Evaluation of tropical water sources and mollusks in southern Brazil using microbiological, biochemical, and chemical parameters.

Florianópolis, a city located in the Santa Catarina State in southern Brazil, is the national leading producer of bivalve mollusks. The quality of bivalve mollusks is closely related to the sanitary conditions of surrounding waters where they are cultivated. Presently, cultivation areas receive large amounts of effluents derived mainly from treated and non-treated domestic, rural, and urban sewage. This contributes to the contamination of mollusks with trace metals, pesticides, other organic compounds, and human pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, and protozoan. The aim of this study was to perform a thorough diagnosis of the shellfish growing areas in Florianópolis, on the coast of Santa Catarina. The contamination levels of seawater, sediments, and oysters were evaluated for their microbiological, biochemical, and chemical parameters at five sea sites in Florianópolis, namely three regular oyster cultivation areas (Sites 1, 2, and oyster supplier), a polluted site (Site 3), and a heavily polluted site (Site 4). Samples were evaluated at day zero and after 14 days. Seawater and sediment samples were collected just once, at the end of the experiment. Antioxidant defenses, which may occur in contaminated environments in response to the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by organisms, were analyzed in oysters, as well as organic compounds (in oysters and sediment samples) and microbiological contamination (in oysters and seawater samples). The results showed the presence of the following contaminants: fecal coliforms in seawater samples (four sites), human adenovirus (all sites), human noroviruses GI and GII (two sites), Hepatitis A viruses (one site), JC Polyomavirus in an oyster sample from the oyster supplier, Giardia duodenalis cysts, and Cryptosporidium sp oocysts (one site). Among organochlorine pesticides, only DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and HCH (hexachlorocyclohexane) were detected in some sediment and oysters samples in very low levels; site 4 had the highest concentrations of total aliphatic hydrocarbons, PAHs, and linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) found either in oysters or in sediment samples. The major concentration of fecal sterol coprostanol was found at site 4, followed by site 3. After 14 days of allocation in the four selected sites, there was a significant difference in the enzymes analyzed at the monitored spots. The detection of different contaminants in oysters, seawater, and sediment samples in the present study shows the impact untreated or inadequately treated effluents have on coastal areas. These results highlight the need for public investment in adequate wastewater treatment and adequate treatment of oysters, ensuring safe areas for shellfish production as well as healthier bivalve mollusks for consumption.

Aspectos sanitários em trailers de lanche no município de Presidente Prudente, SP / Sanitary aspects in trailers of snack in the local government of Presidente Prudente, SP

A necessidade de se fazer refeições fora de casa, que sejam rápidas e baratas como os lanches, faz com que os trailers sejam uma opção crescente entre a população, sendo importante conhecer a realidade de suas condições de funcionamento e da qualidade dos lanches oferecidos. Assim, 26 trailers de lanche do município de Presidente Prudente, SP, foram visitados e avaliados em seus aspectos higiênico-sanitários através do preenchimento de um roteiro de inspeção adaptado à resolução estadual SS 142/93, obtendo-se classificação de péssimo a regular para 100 por cento dos trailers. Um parâmetro entre o risco e o perigo foi comparado, coletando-se amostras dos alimentos e das mãos dos manipuladores. Foi determinado o número de coliformes fecais nos lanches tipo “x-salada”, encontrando-se em 69,23 por cento das amostras valores acima dos limites estipulados pela RDC n. 12/01 da ANVISA. Foi detectada presença da bactéria Salmonella spp em uma das amostras de molho à base de maionese. Encontraram-se ovos de Ascaris spp e larva de Nematóideo em duas amostras contaminadas por parasitas. Foram coletadas ainda, amostras “swabs” das mãos e unhas dos manipuladores dos lanches para detecção de S. aureus e Enterobactérias, encontrados em 23 por cento e 76,9 por cento das amostras, respectivamente. Nas análises de cloro residual livre e pH das águas utilizadas pelos trailers, 11,5 por cento das amostras estavam com valores de cloro abaixo do exigido pela portaria MS n. 1.469/00. Todas as amostras de água estavam adequadas quanto ao pH.