Treatment of latent tuberculosis in patients with juvenile rheumatic diseases: a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Children and adolescents with rheumatic diseases receiving TNF blockers are at risk for the activation of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (LTBI). Although LTBI treatment is indicated in this group, there are different therapeutic regimens in the literature, without a definite consensus. OBJECTIVES: To review in the literature therapeutic schemes used and indicated for the treatment of LTBI in these patients. METHODS: Systematic review of the literature, using health databases, selecting studies that addressed the treatment of LTBI in patients with juvenile rheumatic diseases using TNF blockers, from 1990 to 2015. All study designs were considered. RESULTS: A total of 162 studies were identified through the electronic databases and one was found through a manual search by the author, totaling 163 articles. We excluded studies that did not meet the mentioned inclusion criteria, and included a retrospective cohort study and two prospective cohort studies. The three studies addressed treatment with isoniazid (INH) for 9 months and one of them also addressed INH treatment associated with rifampicin for 3 months. CONCLUSIONS: Only one case of LTBI activation was observed; there was good treatment adherence and absence of complications during follow-up. More studies are necessary to evaluate the response to the other available therapeutic regimens, with better tolerability assessment and a larger sample. However, the results showed that INH therapy for 9 months and INH therapy plus rifampicin for 3 months had a low rate of LTBI activation and complications.

Treatment of latent tuberculosis in patients with juvenile rheumatic diseases: a systematic review / Tratamento da tuberculose latente em pacientes com doenças reumáticas juvenis: uma revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT Introduction: Children and adolescents with rheumatic diseases receiving TNF blockers are at risk for the activation of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (LTBI). Although LTBI treatment is indicated in this group, there are different therapeutic regimens in the literature, without a definite consensus. Objectives: To review in the literature therapeutic schemes used and indicated for the treatment of LTBI in these patients. Methods: Systematic review of the literature, using health databases, selecting studies that addressed the treatment of LTBI in patients with juvenile rheumatic diseases using TNF blockers, from 1990 to 2015. All study designs were considered. Results: A total of 162 studies were identified through the electronic databases and one was found through a manual search by the author, totaling 163 articles. We excluded studies that did not meet the mentioned inclusion criteria, and included a retrospective cohort study and two prospective cohort studies. The three studies addressed treatment with isoniazid (INH) for 9 months and one of them also addressed INH treatment associated with rifampicin for 3 months. Conclusions: Only one case of LTBI activation was observed; there was good treatment adherence and absence of complications during follow-up. More studies are necessary to evaluate the response to the other available therapeutic regimens, with better tolerability assessment and a larger sample. However, the results showed that INH therapy for 9 months and INH therapy plus rifampicin for 3 months had a low rate of LTBI activation and complications.

RESUMO Introdução: Crianças e adolescentes com doenças reumáticas em terapia anti-TNF-α são grupo de risco para ativação da infecção latente por Mycobacterium tuberculosis (ILTB). Embora o tratamento da ILTB seja indicado nesse grupo, existem diferentes esquemas terapêuticos na literatura, sem um consenso definido. Objetivos: Revisar na literatura esquemas terapêuticos usados e indicados para o tratamento da ILTB nesses pacientes. Métodos: Revisão sistemática da literatura, nas bases de dados em saúde, selecionaram-se estudos que abordaram o tratamento da ILTB em pacientes reumáticos juvenis em uso de anti-TNF-α, de 1990 a 2015. Todos os desenhos de estudo foram considerados. Resultados: Foram identificados através das bases de dados eletrônicas 162 estudos e um foi encontrado por meio de busca manual do autor, total de 163. Foram excluídos os estudos que não atenderam aos critérios de inclusão referidos, incluídos um estudo de coorte retrospectiva e dois de estudos de coorte prospectivas. Os três estudos abordaram o tratamento com isoniazida (INH) por nove meses e um deles abordou também o tratamento com INH associado a rifampicina por três meses. Conclusões: Foi observado apenas um caso de ativação da ILTB; uma boa adesão ao tratamento e ausência de complicações durante o acompanhamento. Mais estudos são necessários para avaliar a resposta aos outros esquemas terapêuticos disponíveis, com melhor avaliação da tolerabilidade e maior amostra. Porém, os resultados mostraram que a terapia com INH por nove meses e a terapia com INH mais rifampicina por três meses têm baixo índice de ativação e complicações.

Nocturnal hypoxemia in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis / Hipoxemia noturna em criancas e adolescentes com fibrose cistica

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of nocturnal hypoxemia and its association with pulmonary function, nutritional status, sleep macrostructure, and obstructive respiratory events during sleep in a population of clinically stable children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis (CF). METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study involving 67 children and adolescents with CF between 2 and 14 years of age. All of the participants underwent polysomnography, and SpO2 was measured by pulse oximetry. We also evaluated the Shwachman-Kulczycki (S-K) scores, spirometry findings, and nutritional status of the patients. RESULTS: The study involved 67 patients. The mean age of the patients was 8 years. The S-K scores differed significantly between the patients with and without nocturnal hypoxemia, which was defined as an SpO2 < 90% for more than 5% of the total sleep time (73.75 ± 6.29 vs. 86.38 ± 8.70; p < 0.01). Nocturnal hypoxemia correlated with the severity of lung disease, FEV1 (rs = −0.42; p = 0.01), FVC (rs = −0.46; p = 0.01), microarousal index (rs = 0.32; p = 0.01), and apnea-hypopnea index (rs = 0.56; p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In this sample of patients with CF and mild-to-moderate lung disease, nocturnal oxygenation correlated with the S-K score, spirometry variables, sleep macrostructure variables, and the apnea-hypopnea index. .

OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalência de hipoxemia noturna e sua associação com função pulmonar, estado nutricional, macroestrutura do sono e eventos respiratórios obstrutivos durante o sono em uma população de crianças e adolescentes com fibrose cística (FC) clinicamente estáveis. MÉTODOS: Estudo de corte transversal envolvendo 67 crianças e adolescentes com FC e idade entre 2 e 14 anos. Todos os participantes foram submetidos a polissonografia com medição da SpO2 por oximetria de pulso. O escore de Shwachman-Kulczycki (S-K), a espirometria e o estado nutricional dos pacientes também foram avaliados. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 67 pacientes. A média de idade foi de 8 anos. Os resultados do escore de S-K diferiram significativamente entre os pacientes com e sem hipoxemia noturna, definida como SpO2 < 90% por mais que 5% do tempo total de sono (73,75 ± 6,29 vs. 86,38 ± 8,70; p < 0,01). A presença de hipoxemia noturna correlacionou-se com a gravidade da doença pulmonar, VEF1 (rs = −0,42; p = 0,01), CVF (rs = −0,46; p = 0,01), índice de microdespertares do sono (rs = 0,32; p = 0,01) e índice de apneia e hipopneia (rs = 0,56; p = 0,01). CONCLUSÕES: Nesta amostra de pacientes com FC e doença pulmonar leve a moderada, o nível de oxigenação noturna correlacionou-se com escore de S-K, variáveis espirométricas e da macroestrutura do sono, assim como o índice de apneia e hipopneia. .

Nocturnal hypoxemia in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of nocturnal hypoxemia and its association with pulmonary function, nutritional status, sleep macrostructure, and obstructive respiratory events during sleep in a population of clinically stable children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis (CF). METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study involving 67 children and adolescents with CF between 2 and 14 years of age. All of the participants underwent polysomnography, and SpO2 was measured by pulse oximetry. We also evaluated the Shwachman-Kulczycki (S-K) scores, spirometry findings, and nutritional status of the patients. RESULTS: The study involved 67 patients. The mean age of the patients was 8 years. The S-K scores differed significantly between the patients with and without nocturnal hypoxemia, which was defined as an SpO2 < 90% for more than 5% of the total sleep time (73.75 ± 6.29 vs. 86.38 ± 8.70; p < 0.01). Nocturnal hypoxemia correlated with the severity of lung disease, FEV1 (rs = -0.42; p = 0.01), FVC (rs = -0.46; p = 0.01), microarousal index (rs = 0.32; p = 0.01), and apnea-hypopnea index (rs = 0.56; p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In this sample of patients with CF and mild-to-moderate lung disease, nocturnal oxygenation correlated with the S-K score, spirometry variables, sleep macrostructure variables, and the apnea-hypopnea index.

Arquitetura do sono e perfil respiratório polissonográfico de crianças e adolescentes com fibrose cística / Sleep architecture and polysomnographic respiratory profile of children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a arquitetura do sono em crianças e adolescentes com fibrose cística (FC) e com suspeita clínica de distúrbios respiratórios do sono (DRS), e identificar o perfil respiratório polissonográfico desses pacientes. MÉTODOS: Os pais ou responsáveis dos pacientes com FC preencheram um questionário que abordava questões clínicas e relacionadas ao sono. As crianças e adolescentes que foram identificadas com quadro clínico sugestivo de DRS foram submetidas a polissonografia. Após a realização da polissonografia, os pacientes foram agrupados de acordo com o índice de apneia obstrutiva (IA) observado (< 1 ou > 1) e utilizou-se a análise fatorial de correspondência múltipla para análise e identificação dos perfis polissonográficos dos pacientes. RESULTADOS: Dos 74 pacientes que preencheram os critérios de inclusão para este estudo, 67 foram submetidos à polissonografia; observou-se que 38 (56,7 por cento) dos 67 pacientes apresentaram um IA > 1. A mediana das idades foi de 8 anos. O grupo de pacientes com IA > 1 caracterizou-se por apresentar tempo total de sono (TTS) nos estágios 4 e no REM < 21 e 13 por cento, respectivamente, latência do sono REM > 144 minutos, o percentual de TTS com saturação da oxi-hemoglobina medida por oximetria de pulso (SpO2) < 90 por cento maior que 0,28 segundos e o índice de dessaturação de oxigênio maior que 0,92. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados sugerem que pacientes pediátricos clinicamente estáveis com FC têm uma alta prevalência de DRS e apresentam frequentes queixas relacionadas ao sono, significativas alterações na sua arquitetura, assim como episódios de dessaturação de oxigênio durante o sono.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate sleep architecture in children and adolescents with both cystic fibrosis (CF) and a clinical suspicion of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), and to identify the respiratory polysomnographic profile of these patients. METHODS: Parents or guardians of children with CF filled out a questionnaire designed to assess their clinical and sleep conditions. Children who were identified as having behaviors associated with SDB underwent polysomnography. After polysomnography, patients were grouped according to the obstructive apnea index (AI) obtained (either < 1 or > 1), and a multiple correspondence factor analysis was used to analyze and identify the polysomnographic profile of patients. RESULTS: Of the 74 patients who met inclusion criteria for this study, 67 underwent polysomnography, and 38 (56.7 percent) of the 67 patients showed an AI > 1. Median age was 8 years. The group of patients with an AI > 1 was characterized by total sleep time (TST) during stage 4 and rapid eye movement (REM) stage of sleep < 21 and 13 percent, respectively, REM sleep latency > 144 minutes, percentage of TST with pulse oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2) < 90 percent higher than 0.28 seconds, and an oxygen desaturation index higher than 0.92. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that clinically stable pediatric patients with CF have a high prevalence of SDB and present frequent sleep complaints, significant changes in sleep architecture, and episodes of oxygen desaturation during sleep.

Sleep architecture and polysomnographic respiratory profile of children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate sleep architecture in children and adolescents with both cystic fibrosis (CF) and a clinical suspicion of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), and to identify the respiratory polysomnographic profile of these patients. METHODS: Parents or guardians of children with CF filled out a questionnaire designed to assess their clinical and sleep conditions. Children who were identified as having behaviors associated with SDB underwent polysomnography. After polysomnography, patients were grouped according to the obstructive apnea index (AI) obtained (either < 1 or ≥ 1), and a multiple correspondence factor analysis was used to analyze and identify the polysomnographic profile of patients. RESULTS: Of the 74 patients who met inclusion criteria for this study, 67 underwent polysomnography, and 38 (56.7%) of the 67 patients showed an AI ≥ 1. Median age was 8 years. The group of patients with an AI ≥ 1 was characterized by total sleep time (TST) during stage 4 and rapid eye movement (REM) stage of sleep < 21 and 13%, respectively, REM sleep latency > 144 minutes, percentage of TST with pulse oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2) < 90% higher than 0.28 seconds, and an oxygen desaturation index higher than 0.92. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that clinically stable pediatric patients with CF have a high prevalence of SDB and present frequent sleep complaints, significant changes in sleep architecture, and episodes of oxygen desaturation during sleep.

Inverse association between Lancefield group G Streptococcus colonization and sore throat in slum and nonslum settings in Brazil.

Group G Streptococcus has been implicated as a causative agent of pharyngitis in outbreak situations, but its role in endemic disease remains elusive. We found an unexpected inverse association of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis colonization and sore throat in a study of 2,194 children of 3 to 15 years of age in Salvador, Brazil.

Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in children and adolescents with sickle cell anemia.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in children and adolescents with sickle cell anemia (SCA); to investigate the possible correlation between mean annual hemoglobin level and total sleep time with SpO2 < 90%, as well as between mean annual hemoglobin level and total sleep time with SpO2 < 80%; and to investigate the possible correlation between apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and painful crisis. METHODS: The study involved 85 patients with SCA. The patients completed a questionnaire, were submitted to polysomnography and underwent clinical evaluation (by a pediatrician and an otolaryngologist). An AHI > 1 was considered indicative of a diagnosis of OSAS. RESULTS: The prevalence of OSAS was 10.6%. We found a negative correlation between mean annual hemoglobin level and total sleep time with SpO2 < 90% (r = micro0.343; p = 0.002), as well as between mean annual hemoglobin level and total sleep time with SpO2 < 80% (r = micro0.270; p = 0.016). There was no association between AHI and painful crisis. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of OSAS in this population was high (10.6%). Therefore, it is important to identify signs of OSAS as soon as possible and to determine the mean annual hemoglobin level because of the inverse correlation between that level and the total sleep time with SpO2 < 90% or < 80%.

Prevalência da apneia obstrutiva do sono em crianças e adolescentes portadores da anemia falciforme / Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in children and adolescents with sickle cell anemia

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência da síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS) em crianças e adolescentes com anemia falciforme (AF) e investigar a possível correlação entre hemoglobina anual média e tempo total de sono com SpO2 < 90 por cento e tempo total de sono com SpO2 < 80 por cento, assim como investigar a possível correlação entre o índice de apneia-hipopneia (IAH) e episódios de crise álgica. MÉTODOS: Participaram 85 pacientes com AF, que responderam a um questionário, foram avaliados por um pediatra e um otorrinolaringologista, e submetidos a estudo polissonográfico. O diagnóstico de SAOS foi definido como IAH > 1. RESULTADOS: A prevalência da SAOS foi 10,6 por cento. Observou-se uma correlação negativa entre hemoglobina anual média e tempo total de sono com SpO2 < 90 por cento (r = µ0,343; p = 0,002) e tempo total de sono com SpO2 < 80 por cento (r = µ0,270; p = 0,016). Não foi observada associação entre IAH e episódios de crise álgica. CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência da SAOS nesta população foi alta (10,6 por cento). Portanto, é importante identificar precocemente os sinais de SAOS e avaliar hemoglobina anual média, devido à correlação inversa entre essa e o tempo total de sono com SpO2 < 90 por cento ou < 80 por cento.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in children and adolescents with sickle cell anemia (SCA); to investigate the possible correlation between mean annual hemoglobin level and total sleep time with SpO2 < 90 percent, as well as between mean annual hemoglobin level and total sleep time with SpO2 < 80 percent; and to investigate the possible correlation between apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and painful crisis. METHODS: The study involved 85 patients with SCA. The patients completed a questionnaire, were submitted to polysomnography and underwent clinical evaluation (by a pediatrician and an otolaryngologist). An AHI > 1 was considered indicative of a diagnosis of OSAS. RESULTS: The prevalence of OSAS was 10.6 percent. We found a negative correlation between mean annual hemoglobin level and total sleep time with SpO2 < 90 percent (r = µ0.343; p = 0.002), as well as between mean annual hemoglobin level and total sleep time with SpO2 < 80 percent (r = µ0.270; p = 0.016). There was no association between AHI and painful crisis. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of OSAS in this population was high (10.6 percent). Therefore, it is important to identify signs of OSAS as soon as possible and to determine the mean annual hemoglobin level because of the inverse correlation between that level and the total sleep time with SpO2 < 90 percent or < 80 percent.

Evaluation of the upper airway in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients may be associated with the presence of upper airway obstruction caused by chronic infection and nasal polyposis that may also contribute to OSAS severity. Our objective was to identify the profile of findings in CF and OSAS patients by performing upper airway examinations. METHODOLOGY: Observational, cross-sectional study involving 63 children and adolescents between the ages of 2 and 14 with CF. All patients answered a questionnaire and underwent a standard otolaryngology examination, including an endoscopic nasal and nocturnal polysomnography. OSAS diagnosis was confirmed if the obstructive apnea index was >or=1. RESULTS: OSAS was identified in 35 (55.6%) patients. The upper airway findings were evaluated using multiple correspondence factorial analysis. The OSAS group presented with overjet >2mm, enlarged pharyngeal pillars, palatine tonsils and pharyngeal tonsils hypertrophy, ogival hard palates and characteristics of chronic rhinosinusitis. CONCLUSION: Bone and soft tissue structural alterations of the upper airway and chronic rhinosinusitis were associated with the OSAS group patients.

OSAS in children: clinical and polysomnographic respiratory profile.

UNLABELLED: Obstructive sleep apnea and hypopnea syndrome in children (osas) has an estimated prevalence of up to 3% and can be associated with neurocognitive and behavioural abnormalities, and also cardiovascular complications. This study may help pediatricians, who are unaware of the problem, to recognize osas. STUDY DESIGN: series of cases. AIM: to describe the clinical characteristics and polysomnographic respiratory findings in a population of children with obstructive sleep apnea and hypopnea syndrome referred to the sleep laboratory from january 2002 up to july 2003. METHODS: we studied 93 patients between 2 and 10 years of age with polysomnographic diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea and hypopnea syndrome. Age, gender, racial group and questions about the childrens health and sleep related disorders were evaluated. Apnea-hypopnea index, oxyhemoglobin desaturation, and arousal index were evaluated too. RESULTS: males represented 61.3%, With a mean age of 5.2+/-2.1 (Years-old). The complaints that most commonly lead to the exams were snoring in 24.7% And restless sleep in 24.7%. Associated medical conditions frequently reported were allergic rhinitis (98.9%) And adenoid hypertrophy (50.6%). Mild apnea was found in 66%. The mean and sd of spo2 nadir was 89.1+/-3.5% And the mean and sd of the number of arousals was 8.4+/-3.5/Hour of sleep. CONCLUSION: the results suggest the possibility that obstructive sleep apnea and hypopnea syndrome should be suspected in children with allergic diseases and adenoid and tonsil hypertrophy with snoring and restless sleep complaints.

SAHOS em crianças: perfil clínico e respiratório polissonográfico / OSAS in children: clinical and polysomnographic respiratory profile

A Síndrome da Apnéia e Hipopnéia Obstrutiva do Sono (SAHOS) em crianças conta com uma prevalência estimada de 1-3 por cento e poderá estar associada a alterações neurocognitivas, comportamentais e cardiovasculares. Entretanto, alguns pediatras desconhecem o problema e este estudo poderá facilitar o reconhecimento de SAHOS pelos mesmos. OBJETIVO: Descrever as características clínicas e os índices respiratórios polissonográficos de crianças com SAHOS, em um laboratório de sono, entre janeiro de 2002 a julho de 2003. FORMA DE ESTUDO: Série de casos. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Avaliaram-se 93 crianças, de 2 a 10 anos de idade, com diagnóstico polissonográfico de SAHOS. Analisaram-se idade, gênero, grupo racial e dados referentes à saúde e sono das crianças. Os dados polissonográficos estudados foram índice de apnéia-hipopnéia, dessaturação da oxihemoglobina e índice de microdespertar. RESULTADOS: O gênero masculino correspondeu a 61,3 por cento dos casos. A média da idade foi de 5,2 ± 2,1 anos. As queixas que mais motivaram a realização do exame foram roncos, em 24,7 por cento e sono inquieto em 24,7 por cento. Condições médicas mais associadas foram rinite alérgica (98,9 por cento) e hipertrofia de adenóides (50,6 por cento). Apnéia leve ocorreu em 66 por cento das crianças. A média e o desvio-padrão da saturação mínima de O2 foi de 89,1 ± 3,5 e a do número de microdespertares de 8,4 ± 3,5/hora de sono. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados chamam atenção para a possibilidade de SAHOS em crianças com rinite alérgica e hipertrofia adenotonsilar, com queixas de ronco e sono inquieto.

Obstructive sleep apnea and hypopnea syndrome in children (osas) has an estimated prevalence of up to 3 percent and can be associated with neurocognitive and behavioural abnormalities, and also cardiovascular complications. This study may help pediatricians, who are unaware of the problem, to recognize osas. STUDY DESIGN: series of cases. AIM: to describe the clinical characteristics and polysomnographic respiratory findings in a population of children with obstructive sleep apnea and hypopnea syndrome referred to the sleep laboratory from january 2002 up to july 2003. METHODS: we studied 93 patients between 2 and 10 years of age with polysomnographic diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea and hypopnea syndrome. Age, gender, racial group and questions about the childrenÆs health and sleep related disorders were evaluated. Apnea-hypopnea index, oxyhemoglobin desaturation, and arousal index were evaluated too. RESULTS: males represented 61.3 percent, With a mean age of 5.2 ± 2.1 (Years-old). The complaints that most commonly lead to the exams were snoring in 24.7 percent And restless sleep in 24.7 percent. Associated medical conditions frequently reported were allergic rhinitis (98.9 percent) And adenoid hypertrophy (50.6 percent). Mild apnea was found in 66 percent. The mean and sd of spo2 nadir was 89.1 ± 3.5 percent And the mean and sd of the number of arousals was 8.4 ± 3.5/ Hour of sleep. CONCLUSION: the results suggest the possibility that obstructive sleep apnea and hypopnea syndrome should be suspected in children with allergic diseases and adenoid and tonsil hypertrophy with snoring and restless sleep complaints.

Determinantes do exito do aleitamento natural / Determinants of the sucess of the breast feeding

Foram entrevistadas 88 maes, num hospital pediatrico doInamps-UFBA, visando a identificar fatores determinantes de sucesso no aleitamento natural. o grupo bem sucedido constituiu-se de 18 maes que mantiveram aleita-mento natural exclusivo por 6 meses ou mais. Entre as variaveis estudadas, a du-racao do sono do recem-nascido foi a unica que pareceu ter influido no exito dessas 18 maes, mostrando correlacao positiva com o tempo de aleitamento natural exclusivo. Discute-se o tipo de orientacao que deve ser proporcionado as maes, pa-ra melhorar o seu desempenho no aleitamento natural .