. After assessment of molecular docking examination, the antibacterial activity of bioinspired NCs were performed against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtillis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli using agar-well method. The broth culture method was employed on different pathogenic strains by kinetic growth assays and colony forming unit.

Biomedical,clinical and environmental applications of platinum-based nanohybrids: An updated review.

Platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) have numerous applications in various sectors, including pharmacology, nanomedicine, cancer therapy, radiotherapy, biotechnology and environment mitigation like removal of toxic metals from wastewater, photocatalytic degradation of toxic compounds, adsorption, and water splitting. The multifaceted applications of Pt NPs because of their ultra-fine structures, large surface area, tuned porosity, coordination-binding, and excellent physiochemical properties. The various types of nanohybrids (NHs) of Pt NPs can be fabricated by doping with different metal/metal oxide/polymer-based materials. There are several methods to synthesize platinum-based NHs, but biological processes are admirable because of green, economical, sustainable, and non-toxic. Due to the robust physicochemical and biological characteristics of platinum NPs, they are widely employed as nanocatalyst, antioxidant, antipathogenic, and anticancer agents. Indeed, Pt-based NHs are the subject of keen interest and substantial research area for biomedical and clinical applications. Hence, this review systematically studies antimicrobial, biological, and environmental applications of platinum and platinum-based NHs, predominantly for treating cancer and photo-thermal therapy. Applications of Pt NPs in nanomedicine and nano-diagnosis are also highlighted. Pt NPs-related nanotoxicity and the potential and opportunity for future nano-therapeutics based on Pt NPs are also discussed.

Nucleic Acid Nanotechnology: Trends, Opportunities and Challenges.

Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) hold great potential for the advancement of future medicine but suffer from unsatisfactory clinical success due to the challenges accompanied with their delivery. Nucleic acid-mediated nanomaterials have riveted the researchers from the past two decades and exhilarating tasks have prevailed. Nucleic acid nanotechnology offers unique control over the shape, size, time, mechanics and anisotropy. It can transfect numerous types of tissues and cells without any toxic effect, minimize the induced immune response, and penetrate most of the biological barriers and hence it reveals itself as a versatile tool for multidisciplinary research field and for various therapeutic purposes. Nucleic acid combines with other nanoscale objects also by altering the chemical functional groups and reproducing the varied array of nanomaterials. Interestingly, nucleic acidderived nanomaterials are characterized easily at atomic level accuracy. However, this advent of nanoscience has vital issues which must be addressed, such as the high cost of nucleic acids, their self-assembly nature, etc. Hence, the aim of this review is to highlight the systematic advances and methodology of nucleic acid-mediated synthesis of nanomaterials and their therapeutic applications.

Bioinspired NiO Nanospheres: Exploring In Vitro Toxicity Using Bm-17 and L. rohita Liver Cells, DNA Degradation, Docking, and Proposed Vacuolization Mechanism.

The present work demonstrated a novel Cleome simplicifolia-mediated green fabrication of nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs) to explore in vitro toxicity in Bm-17 and Labeo rohita liver cells. As-fabricated bioinspired NiO NPs were characterized by several analytical techniques. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed a crystalline face-centered-cubic structure. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed NiO formation. The chemical composition was confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) revealed the mesoporous nature. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the formation of 97 nm diameter nanospheres formed due to the congregation of 10 nm size particles. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed the nearly isotropic behavior of NiO NPs. Further, a molecular docking study was performed to explore their toxicity by binding with genetic molecules, and it was found that the docking energy was about -9.65284 kcal/mol. On evaluating the in vitro toxicity of NiO NPs for Bm-17 cells, the study showed that when cells were treated with a high concentration of NPs, cells were affected severely by toxicity, while at a lower concentration, cells were affected slightly. Further, on using 50 µg/mL, quick deaths of cells were observed due to the formation of more vacuoles in the cells. The DNA degradation study revealed that NiO NPs are significantly responsible for DNA degradation. For further confirmation, trypan blue assay was observed for cell viability, and morphological assessment was performed using inverted tissue culture microscopy. Further, the cytotoxicity of NiO NPs in L. rohita liver cells was studied. No toxicity was observed at 1 mg/L of NiO NPs; however, when the concentration was 30 and 90 mg/L, dark and shrank hepatic parenchyma was observed. Hence, the main cause of cell lysis is the increased vacuolization in the cells. Thus, the present study suggests that the cytotoxicity induced by NiO NPs could be used in anticancer drugs.

Biogenesis and Application of Nickel Nanoparticles: A Review.

Biogenic synthesis of Nanoparticles (NPs) is attractive due to their ecological benefits and cheap, rapid, and sustainable nature. Among them, Nickel Oxide NPs (NiO-NPs) are acquired for their varied catalytic and clinical applications, as they have antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic, anticancer, antioxidant, remediation, and enzyme inhibition properties. Though several chemical-dependent methods were applied for the fabrication of nanoparticles, due to their substantial disadvantages, mainly toxicity and higher cost synthesis methods, the more secure, greener, eco-friendly, cost-effective, and synthetic methods are in demand. Greener approaches can take away the arduousness and complications of physicochemical methods. The present review is aimed at displaying the recent advancement related to the catalytic activity, antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity, and antioxidant application of green synthesized Nickle. In this study, nickle oxide nanoparticles have been highlighted along with their sustainable synthesis options.

Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: Toxicity, Applications, and Future Prospects.

The ever-growing resistance of pathogens to antibiotics and crop disease due to pest has triggered severe health concerns in recent years. Consequently, there is a need of powerful and protective materials for the eradication of diseases. Metal/metal oxide nanoparticles (M/MO NPs) are powerful agents due to their therapeutic effects in microbial infections. In this context, the present review article discusses the toxicity, fate, effects and applications of M/MO NPs. This review starts with an introduction, followed by toxicity aspects, antibacterial and testing methods and mechanism. In addition, discussion on the impact of different M/MO NPs and their characteristics such as size, shape, particle dissolution on their induced toxicity on food and plants, as well as applications in pesticides. Finally, prospective on current and future issues are presented.

Phytosynthesis of nearly monodisperse CuO nanospheres using Phyllanthus reticulatus/Conyza bonariensis and its antioxidant/antibacterial assays.

In the present article we have developed an eco-friendly, phytosynthetic, cost-effective and straightforward method for the synthesis of nearly monodisperse CuO nanospheres (NSP) using leaf extracts of medicinal plants Phyllanthus reticulatus (PR) and Conyza bonariensis (CB) as novel green reducing agents. Copper nitrate (Cu (NO3)2) was used as a precursor. The stoichiometric ratio of both leaf extracts (PR/CB) and Cu(NO3)2 was standardized for the synthesis of NSP. During formation of CuO NSP, a color of solution gradually changed from light greenish-blue to black with a number of intermediate stages and it correlated to the reduction reaction catalyzed by phytochemicals. As-synthesized materials were characterized in detail at the structural, electronic level and morphological authentication by XRD, FT-IR, EDS, UV-DRS, Raman, XPS, SEM, TEM, BET and AFM. SEM studies of phytosynthesized materials revealed nearly monodisperse nanospheres, while TEM rendered average particles size 4-14 nm. Also, AFM profiles suggested a homogenized nature of the nanospheres. Then, the antioxidant property was obtained by α, α-diphenyl-ß-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Ethanolic, methanolic extracts were used for the antioxidant activity, while ascorbic acid was used as a standard medium. Each plant extract exhibited noteworthy antioxidant activity. Moreover, the antibacterial activity of CuO NSP (PR/CB) was tested against human pathogenic bacteria viz. gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and gram-negative Escherichia coli. Result rendered effective antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli.

Structure prediction and evolution of a halo-acid dehalogenase of Burkholderia mallei.

Environmental pollutants containing halogenated organic compounds e.g. haloacid, can cause a plethora of health problems. The structural and functional analyses of the gene responsible of their degradation are an important aspect for environmental studies and are important to human well-being. It has been shown that some haloacids are toxic and mutagenic. Microorganisms capable of degrading these haloacids can be found in the natural environment. One of these, a soil-borne Burkholderia mallei posses the ability to grow on monobromoacetate (MBA). This bacterium produces a haloacid dehalogenase that allows the cell to grow on MBA, a highly toxic and mutagenic environmental pollutant. For the structural and functional analysis, a 346 amino acid encoding protein sequence of haloacid dehalogenase is retrieve from NCBI data base. Primary and secondary structure analysis suggested that the high percentage of helices in the structure makes the protein more flexible for folding, which might increase protein interactions. The consensus protein sub-cellular localization predictions suggest that dehalogenase protein is a periplasmic protein 3D2GO server, suggesting that it is mainly employed in metabolic process followed by hydrolase activity and catalytic activity. The tertiary structure of protein was predicted by homology modeling. The result suggests that the protein is an unstable protein which is also an important characteristic of active enzyme enabling them to bind various cofactors and substrate for proper functioning. Validation of 3D structure was done using Ramachandran plot ProsA-web and RMSD score. This predicted information will help in better understanding of mechanism underlying haloacid dehalogenase encoding protein and its evolutionary relationship.

Isolation, evaluation and characterization of Bacillus subtilis from cotton rhizospheric soil with biocontrol activity against Fusarium oxysporum.

Present investigation is based on the isolation of Bacillus subtilis from cotton rhizosphere and their evaluation as biocontrol agent against Fusarium oxysporum. The production of extracellular hydrolytic enzyme was studied for determining the antagonism. 43% of 21 isolates were identified under the B. subtilis group on the basis of biochemical characterization. 38% isolates showed competitive activity against Fusarium oxysporum and exhibit more than 50% mycelial inhibition in dual culture bioassay. The pot assay of cotton by seed treatment and soil amendment technique under green house condition showed the competent activity of the isolates in preventing the wilting of cotton seedlings due to F. oxysporum infection. SVI values of 30 day old seedlings indicated that the soil inoculation with B. subtilis BP-2 and seed treatment with B. subtilis BP-9 significantly promoted the growth of cotton seedlings. RAPD profiling revealed the diversity in the Bacillus subtilis group, ranging from 10 to 32%. The discriminative pattern among the isolates belonging to the same species was validated by 16S rDNA partial sequencing which identified them into four different strains of B. subtilis.