Anomalías congénitas disruptivas asociadas con misoprostol. Reporte de un caso / Disruptive congenital anomalies associated with misoprostol. Case report

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: La exposición prenatal al misoprostol puede asociarse con un espectro de defectos congénitos que varían desde anomalías del sistema nervioso central, secuencia de Moebius, defectos en la pared abdominal, defectos transversales en las extremidades hasta alteraciones fetales. Esos defectos se observan más comúnmente con esquemas de solo misoprostol para inducción del aborto. Por esos antecedentes es importante que la historia clínica de toda paciente obstétrica sea exhaustiva para permitir identificar el antecedente de la exposición prenatal luego de un aborto fallido. CASO CLINICO: Paciente de 21 años, con 32 semanas de embarazo, con diagnóstico de feto con ventriculomegalia. En la evaluación ecográfica destacó la ventriculomegalia triventricular severa, simétrica y la angulación de ambas extremidades inferiores en varo. La resonancia magnética reportó: ventriculomegalia no comunicante severa, bilateral, simétrica, por probable estenosis del acueducto de Silvio. Cariotipo 46,XY y perfil TORCH negativo. El embarazo finalizó mediante cesárea, por indicación fetal a las 35 semanas. La evaluación al nacimiento reportó: parálisis facial bilateral, macrocefalia y pie equino varo bilateral. Al volver a interrogar a la paciente refirió haber sido tratada con misoprostol en el primer trimestre del embarazo, con fines abortivos. Al descartar las alteraciones cromosómicas e infecciosas se estableció el diagnóstico de secuencia Moebius. CONCLUSIONES: La exposición prenatal al misoprostol está relacionada con la aparición de defectos vasculares en algunos fetos expuestos. Aún no se ha determinado el espectro preciso ni la estimación potencial de teratogenicidad. La historia clínica es el pilar para la asociación en estos casos.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Prenatal misoprostol exposure can be associated with a spectrum of birth defects, ranging from central nervous system abnormalities, Moebius sequence, abdominal wall defects, as well as transverse limb defects, fetal abnormalities are more commonly seen with the use of the misoprostol-only regimen for induction of abortion, such that a thorough medical history is essential to detect a history of prenatal exposure after a failed abortion. CLINICAL CASE: A 21-year-old patient, with a 32-week pregnancy, who attended the institute with a diagnosis of a fetus with ventriculomegaly, the ultrasound evaluation highlighted severe symmetric triventricular ventriculomegaly and angulation of both lower extremities in varus, magnetic resonance imaging reported severe non-communicating ventriculomegaly Symmetric bilateral, due to probable stenosis of the aqueduct of Silvio, the karyotype reported 46, XY, as well as a negative TORCH profile, however, a cesarean section was performed for fetal indication at 35 weeks, the evaluation at birth showed bilateral facial paralysis, macrocephaly and foot Bilateral equinus varus, upon re-examination the patient referred the use of misoprostol in the first trimester of pregnancy for abortive purposes, so as there were no chromosomal or infectious alterations, a Moebius sequence was suggested. CONCLUSIONS : Prenatal exposure to misoprostol is related to the appearance of vascular disruption defects in some exposed fetuses, the precise spectrum and potential estimation of teratogenicity have not yet been determined, the clinical history is the mainstay for the association in these cases.

Diferencias en la gravedad del choque hemorrágico en mujeres con placenta previa y acretismo placentario antes y durante la pandemia de COVID-19 / Differences in the degree of hemorrhagic shock in women with placental insertion anomalies before and during the COVID-19 pandemic / Diferenças na gravidade do choque hemorrágico em mulheres com placenta previa e acretismo placentário antes e durante a pandemia de COVID-19

Resumen: Introducción: estudios previos han mostrado una mayor incidencia de todas las causas de hemorragia postparto durante la pandemia de COVID-19. El acretismo placentario es una causa frecuente de hemorragia postparto. Objetivo: determinar las diferencias en la severidad del choque hemorrágico y la cantidad de sangrado en mujeres con diagnóstico del espectro placenta previa-acretismo, antes de la pandemia y durante la pandemia por COVID-19. Material y métodos: en un estudio con cohortes comparativas de mujeres con placenta previa-acretismo, atendidas en el Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, durante el periodo de enero de 2017 a diciembre de 2019, grupo I (prepandemia), y de enero de 2020 a marzo de 2022, grupo II (pandemia), se comparó entre los grupos la cantidad de hemorragia y la clase del choque hemorrágico de acuerdo a ATLS. Resultados: se estudió a 277 mujeres, 211 fueron del grupo I (pre-COVID-19) y 66 del grupo II (COVID-19), se observó una mayor cantidad de sangrado durante la pandemia de COVID versus la fase pre-COVID (2,150.56 ± 1,910.08 mL versus 1,246.34 ± 1,494.1 mL) p = 0.001, existieron diferencias en las proporciones de la gravedad del choque hemorrágico en la fase de pandemia para las clases III y IV. Conclusión: se encontró un incremento en la cantidad de sangrado y gravedad del choque durante la pandemia de COVID-19.

Abstract: Introduction: previous studies have shown an increased incidence of all-cause postpartum hemorrhage during the COVID-19 pandemic. Placental accreta is a frequent cause of hemorrhagic shock. Objective: determine the severity of shock and the amount of bleeding during the COVID-19 pandemic in women diagnosed with placenta previa and placental accreta. Material and methods: in a comparative cohort study of women with placenta previa and accreta treated at the National Institute of Perinatology during the period from January 2017 to December 2019 group I (pre-pandemic) and from January 2020 to March 2022 group II (pandemic) the amount of hemorrhage and the class of hemorrhagic shock according to ATLS were compared between the groups. Results: 277 women were studied, 211 were from group I (pre COVID-19) and 66 from group II (COVID-19). A greater amount of bleeding was observed during the COVID pandemic versus the pre COVID phase (2,150.56 ± 1,910.08 mL vs 1,246.34 ± 1,494.1 mL) p = 0.001, there were differences in the proportions of severity of hemorrhagic shock in the pandemic phase for classes III and IV. Conclusion: an increase in the amount of bleeding and severity of shock was found during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Resumo: Introdução: estudos anteriores mostraram uma maior incidência de hemorragia pós-parto de todas as causas durante a pandemia de COVID-19. O acretismo placentário é uma causa frequente de hemorragia pós-parto. Objetivo: determinar as diferenças na gravidade do choque hemorrágico e na quantidade de sangramento em mulheres diagnosticadas com o espectro de placenta prévia-acretismo antes da pandemia e durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Material e métodos: em um estudo de coorte comparativo de mulheres com placenta prévia e acreta tratadas no Instituto Nacional de Perinatologia durante o período de janeiro de 2017 a dezembro de 2019, grupo I (pré-pandemia) e de janeiro de 2020 a março de 2022, grupo I II (pandemia) a quantidade de sangramento e a classe de choque hemorrágico de acordo com o ATLS foram comparadas entre os grupos. Resultados: foram estudadas 277 mulheres, 211 eram do grupo I (pré-COVID-19) e 66 do grupo II (COVID-19). Observou-se uma maior quantidade de sangramento durante a pandemia de COVID versus a fase pré-COVID (2,150.56 ± 1,910.08 mL vs 1,246.34 ± 1,494.1 ml) p = 0.001, houve diferenças nas proporções da gravidade do choque hemorrágico na fase pandêmica para as classes III e IV. Conclusão: um aumento na quantidade de sangramento e gravidade do choque foi encontrado durante a pandemia de COVID-19.

Use of a screening questionnaire for systemic lupus erythematosus among pregnant women in a Mexican population.

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a diagnostic assessment of pregnant women using a screening questionnaire for SLE. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was an analytical cross-sectional study carried out at the National Institute of Perinatology between 1 November 2019 and 28 February 2020, using a screening questionnaire for SLE. Antinuclear antibody and anti-double stranded DNA antibody tests and a clinical assessment by a rheumatologist were conducted for participants who obtained ≥4 positive responses on the questionnaire. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of the screening questionnaire for SLE were calculated. RESULTS: The questionnaire survey was conducted with 540 pregnant patients, 22 of whom (4.1%) had ≥4 positive responses. An antinuclear antibody test was conducted in all aforementioned 22 patients; 17 (77.3%) showed titres of ≥1:80. Of the 22 patients, 19 (86.4%) underwent clinical assessment by a rheumatologist. The patients were classified according to the SLE classification criteria: 7/19 (36.9%) met the revised 1997 American College Rheumatology (ACR) criteria, 8/19 (42.1%) met the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics criteria and 7/19 (36.9%) met the 2019 ACR/EULAR criteria (sensitivity=0.86, specificity=0.97, PPV=0.77 and NPV=1 for antinuclear antibody titre of ≥1:80; sensitivity=0.88, specificity=0.98, PPV=0.37 and NPV=1 for SLE according to the 2019 ACR/EULAR criteria). CONCLUSIONS: The questionnaire showed high sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of SLE. Given its usability and cost:benefit ratio, this strategy should be used for all patients coming in for their first visit to determine who requires antinuclear antibody testing and who needs to be referred to a rheumatologist.

Training for the surgical management of postpartum hemorrhage: a multicenter survey of resident physicians.

BACKGROUND: To actively address maternal morbidity and mortality in Mexico, proficiency among obstetrics and gynecology (OBGYN) residents in the surgical management of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a priority. However, the capacity of programs to provide this training is unknown. OBJECTIVE: The self-reported knowledge, education, and proficiency of common surgical techniques for the management of PPH among OBGYN residents in Mexico was evaluated. Educational resources, perceived barriers to acquiring skills, and clinical decision-making were explored. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In July of 2018, an anonymous electronic survey was sent to 86 residents at four hospitals throughout Mexico. Surgical techniques queried included uterine tamponade (UT), uterine compression sutures (UCS), uterine devascularization (UD), hypogastric artery ligation (HAL), and gravid hysterectomy (HT). Participants also answered case-based questions about a patient with PPH. RESULTS: The survey response rate was 59.3% (51/86). Seventy-nine percent of residents reported understanding the rationale and techniques for the surgical intervention of PPH. However, 43.9% reported limited ability to perform these procedures with autonomy. Eighty-six percent of residents reported exposure to these techniques while performing a rescue procedure during PPH and 49% reported learning these procedures while performing prophylactic techniques in patients without PPH. Only 25.5% had been exposed to simulation training. Lack of a training module for these skills in their curriculum was noted by 74.5%. The majority of the participants chose UCS, UD, HAL, and HT as the first, second, third, and fourth rescue procedures to perform for PPH, respectively. CONCLUSION: Most residents reported theoretical knowledge of surgical interventions for PPH, but their self-rated ability to independently perform such skills and a curriculum focused on PPH management was suboptimal.

Transcervical chorionic villus sampling in a low-cost simulation model: Learning curve of maternal-fetal medicine fellows in Mexico.

The implementation of a low­cost simulation model and cumulative sum analysis enables training and monitoring of individual learning curves for transcervical chorionic villus sampling.

Controversies concerning the antiphospholipid syndrome in obstetrics. / Controversias del síndrome de anticuerpos antifosfolipídicos en obstetricia.

Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome is a non-inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by recurrent thrombotic events and/or obstetric complications associated with the presence of circulating antiphospholipid antibodies (anticardiolipin antibodies, anti-ß2 glycoprotein-i antibodies, and/or lupus anticoagulant. Antiphospholipid antibodies are a heterogeneous group of autoantibodies associated with recurrent miscarriage, stillbirth, fetal growth restriction and premature birth. The diversity of the features of the proposed placental antiphospholipid antibodies fingerprint suggests that several disease processes may occur in the placentae of women with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome in the form of immune responses: inflammatory events, complement activation, angiogenic imbalance and, less commonly, thrombosis and infarction. Because of the disparity between clinical and laboratory criteria, and the impact on perinatal outcome in patients starting treatment, we reviewed the aspects of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome related to obstetric complications and seronegative antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, and their treatment in obstetrics.

Comprehensive approach to systemic sclerosis patients during pregnancy.

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disease that usually affects women, with a male:female ratio of 1:4-10. It was thought that there was a prohibitive risk of fatal complications in the pregnancies of patients with SSc. It is now known that the majority of these women undergo a normal progression of pregnancy if the right time is chosen and a close obstetric care is delivered. The obstetric risk will depend on the subtype and clinical stage of the disease, and the presence and severity of the internal organ involvement during the pregnancy. The management of these pregnancies should be provided in a specialized center, with a multidisciplinary team capable of identifying and promptly treating complications. Treatment should be limited to drugs with no teratogenic potential, except when renal crises or severe cardiovascular complications develop.

Amniotic band sequence: prenatal diagnosis, phenotype descriptions, and a proposal of a new classification based on morphologic findings.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to describe the phenotype of fetuses affected by amniotic band sequence (ABS) that were diagnosed at the Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes and to propose a new classification based on morphologic findings. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cases with a final diagnosis of amniotic band sequence, diagnosed between January 1993 and July 2010 in the Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, were reviewed. Demographic, clinical, and periconceptional data were collected, and the defects were described and classified. The association frequencies of the defects were also determined. RESULTS: We included 50 cases with prenatal diagnosis of amniotic band sequence. The mean maternal age was 25.7 ± 6.9 years. Of these patients, 54% (27/50) were primiparous compared to 22% (11/50) who had three or more previous pregnancies. Craniofacial defects were seen in 78% (39/50) of the cases, followed by defects of the extremities 70% (35/50), abdominal wall, spine, and/or thorax 52% (26/50). The most frequent defects were the following: a) Encephalocele and facial clefts in the craniofacial group. b) Shortening at any level in the limb defects group, and c) Alterations of the spinal column curvature in the group of "other" defects. CONCLUSIONS: The amniotic band sequence shows a tendency to affect women who are in their earlier years of reproduction. We observed an inverse relationship between the number of pregnancies and the frequency of presentation of this pathology. The majority of affected fetuses showed a phenotype that fit into one of many groups. Therefore, we propose classifying the amniotic band sequence phenotypes into the following groups: I. Craniofacial defect + limb defect. II. Craniofacial defect + limb defect + abdominal wall, spinal column, and/or thoracic defects. III. Limb defect + abdominal wall, spinal column, and/or thoracic defects; and IV. Isolated defect (craniofacial, limb, or thoraco-abdominal wall). This classification system will be helpful in diagnosing amniotic band sequence. Based on future research studies, we hope that we can use this classification system as a prognosis fetal factor to establish a more accurate fetal prognosis and recurrence probability. Finally, we created a flowchart describing all of the steps that were followed by our Department from the moment an amniotic band was found by ultrasound until the definitive diagnosis was made and the follow up according to the fetal findings.

Major craniofacial defects: case series and prenatal diagnosis at the Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prenatal diagnosis, characteristics, development, perinatal outcome, and final diagnosis of pregnancies complicated by fetuses with major craniofacial defects, at the Instituto Nacional de Perinatologia, México, 1997-2008. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective, descriptive study from January of 1997 to January 2008, analyzed 152 pregnancies complicated by fetuses with major craniofacial defects, diagnosed at the Department of Fetal Medicine of the National Institute of Perinatology. Data were obtained from patients clinical records. RESULTS: . The mean age was 28 +/- 8 years, with the largest number of cases between 20 and 24. The mean gestational age at diagnosis was 27.5 +/- 6.4 gestational weeks. The average termination of pregnancy was at 35 +/- 5 gestational weeks. In 43.4% of cases there were no major structural defects associated with the facial defect. The most commonly associated structural alterations were cerebral, cardiac, and limb abnormalities. Karyotyping was performed in only 57 cases, and was abnormal in 25. CONCLUSIONS: Structural ultrasound should be performed on all pregnant women between weeks 18 and 24 for detection of major craniofacial defects. Where defects are found, a thorough review of other structures should be carried out to determine whether the defects are syndromic. A systematic and multidisciplinary approach is essential to providing the best care and appropriate advice to parents.

[Perinatal results of the patients assessed by fetal hypomotility]. / Resultado perinatal de las pacientes evaluadas por hipomotilidad fetal.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the perinatal outcome of those patients that come to emergency room because of diminished fetal movements. PATIENTS AND METHOD: This is a case series in which we evaluated the patients who were attended at the Maternal Fetal Medicine Department from January 2002 to December 2003. All patients with prenatal control in the institution whatever the basic pathology were enrolled in the study. They were evaluated following the institution protocol. All data was obtained from maternal and neonatal files. RESULTS: A total of 240 patients with mean age of 27 +/- 7 (SD) years were evaluated in the study. Ninety of them (37%) were primiparous, 66 (27%) secundiparous, and 44 (18%) coursed the third pregnancy. Mean gestational age when they were evaluated for diminished fetal movements was 37.1 +/- 2.5 (SD) weeks. After the evaluation, 195 (81%) patients resulted with a reactive non-stress test, 42 (17%) had a non-reactive stress test with a positive vibroacoustic stimulation test, no patients were found with a non-reactive non-stress test and a negative vibroacoustic stimulation test. In two patients (< 1%) the register showed ominous pattern. In these two preterm cases pregnancy was interrupted. Mean gestational age at birth was 39.1 (+/- 1.7) weeks, and 223 (92.91%) born at term. From the two intervened cases, one had intrauterine growth restriction and the other asphyxia with intraventricular hemorrhage as a consequence. CONCLUSIONS: Hypomotility is one manifestation of the loss of fetal well-being and cannot be ignored because there are some cases in which intervention is needed. A great number of patients without a real risk of asphyxia and with a good perinatal outcome must be evaluated, so we have to look for another mechanism of evaluation for these patients. A clinimetric method could be an intermediary step between clinic and electronic surveillance.