RESUMO
Quorum sensing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa controls the production of costly public goods such as exoproteases. This cooperative behavior is susceptible to social cheating by mutants that do not invest in the exoprotease production but assimilate the amino acids and peptides derived by the hydrolysis of proteins in the extracellular media. In sequential cultures with protein as the sole carbon source, these social cheaters are readily selected and often reach equilibrium with the exoprotease producers. Nevertheless, an excess of cheaters causes the collapse of population growth. In this work, using the reference strain PA14 and a clinical isolate from a burn patient, we demonstrate that the initial amount of public goods (exoprotease) that comes with the inoculum in each sequential culture is essential for maintaining population growth and that eliminating the exoprotease in the inoculum leads to rapid population collapse. Therefore, our results suggest that sequential washes should be combined with public good inhibitors to more effectively combat P. aeruginosa infections.
RESUMO
Quorum sensing (QS) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa coordinates the expression of virulence factors, such as exoproteases and siderophores, that are public goods utilized by the whole population of bacteria, regardless of whether they invested or not in their production. These public goods can be used by QS defective mutants for growth, and since these mutants do not contribute to public goods production, they are considered social cheaters. Pyocyanin is a phenazine that is a toxic, QS-controlled metabolite produced by P. aeruginosa. It is a redox-active compound and promotes the generation of reactive oxygen species; it also possesses antibacterial properties and increases fitness in competition with other bacterial species. Since QS-deficient individuals are less able to tolerate oxidative stress, we hypothesized that the pyocyanin produced by the wild-type population could promote selection of functional QS systems in this bacterium. Here, we demonstrate, using competition experiments and mathematical models, that, indeed, pyocyanin increases the fitness of the cooperative QS-proficient individuals and restricts the appearance of social cheaters. In addition, we also show that pyocyanin is able to select QS in other bacteria such as Acinetobacter baumannii.
RESUMO
El sueño es un proceso fisiológico fascinante, sólo recientemente algunos de los misterios acerca de su origen, fisiología y funciones biológicas han sido esclarecidos, sin embargo, aún falta mucho por estudiar. La investigación sobre la biología del sueño y sobre los efectos clínicos de sus trastornos cada vez deja más en claro que el sueño es un proceso de vital importancia para la salud integral del ser humano. Sin embargo, según algunos estudios, la tendencia en la población mundial es hacía la reducción del tiempo total de sueño, lo cual se ha reflejado en el incremento en la incidencia de trastornos del sueño. En este sentido, la población joven es especialmente proclive a desarrollar trastornos del sueño principalmente debido a factores externos (sociales y ambientales) y a distintos hábitos que pueden afectar su calidad (consumo de alcohol, tabaco, cafeína, etc.). Este artículo pretende realizar una revisión actualizada acerca de la neurobiología del sueño y de aspectos del sueño que resultan de interés práctico para el estudiante universitario, como el papel del sueño en el proceso de aprendizaje y memoria, así como los efectos que ejercen distintas sustancias de uso común en este grupo de población sobre el proceso de sueño, y finalmente con énfasis en la importancia de una adecuada higiene del sueño para la salud integral del individuo.
Sleep is a fascinating physiological process, only recently some of the mysteries about its origin, physiology and biological functions have been clarified; however, much remains to be studied. Research on sleep biology and the clinical consequences of sleep disorders has made clear that sleep is a vital process for the full health of human beings. Nevertheless, according to some studies, worldwide population tends to reduce total sleep time, which is reflected in the increasing incidence of sleep disorders. In this sense, young people are particularly prone to the development of sleep disorders, mainly due to external factors (social and environmental), and other habits that can influence the quality of sleep (alcohol, tobacco, caffeine, etc.). This article aims at providing an updated review about sleep neurobiology and related aspects of practical interest for university students, such as: the role of sleep in learning and memory processes, as well as the effects produced by several substances, commonly used in this population, on the sleep process; finally emphasizing the importance of appropriate sleep hygiene practices for human health.