A Scoping Review of Obstetrics and Gynecology Curricula in Primary Care Residency Programs.

BACKGROUND: While Women's Health (WH) is a priority for primary care, (Family Medicine (FM), Internal Medicine (IM), Pediatrics (Peds), and combined Medicine/Pediatrics (Med/Peds)), residency curricula remain heterogeneous with deficits in graduates' WH expertise and skills. The overall objective of this study was to assess the quality of WH curricula at primary care residency programs in the United States (US), with a focus on topics in obstetrics and gynecology (OBGYN). METHODS: PubMed®, ERIC, The Cochrane Library, MedEdPORTAL, and professional organization websites were systematically searched in 2019 and updated in 2021. Included studies described OBGYN educational curricula in US primary care residency programs. Following abstract screening and full-text review, data from eligible studies was abstracted and quality assessed using the Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument (MERSQI). RESULTS: A total of 109 studies met the inclusion criteria. Over a quarter of studies were interdepartmental or interdisciplinary. The most common single-department studies were IM (38%) and FM (26%). Twenty (25%) studies addressed comprehensive OBGYN curricula; the most common individual topics were cervical and breast cancer screening (31%) and contraception (16%). Most studies utilized multiple instructional modalities, most commonly didactics (54%), clinical experiences (41%), and/or simulation (21%). Most studies included self-reported outcomes by residents (70%), with few (11%) reporting higher-level assessments (i.e., patient, or clinical outcomes). Most studies were single-group pre- and post-test (42%) with few randomized controlled trials (4%). The mean MERSQI score for studies with sufficient data (90%) was 9.8 (range 3 to 15.5). DISCUSSION: OBGYN educational curricula for primary care trainees in the US was varied with gaps in represented residents, content, assessments, and study quality.

Exploratory Analysis of Concordance Between Clinician-Collected and Self-Sampled Human Papillomavirus Tests in a Small Cohort of Average- and High-Risk Patients.

Objectives: Cervical cancer screening rates have stagnated, but self-sampling modalities have the potential to increase uptake. This study compares the test characteristics of self-sampled high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) tests with clinician-collected hrHPV tests in average-risk (i.e., undergoing routine screening) and high-risk patients (i.e., receiving follow-up after abnormal screening results). Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a relatively small cohort of average-risk (n = 35) and high-risk (n = 12) participants completed both clinician-collected and self-sampled hrHPV testing, along with a brief phone survey. We assessed hrHPV positivity, concordance, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), sensitivity, and specificity across both methods (for types 16, 18, or other hrHPV). We also explored the relationship between test concordance and sociodemographic/behavioral factors. Results: Among average-risk participants, hrHPV positivity was 6% for both test methods (i.e., hrHPV-positive cases: n = 2), resulting in reported concordance, PPV, NPV, sensitivity, and specificity of 100%. Among high-risk participants, hrHPV positivity was 100% for clinician-collected tests but only 67% for self-sampled tests, showing varied concordance and sensitivity. Concordance was not associated with sociodemographic or behavioral factors. Conclusions: Self-sampled hrHPV testing demonstrated high accuracy for average-risk patients in this exploratory study. However, its performance was less consistent in high-risk patients who had already received an abnormal screening result, which could be attributed to spontaneous viral clearance over time. The limited number of participants, particularly HPV-positive cases, suggests caution in interpreting these results. Further research with larger cohorts is necessary to validate these findings and to explore the integration of self-sampled hrHPV testing into routine clinical care, particularly for patients with a history of cervical abnormalities. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT04591977, NCT04585243.

Improving cervical cancer screening rates: a scoping review of resources and interventions.

INTRODUCTION: Cervical cancer mortality can be prevented through early detection with screening methods such as Pap and high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) tests; however, only 81% of women aged 21-65 are up-to-date on screening. Many interventions to increase cervical cancer screening have been implemented, but there is limited understanding about which intervention components are most successful. METHODS: We conducted a scoping review of existing literature and available resources for cervical cancer screening interventions to identify gaps in the research. We used t tests and correlations to identify associations among intervention components and effect sizes. RESULTS: Out of nine studies, the mean overall effect size for interventions was 11.3% increase in Pap testing for cervical cancer screening (range = - 4-24%). Interventions that included community health workers or one-on-one interaction had the biggest effect size (p < 0.05). No associations with effect size were noted for literacy level, number of intervention components, or targeting by race/ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS: Future interventions may include educational sessions with community health workers or one-on-one patient interaction to improve cervical cancer screening. Further research is needed to establish effect sizes for large-scale interventions and hrHPV screening interventions.

Covid-19 vaccine acceptance and associated factors among pregnant women in Pennsylvania 2020.

Data on factors associated with vaccine acceptance among pregnant women are critical to the rapid scale up of interventions to improve vaccine uptake. When COVID-19 vaccines were still in the testing phases of research, we surveyed pregnant women accessing prenatal care at an academic medical institution in Central Pennsylvania, United States to examine factors associated with vaccine acceptance. Willingness to receive a COVID-19 vaccine once a vaccine became available was asked as part of an ongoing study on the COVID-19 pandemic and pregnancy (n = 196). Overall, 65% of women reported they would be willing or somewhat willing to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. Women who had received an influenza vaccine within the past year were more likely to be willing to receive the COVID-19 vaccine than women who had never received an influenza vaccine or those who received it over one year ago (aOR 4.82; 95% CI 2.17, 10.72). Similarly, women who were employed full-time were more willing to receive the COVID-19 vaccine than women who were not employed full time (aOR 2.22; 95% CI 1.02, 4.81), and women who reported feeling overloaded were more willing to receive the COVID-19 vaccine than women who did not feel overloaded (aOR 2.18; 95% CI 1.02, 4.68). Our findings support the need to increase vaccination education among pregnant women before vaccines are rolled out, especially those who have not received an influenza vaccine within the past year. Improved understanding of willingness to vaccinate among pregnant women will improve future pandemic responses and current vaccination efforts.

Disparities in Cancer Screening: The Role of County-Level Metropolitan Status and Racial Residential Segregation.

Mortality from cervical and colorectal cancers can be reduced through routine screening, which can often be accessed through primary care. However, uptake of screening in the US remains suboptimal, with disparities observed across geographic characteristics, such as metropolitan status or level of racial residential segregation. Little is known about the interaction of metropolitan status and segregation in their relationship with cancer screening. We conducted a quantitative survey of 474 women aged 45-65 in central Pennsylvania. The survey collected county-level characteristics and participant-level demographics, beliefs, cancer screening barriers, and cervical and colorectal cancer screening. We used bivariate and multivariable logistic regression to analyze relationships between metropolitan status and segregation with screening. For cervical cancer screening, 82.8% of participants were up-to-date, which did not differ by county type in the final analysis. Higher healthcare trust, higher cancer fatalism, and reporting cost as a barrier were associated with cervical cancer screening. For colorectal cancer screening, 55.4% of participants were up-to-date, which differed by county type. In metropolitan counties, segregation was not associated with colorectal cancer screening, but in non-metropolitan counties, segregation was associated with greater colorectal cancer screening. The relationship between metropolitan status and being up-to-date with colorectal, but not cervical, cancer screening varied by segregation. Other important beliefs and barriers to screening varied by county type. This research can guide future cancer screening interventions in primary care settings in underserved communities.

Women's Health and Gender-Specific Considerations.

Women's health is largely influenced by cultural beliefs, local traditions, and access to care across the world. Immigrant and refugee women experience health in varied ways; prior experiences with health care and beliefs about health should be explored with women on their arrival to the United States. Topics that should be discussed include menstrual practices, contraception and beliefs about family planning, prior screening for preventable diseases, pregnancies and experiences with childbirth, sexual assault and trauma, and history of traditional practices, including female genital mutilation (dependent on area of origin).

Implementing a medical student interpreter training program as a strategy to developing humanism.

BACKGROUND: Humanistic care in medicine has shown to improve healthcare outcomes. Language barriers are a significant obstacle to humanistic care, and trained medical interpreters have demonstrated to effectively bridge the gap for the vulnerable limited English proficiency (LEP) patient population. One way in which medical schools can train more humanistic physicians and provide language access is through the implementation of programs to train bilingual medical students as medical interpreters. The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate whether such training had an impact on bilingual medical student's interpretation skills and humanistic traits. METHODS: Between 2015 and 2017, whole-day (~ 8 h) workshops on medical interpretation were offered periodically to 80 bilingual medical students at the Penn State College of Medicine. Students completed a series of questionnaires before and after the training that assessed the program's effectiveness and its overall impact on interpretation skills and humanistic traits. Students also had the opportunity to become certified medical interpreters. RESULTS: The 80 student participants were first- to third- year medical students representing 21 languages. Following training, most students felt more confident interpreting (98%) and more empathetic towards LEP patients (87.5%). Students' scores in the multiple-choice questions about medical interpretation/role of the interpreter were also significantly improved (Chi-Square test, p < 0.05). All students who decided to take the exam were able to successfully become certified interpreters. Ninety-two percent of participants reported they would recommend the program and would be willing to serve as a future "coaches" for interpreter training workshops delivered to peer students. CONCLUSIONS: Our program was successful in increasing self-reported measures of empathy and humanism in medical students. Our data suggests that implementation of medical interpreter training programs can be a successful strategy to develop of humanism in medical students, and aid in the development of sustainable language access for LEP patients.

The role of the microtubules in tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced endothelial cell permeability.

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, a major proinflammatory cytokine, triggers endothelial cell activation and barrier dysfunction which are implicated in the pathogenesis of pulmonary edema associated with acute lung injury syndromes. The mechanisms of TNF-alpha-induced vascular permeability are not completely understood. Our initial experiments demonstrated that TNF-alpha-induced decreases in transendothelial electrical resistance across human pulmonary artery endothelial cells are independent of myosin light chain phosphorylation catalyzed by either myosin light chain kinase or Rho kinase. We next assessed the involvement of another cytoskeletal component, the tubulin-based microtubule network, and found TNF-alpha to induce a decrease in stable tubulin content and partial dissolution of peripheral microtubule network as evidenced by anti-acetylated tubulin and anti-beta-tubulin immunofluorescent staining, respectively. Microtubule-stabilizing agents, paclitaxel and epothilone B, significantly attenuated TNF-alpha-induced decreases in transendothelial electrical resistance, inhibited the cytokine-induced increases in actin stress fibers, formation of intercellular gap, and restored the TNF-alpha-compromised vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin-based cell-cell junctions. Importantly, neither TNF-alpha nor paclitaxel treatment was associated with endothelial cell apoptosis. Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase by SB203580 significantly attenuated TNF-alpha-induced microtubule destabilization, actin rearrangement, and endothelial barrier dysfunction. These results strongly suggest the involvement of microtubule rearrangement in TNF-alpha-induced endothelial cell permeability via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation.