Síndrome de Takotsubo como complicação de ablação septal por cateteres de radiofrequência: primeiro relato de caso / Takotsubo syndrome as a complication of septal ablation with radiofrequency catheters: first case report

Síndrome de takotsubo é uma disfunção miocárdica causada por diversos fatores, como estresse emocional, infecção por COVID, cirurgias e como descrito mais recentemente, ablação de fibrilação atrial. A ablação septal por radiofrequência é uma alternativa a miectomia cirúrgica e ablação por etanol. Em nossa instituição o uso de ablação por cateteres de radiofrequência é utilizado como primeira linha de tratamento para obstruções graves sintomáticas refratarias ao tratamento clinico. As complicações da ablação por radiofrequência incluem embolia, tamponamento pericárdico e aumento paradoxal do gradiente levando a obstrução aguda de via de saída de ventrículo esquerdo. RELATO DO CASO: mulher, 64 anos, portadora de cardiomiopatia hipertrófica obstrutiva com gradiente medioventricular de 78mmHg. Foi submetida a ablação por cateter de radiofrequência guiada por ecocardiografia conforme protocolo institucional (cateter terapêutico com ponta de 8mm até redução de gradiente >25% ou hiperrefringencia característica na região de aceleração do gradiente) com redução aguda do gradiente intraoperatório de 65 para 30mmhg. O termino do procedimento as 17:30, paciente transferida para UTI onde, as 20h apresentou pico hipertensivo durante tentativa de extubação, hematoma no sitio de punção seguida por hipotensão arterial. Realizado ecocardiografia a beira leito as 22h, demonstrando acinesia em região media e apical de VE não observadas na ecocardiografia realizada quatro horas antes. A paciente permaneceu entubada com medidas de suporte (noradrenalina e posteriormente vasopressina por 48h), com melhora progressiva da função ventricular até normalização da função ventricular ao final do terceiro dia. Pelo período prolongado de intubação a paciente desenvolveu pneumonia associada a Ventilação mecânica, evoluindo no 10 dia para óbito por possível obstrução de vias aéreas, associada a choque séptico. CONCLUSÃO: este é o primeiro relato de caso de síndrome de takotsubo como complicação de ablação septal por radiofrequência. Com o aumento das indicações do procedimento é necessário reconhecimento deste potencial complicação pela equipe de terapia intensiva.

Resolution of atrial fibrillation after radiofrequency septal ablation: case report

Atrial fibrillation is a multifactorial disease. The incidence of atrial fibrillation in cardiomyopathy is underestimated, and clinical and interventional treatment is faced with expectations of high recurrence rates. According to the new treatment guidelines for atrial fibrillation, the control of comorbidities must go hand in hand with symptom control and prevention of embolic events. Although surgical treatment of septal reduction (myectomy)has not reduced the incidence of atrial fibrillation, we do not yet know how new gradient reduction approaches may impact AF burden. Here, we have the first case report of atrial remodeling following radiofrequency septal ablation, reducing the burden of atrial fibrillation. CASE REPORT: Woman, 64 years old, with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, three symptomatic crises in the last year using amiodarone 400 mg per day and metoprolol 100 mg. Ejection Fraction 70%m septum 18 mm, LA 42mm, gradient 77 mmHg and presence of systolic anterior movement (SAM) with moderate mitral reflux. Ablation of the interventricular septum via transseptal and retro aortic routes was performed according to the protocol with gradient reduction and septal hyperrefringence. During the manipulation of the catheter in the left atrium, a new moderate pericardial effusion was observed, and it was decided not to perform concomitant pulmonary vein isolation (initial planning). Pericardial drainage and heparinization reversal were performed, with discharge from the ICU in 3 days. There was an improvement in symptoms over the first three months­and a progressive reduction of mitral insufficiency and SAM. Amiodarone was withdrawn after the third month, and there were no new arrhythmic events one year after septum ablation. At the end of one year, the echocardiogram showed no evidence of SAM or ventricular gradient, ejection fraction of 58%, septum of 12 mm and LA 36 mm. Thus, radiofrequency septal ablation allowed atrial remodeling and reduced AF burden. The long-term effects of this therapy can be beneficial when there is no symptom control with usual strategies.

Novel genes detected by transcriptional profiling from whole-blood cells in patients with early onset of acute coronary syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Genome-wide expression analysis using microarrays has been used as a research strategy to discovery new biomarkers and candidate genes for a number of diseases. We aim to find new biomarkers for the prediction of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) with a differentially expressed mRNA profiling approach using whole genomic expression analysis in a peripheral blood cell model from patients with early ACS. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study was carried out in two phases. On phase 1 a restricted clinical criteria (ACS-Ph1, n=9 and CG-Ph1, n=6) was used in order to select potential mRNA biomarkers candidates. A subsequent phase 2 study was performed using selected phase 1 markers analyzed by RT-qPCR using a larger and independent casuistic (ACS-Ph2, n=74 and CG-Ph2, n=41). A total of 549 genes were found to be differentially expressed in the first 48 h after the ACS-Ph1. Technical and biological validation further confirmed that ALOX15, AREG, BCL2A1, BCL2L1, CA1, COX7B, ECHDC3, IL18R1, IRS2, KCNE1, MMP9, MYL4 and TREML4, are differentially expressed in both phases of this study. CONCLUSIONS: Transcriptomic analysis by microarray technology demonstrated differential expression during a 48 h time course suggesting a potential use of some of these genes as biomarkers for very early stages of ACS, as well as for monitoring early cardiac ischemic recovery.

Novel genes detected by transcriptional profiling from whole-bloodcells in patients with early onset of acute coronary syndrome

Background: Genome-wide expression analysis using microarrays has been sed as a research strategy to discovery new biomarkers and candidate genes for a number of diseases. We aim to find new biomarkers for the prediction of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) with a ifferentially expressed mRNA profiling approach using whole genomic expression analysis in a peripheral blood cell model from patients with early ACS.Methods and results: This study was carried out in two phases. On phase 1 a restricted clinical criteria (ACS-Ph1, n = 9 and CG-Ph1, n = 6) was used in order to select potential mRNA biomarkers candidates. A subsequent phase 2 study was performed using selected phase 1 markers analyzed by RT-qPCR using alarger and independent casuistic (ACS-Ph2, n = 74 and CG-Ph2, n = 41). A total of 549 genes were found to be differentially expressed in the first 48 h after the ACS-Ph1. Technical and biological validation further confirmed that ALOX15, AREG, BCL2A1, BCL2L1, CA1, COX7B, ECHDC3, IL18R1, IRS2, KCNE1, MMP9, MYL4 and TREML4, are differentially expressed in both phases of this study.Conclusions: Transcriptomic analysis by microarray technology demonstrated differential expression during a 48 h time course suggesting a potential use of some of these genes as biomarkers for very early stages of ACS, as well as for monitoring early cardiac ischemic recovery.

Fibrinolytic therapy for thrombosis in cardiac valvular prosthesis short and long term results.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the short- and long-term results of the use of streptokinase (SK) for the treatment of thromboses in cardiac valvular prostheses. METHODS: Seventeen patients with cardiac prosthetic thrombosis diagnosed by clinical, echocardiographic, and radioscopic findings underwent fibrinolytic treatment with a streptokinase bolus of 250,000 U followed by 100.000 U/hour. Short- and long-term results were assessed by radioscopy and echocardiography. RESULTS: Of the 17 patients, 12 had mechanical double-disk prostheses (4 aortic, 6 mitral, 2 tricuspid), 4 had single-disk prostheses (2 aortic, 1 mitral, and 1 tricuspid), and 1 had a tricuspid bioprosthesis. The success rate was 64.8%, the partial success rate was 17.6%, and the nonsuccess rate was 17.6%. All patients with a double-disk prosthesis responded, completely or partially, to the treatment. None of the patients with a single-disk prosthesis had complete resolution of the thrombosis. The time of streptokinase infusion ranged from 6 to 80 hours (mean of 56 h). The mortality rate due to the use of streptokinase was 5.8% and was secondary to cerebral bleeding. During streptokinase infusion, 3 (17.6%) embolic episodes occurred as follows: 1 cerebral, 1 peripheral, and 1 coronary. The rethrombosis index was 33% in a mean follow-up of 42 months. CONCLUSION: The use of fibrinolytic agents was effective and relatively safe in patients with primary thrombosis of a double-disk prosthesis. A fatal hemorrhagic complication occurred in 1 (5.8%) patient, and embolic complications occurred in 3 (17.6%) patients. In a mean 42-month follow-up, 67% of the patients were free from rethrombosis.

Terapia fibrinolítica para trombose de próteses valvares cardíacas: resultados imediatos e tardios / Fibrinolytic therapy for thrombosis in cardiac valvular prosthesis short and long term results

OBJECTIVE: To assess the short- and long-term results of the use of streptokinase (SK) for the treatment of thromboses in cardiac valvular prostheses. METHODS: Seventeen patients with cardiac prosthetic thrombosis diagnosed by clinical, echocardiographic, and radioscopic findings underwent fibrinolytic treatment with a streptokinase bolus of 250,000 U followed by 100.000 U/hour. Short- and long-term results were assessed by radioscopy and echocardiography. RESULTS: Of the 17 patients, 12 had mechanical double-disk prostheses (4 aortic, 6 mitral, 2 tricuspid), 4 had single-disk prostheses (2 aortic, 1 mitral, and 1 tricuspid), and 1 had a tricuspid bioprosthesis. The success rate was 64.8 percent, the partial success rate was 17.6 percent, and the nonsuccess rate was 17.6 percent. All patients with a double-disk prosthesis responded, completely or partially, to the treatment. None of the patients with a single-disk prosthesis had complete resolution of the thrombosis. The time of streptokinase infusion ranged from 6 to 80 hours (mean of 56 h). The mortality rate due to the use of streptokinase was 5.8 percent and was secondary to cerebral bleeding. During streptokinase infusion, 3 (17.6 percent) embolic episodes occurred as follows: 1 cerebral, 1 peripheral, and 1 coronary. The rethrombosis index was 33 percent in a mean follow-up of 42 months. CONCLUSION: The use of fibrinolytic agents was effective and relatively safe in patients with primary thrombosis of a double-disk prosthesis. A fatal hemorrhagic complication occurred in 1 (5.8 percent) patient, and embolic complications occurred in 3 (17.6 percent) patients. In a mean 42-month follow-up, 67 percent of the patients were free from rethrombosis

Risk factors for myocardial infarction in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Approximately three-quarters of cardiovascular disease deaths in the world come from developing countries, and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is an important cause of death. Brazil is one of the largest countries in Latin America and the contemporary evaluation of risk factors for AMI is crucial for a more efficacious disease management. METHODS: The Acute Myocardial Infarction Risk Factor Assessment in Brazil (AFIRMAR) study is a case-control, hospital-based study involving 104 hospitals in 51 cities in Brazil, designed to evaluate risk factors for a first ST-segment elevation AMI. RESULTS: A total of 1279 pairs, matched by age (+/- 5 years) and sex, were enrolled. The conditional multivariable analysis of 33 variables showed the following independent risk factors for AMI: > or =5 cigarettes per day (odds ratio [OR] 4.90, P <.00001); glucose > or =126 mg/dL (OR 2.82, P <.00001); waist/hip ratio > or =0.94 (OR 2.45, P <.00001); family history of CAD (OR 2.29, P <.00001), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol 100 to 120 mg/dL (OR 2.10, P <.00001); reported hypertension (OR 2.09, P <.00001); <5 cigarettes per day (OR 2.07, P =.0171); low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol >120 mg/dL (OR 1.75, P <.00001); reported diabetes mellitus (OR 1.70, P =.0069); waist/hip ratio 0.90 to 0.93 (OR 1.52, P =.0212); alcohol intake (up to 2 days/week) (OR 0.75, P <.0309); alcohol intake (3-7 days/week) (OR 0.60, P =.0085); family income R$600 to R$1200 and college education (OR 2.92, P =.0499); family income >R$1200 and college education (OR 0.68, P = 0.0239) CONCLUSIONS: The independent risk factors for AMI in Brazil showed a conventional distribution pattern (smoking, diabetes mellitus and central obesity among others) with different strengths of association; most of them being preventable by implementation of adequate policies.

Risk factors for myocardial infarction in Brazil

Background Approximately three-quarters of cardiovascular disease deaths in the world come from developing countries, and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is an important cause of death. Brazil is one of the largest countries in Latin America and the contemporary evaluation of risk factors for AMI is crucial for a more efficacious disease management. Methods The Acute Myocardial Infarction Risk Factor Assessment in Brazil (AFIRMAR) study is a case-control, hospital- based study involving 104 hospitals in 51 cities in Brazil, designed to evaluate risk factors for a first ST-segment elevation AMI. Results A total of 1279 pairs, matched by age ( 5 years) and sex, were enrolled. The conditional multivariable analysis of 33 variables showed the following independent risk factors for AMI: 5 cigarettes per day (odds ratio [OR] 4.90, P .00001); glucose 126 mg/dL (OR 2.82, P .00001); waist/hip ratio 0.94 (OR 2.45, P .00001); family history of CAD (OR 2.29, P .00001), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol 100 to 120 mg/dL (OR 2.10, P .00001); reported hypertension (OR 2.09, P .00001); 5 cigarettes per day (OR 2.07, P .0171); low-density lipoprotein- cholesterol 120 mg/dL (OR 1.75, P .00001); reported diabetes mellitus (OR 1.70, P .0069); waist/hip ratio 0.90 to 0.93 (OR 1.52, P .0212); alcohol intake (up to 2 days/week) (OR 0.75, P .0309); alcohol intake (3–7 days/week) (OR 0.60, P .0085); family income R$600 to R$1200 and college education (OR 2.92, P .0499); family income R$1200 and college education (OR 0.68, P 0.0239) Conclusions The independent risk factors for AMI in Brazil showed a conventional distribution pattern (smoking, diabetes mellitus and central obesity among others) with different strengths of association; most of them being preventable by implementation of adequate policies.

Fatores prognósticos dos resultados de ressuscitaçäo cardiopulmonar em um hospital de cardiologia / Prognostic factors of the results of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a cardiology hospital

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the early and late results of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a cardiology hospital and to try to detect prognostic determinants of both short- and long-term survival. METHODS: A series of 557 patients who suffered cardiorespiratory arrest (CRA) at the Dante Pazzanese Cardiology Institute over a period of 5 years was analyzed to examine factors predicting successful resuscitation and long-term survival. RESULTS: Ressuscitation maneuvers were tried in 536 patients; 281 patients (52.4 percent) died immediately, and 164 patients (30.6 percent) survived for than 24 hours. The 87 patients who survived for more than 1 month after CRA were compared with nonsurvivors. Coronary disease, cardiomyopathy, and valvular disease had a better prognosis. Primary arrhythmia occurred in 73.5 percent of the >1-month survivor group and heart failure occurred in 12.6 percent of this group. In those patients in whom the initial mechanism of CRA was ventricular fibrillation, 33.3 percent survived for more than 1 month, but of those with ventricular asystole only 4.3 percent survived. None of the 10 patients with electromechanical dissociation survived. There was worse prognosis in patients included in the extreme age groups (zero to 10 years and 70 years or more). The best results occurred when the cardiac arrest took place in the catheterization laboratories. The worst results occurred in the intensive care unit and the hemodialysis room. CONCLUSION: The results in our series may serve as a helpful guide to physicians with the difficult task of deciding when not to resuscitate or when to stop resuscitation efforts

Valor do uso da milrinona no tratamento das crises de agudização em portadores de insuficiência cardíaca congestiva / Use of Milrinone in the Treatment of Acute Phase of Congestive Hecert Failure

PURPOSE--To assess the hemodynamic effects of milrinone in a 48h intravenous infusion in patients with severe congestive heart failure (CHF) (NYHA class III or IV). METHODS--Forty patients with CHF were sequentially evaluated. Right heart catheterization was performed in order to measure, before and after administration of milrinone, several hemodynamic parameters (cardiac index, pulmonary wedge pressure, systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance). RESULTS--There was a significant improvement in hemodynamic parameters (cardiac index, cardiac output), and a decrease in systemic vascular resistance and pulmonary vascular resistance. Serious side effects were not observed in these patients. CONCLUSION--These findings indicate that milrinone is effective in the treatment of deteriorating phases of CHF and suggest that milrinone should be used in these select patients.

Objetivo - Verificar os efeitos hemodinâmicos a curto prazo, da infusão intravenosa de milrinona em portadores de insuficiência cardíaca congestiva (ICC), grau funcional (GF) III e IV da NYHA. Métodos - Foram estudados, prospectivamente, 40 pacientes, com ICC de diversas etiologias, GF III e IV da NYHA e, através do cateter de Swan-Ganz, analisados vários parâmetros hemodinômicos como, índice cardíaco (IC), pressão capilar pulmonar, resistência vascular sistêmica (RVS) e pulmonar (RVP), antes e após a infusão de milrinona. Analisaram-se, também, os efeitos clínicos e possíveis efeitos colaterais da droga. Resultados - Significante melhora clínica e hemodinâmica, avaliada pelo cateter de Swan-Ganz. Aumento significante do IC, com queda expressiva da RVS, RVP, sem causar hipotensão e ou taquifilaxia. Não houve aparecimento de efeitos colaterais graves que justificassem a interrupção do tratamento. Conclusão - Este tipo de fármaco inodilatador pode e deve ser usado em fases agudas da descompensação cardíaca nestes pacientes

Angina instavel: aplicacao da revascularizacao percutanea e da terapeutica adjunta / Unstable angina: role of percutaneous revascularization and adjuntive therapy

Nesta revisao, os autores discorrem acerca do papel da revascularizacao percutanea (angioplastia corornaria, aterectomias e implante de "stent") no manuseio da angina instavel, enfatizando tambem a importancia que uma terapeutica adjunta criteriosamente indicada e conduzida tem nos resultados

Infarto do miocardio com onda Q: analise evolutiva dos fatores que influenciam a mortalidade / Q wave myocardial infarction: evolutive analysis of factors that influence motality

Nesta atualizacao, os autores relatam, com detalhes, os principais fatores clinicos e angiograficos relacionados a mortalidade pos-infarto agudo do miocardio. Tambem e comentado o impacto do uso das drogas tromboliticas na reducao da morbi-mortalidade secundaria a este evento, tema de grande interesse no contexto desta entidade