RESUMO
PAR4 is a promising antithrombotic target with potential for separation of efficacy from bleeding risk relative to current antiplatelet therapies. In an effort to discover a novel PAR4 antagonist chemotype, a quinoxaline-based HTS hit 3 with low µM potency was identified. Optimization of the HTS hit through the use of positional SAR scanning and the design of conformationally constrained cores led to the discovery of a quinoxaline-benzothiazole series as potent and selective PAR4 antagonists. The lead compound 48, possessing a 2 nM IC50 against PAR4 activation by γ-thrombin in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and greater than 2500-fold selectivity versus PAR1, demonstrated robust antithrombotic efficacy and minimal bleeding in the cynomolgus monkey models.
Assuntos
Fibrinolíticos , Trombose , Animais , Fibrinolíticos/farmacologia , Fibrinolíticos/uso terapêutico , Macaca fascicularis , Quinoxalinas/farmacologia , Quinoxalinas/uso terapêutico , Receptores de Trombina , Trombina , Hemorragia , Trombose/tratamento farmacológico , Trombose/prevenção & controle , Receptor PAR-1 , Plaquetas , Agregação PlaquetáriaRESUMO
GPR40 AgoPAMs are highly effective antidiabetic agents that have a dual mechanism of action, stimulating both glucose-dependent insulin and GLP-1 secretion. The early lipophilic, aromatic pyrrolidine and dihydropyrazole GPR40 AgoPAMs from our laboratory were highly efficacious in lowering plasma glucose levels in rodents but possessed off-target activities and triggered rebound hyperglycemia in rats at high doses. A focus on increasing molecular complexity through saturation and chirality in combination with reducing polarity for the pyrrolidine AgoPAM chemotype resulted in the discovery of compound 46, which shows significantly reduced off-target activities as well as improved aqueous solubility, rapid absorption, and linear PK. In vivo, compound 46 significantly lowers plasma glucose levels in rats during an oral glucose challenge yet does not demonstrate the reactive hyperglycemia effect at high doses that was observed with earlier GPR40 AgoPAMs.
Assuntos
Glicemia , Hiperglicemia , Ratos , Animais , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G , Peptídeo 1 Semelhante ao Glucagon , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , Pirrolidinas/farmacologia , Pirrolidinas/química , InsulinaRESUMO
GSK3640254 is an HIV-1 maturation inhibitor (MI) that exhibits significantly improved antiviral activity toward a range of clinically relevant polymorphic variants with reduced sensitivity toward the second-generation MI GSK3532795 (BMS-955176). The key structural difference between GSK3640254 and its predecessor is the replacement of the para-substituted benzoic acid moiety attached at the C-3 position of the triterpenoid core with a cyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted with a CH2F moiety at the carbon atom α- to the pharmacophoric carboxylic acid. This structural element provided a new vector with which to explore structure-activity relationships (SARs) and led to compounds with improved polymorphic coverage while preserving pharmacokinetic (PK) properties. The approach to the design of GSK3640254, the development of a synthetic route and its preclinical profile are discussed. GSK3640254 is currently in phase IIb clinical trials after demonstrating a dose-related reduction in HIV-1 viral load over 7-10 days of dosing to HIV-1-infected subjects.
Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV , HIV-1 , Triterpenos , Humanos , Fármacos Anti-HIV/química , Fármacos Anti-HIV/farmacologia , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Ácido Benzoico/química , Carbono , Triterpenos/química , Triterpenos/farmacologia , Triterpenos/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Glucokinase (GK) is a key regulator of glucose homeostasis, and its small-molecule activators represent a promising opportunity for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Several GK activators have been advanced into clinical trials and have demonstrated promising efficacy; however, hypoglycemia represents a key risk for this mechanism. In an effort to mitigate this hypoglycemia risk while maintaining the efficacy of the GK mechanism, we have investigated a series of amino heteroaryl phosphonate benzamides as ''partial" GK activators. The structure-activity relationship studies starting from a "full GK activator" 11, which culminated in the discovery of the "partial GK activator" 31 (BMS-820132), are discussed. The synthesis and in vitro and in vivo preclinical pharmacology profiles of 31 and its pharmacokinetics (PK) are described. Based on its promising in vivo efficacy and preclinical ADME and safety profiles, 31 was advanced into human clinical trials.
Assuntos
Azetidinas , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Hipoglicemia , Organofosfonatos , Azetidinas/uso terapêutico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Glucoquinase , Humanos , Hipoglicemia/tratamento farmacológico , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Organofosfonatos/farmacologia , Organofosfonatos/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Inhibition of the bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) family of adaptor proteins is an attractive strategy for targeting transcriptional regulation of key oncogenes, such as c-MYC. Starting with the screening hit 1, a combination of structure-activity relationship and protein structure-guided drug design led to the discovery of a differently oriented carbazole 9 with favorable binding to the tryptophan, proline, and phenylalanine (WPF) shelf conserved in the BET family. Identification of an additional lipophilic pocket and functional group optimization to optimize pharmacokinetic (PK) properties culminated in the discovery of 18 (BMS-986158) with excellent potency in binding and functional assays. On the basis of its favorable PK profile and robust in vivo activity in a panel of hematologic and solid tumor models, BMS-986158 was selected as a candidate for clinical evaluation.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Carbazóis/farmacologia , Descoberta de Drogas , Fenilalanina/farmacologia , Prolina/farmacologia , Triptofano/farmacologia , Administração Oral , Antineoplásicos/administração & dosagem , Antineoplásicos/química , Carbazóis/administração & dosagem , Carbazóis/química , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Humanos , Estrutura Molecular , Fenilalanina/administração & dosagem , Fenilalanina/química , Prolina/administração & dosagem , Prolina/química , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Fatores de Transcrição/antagonistas & inibidores , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Triptofano/administração & dosagem , Triptofano/químicaRESUMO
IDO1 inhibitors have shown promise as immunotherapies for the treatment of a variety of cancers, including metastatic melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. We recently reported the identification of several novel heme-displacing IDO1 inhibitors, including the clinical molecules linrodostat (BMS-986205) and BMS-986242. Both molecules contain quinolines that, while being present in successful medicines, are known to be potentially susceptible to oxidative metabolism. Efforts to swap this quinoline with an alternative aromatic system led to the discovery of 2,3-disubstituted pyridines as suitable replacements. Further optimization, which included lowering ClogP in combination with strategic fluorine incorporation, led to the discovery of compound 29, a potent, selective IDO1 inhibitor with robust pharmacodynamic activity in a mouse xenograft model.
RESUMO
A facile, DAST-mediated intramolecular cyclization of 3-hydroxy-3-(2-((3-methoxybenzyl)oxy)phenyl)indolin-2-one derivatives for the synthesis of spirooxindoles fused with dibenzoxepine moieties is described. The success of this reaction is highly dependent on the choice of solvent (promoted by DCM and 1,2-DCE) and the electronic nature of the pendant aromatic ring, which is favored by the presence of electron-donating substituents. The reaction is believed to proceed through an intramolecular Friedel-Crafts-type reaction. Various dibenzoxepine-fused spirooxindoles were successfully synthesized in up to 98% yield. This methodology provides libraries of structurally diverse and medicinally important small molecules that could aid in the search for new bioactive molecules.
RESUMO
The discovery of a pan-genotypic hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4A protease inhibitor based on a P1-P3 macrocyclic tripeptide motif is described. The all-carbon tether linking the P1-P3 subsites of 21 is functionalized with alkyl substituents, which are shown to effectively modulate both potency and absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties. The CF3Boc-group that caps the P3 amino moiety was discovered to be an essential contributor to metabolic stability, while positioning a methyl group at the C1 position of the P1' cyclopropyl ring enhanced plasma trough values following oral administration to rats. The C7-fluoro, C6-CD3O substitution pattern of the P2* isoquinoline heterocycle of 21 was essential to securing the targeted potency, pharmacokinetic (PK), and toxicological profiles. The C6-CD3O redirected metabolism away from a problematic pathway, thereby circumventing the time-dependent cytochrome P (CYP) 450 inhibition observed with the C6-CH3O prototype.
Assuntos
Antivirais/farmacologia , Peptídeos Cíclicos/farmacologia , Inibidores de Serina Proteinase/farmacologia , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Antivirais/síntese química , Antivirais/metabolismo , Antivirais/farmacocinética , Células CHO , Cricetulus , Descoberta de Drogas , Estabilidade de Medicamentos , Hepacivirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Hepacivirus/enzimologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Microssomos Hepáticos/metabolismo , Estrutura Molecular , Peptídeos Cíclicos/síntese química , Peptídeos Cíclicos/metabolismo , Peptídeos Cíclicos/farmacocinética , Ratos , Inibidores de Serina Proteinase/síntese química , Inibidores de Serina Proteinase/metabolismo , Inibidores de Serina Proteinase/farmacocinética , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Stability of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) in mouse serum is one of the critical requirements for the evaluation of ADCs in mouse tumor models. Described herein is a strategy to address the mouse serum instability of uncialamycin linker-payloads through various chemical approaches that involve modification of different parts of the linker and payload. This effort ultimately led to the identification of a m-amide p-aminobenzyl carbamate (MA-PABC) group that resulted in linkers with dramatic improvement of mouse serum stability without affecting the desired proteolytic cleavage.
RESUMO
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) has been shown to play a key role in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. Therefore, the inhibition of the kinase activity of BTK with a small molecule inhibitor could offer a breakthrough in the clinical treatment of many autoimmune diseases. This Letter describes the discovery of BMS-986143 through systematic structure-activity relationship (SAR) development. This compound benefits from defined chirality derived from two rotationally stable atropisomeric axes, providing a potent and selective single atropisomer with desirable efficacy and tolerability profiles.
RESUMO
A series of tetrahydroisoquinoline-based benzodiazepine dimers were synthesized and tested for in vitro cytotoxicity against a panel of cancer cell lines. Structure-activity relationship investigation of various spacers guided by molecular modeling studies helped to identify compounds with picomolar activity. Payload 17 was conjugated to anti-mesothelin and anti-fucosylated monosialotetrahexosylganglioside (FucGM1) antibodies using lysosome-cleavable valine-citrulline dipeptide linkers via heterogeneous lysine conjugation and bacterial transglutaminase-mediated site-specific conjugation. In vitro, these antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) exhibited significant cytotoxic and target-mediated selectivity on human cancer cell lines. The pharmacokinetics and efficacy of these ADCs were further evaluated in gastric and lung cancer xenograft models in mice. Consistent pharmacokinetic profiles, high target specificity, and robust antitumor activity were observed in these models after a single dose of the ADC-46 (0.02 µmol/kg).
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Benzodiazepinas/química , Desenho de Fármacos , Imunoconjugados/farmacologia , Carcinoma de Pequenas Células do Pulmão/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Gástricas/tratamento farmacológico , Tetra-Hidroisoquinolinas/química , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Anticorpos Monoclonais/metabolismo , Antineoplásicos/química , Apoptose , Benzodiazepinas/metabolismo , Proliferação de Células , Feminino , Gangliosídeo G(M1)/análogos & derivados , Gangliosídeo G(M1)/imunologia , Proteínas Ligadas por GPI/imunologia , Humanos , Imunoconjugados/química , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Mesotelina , Camundongos , Camundongos SCID , Carcinoma de Pequenas Células do Pulmão/patologia , Neoplasias Gástricas/patologia , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Tetra-Hidroisoquinolinas/metabolismo , Células Tumorais Cultivadas , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
Unnatural amino acids play an important role in peptide based drug discovery. Herein, we report a class of differentially protected azatryptophan derivatives synthesized from N-tosyl-3-haloazaindoles 1 and Fmoc-protected tert-butyl iodoalanine 2 via a Negishi coupling. Through ligand screening, Pd2(dba)3/XPhos was found to be a superior catalyst for the coupling of 1 with the zinc derivative of 2 to give tert-butyl (S)-2-((((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)amino)-3-(1-tosyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-3-yl)propanoate derivatives 3 in 69-91% isolated yields. In addition, we have demonstrated that the protecting groups, namely, Ts, Fmoc, and tBu, can be easily removed selectively.
RESUMO
IRAK4 is an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of inflammatory conditions. Structure guided optimization of a nicotinamide series of inhibitors has been expanded to explore the IRAK4 front pocket. This has resulted in the identification of compounds such as 12 with improved potency and selectivity. Additionally 12 demonstrated activity in a pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) model. Further optimization efforts led to the identification of the highly kinome selective 21, which demonstrated a robust PD effect and efficacy in a TLR7 driven model of murine psoriasis.
RESUMO
The design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships associated with a series of bridged tricyclic pyrimidinone carboxamides as potent inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase strand transfer are described. Structural modifications to these molecules were made in order to examine the effect on potency towards wild-type and clinically-relevant resistant viruses. The [3.2.2]-bridged tricyclic system was identified as an advantageous chemotype, with representatives exhibiting excellent antiviral activity against both wild-type viruses and the G140S/Q148H resistant virus that arises in response to therapy with raltegravir and elvitegravir.
Assuntos
Antivirais/síntese química , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/síntese química , Integrase de HIV/metabolismo , Imidazóis/síntese química , Pirrolidinonas/química , Antivirais/farmacologia , Farmacorresistência Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Quimioterapia Combinada , Inibidores de Integrase de HIV/farmacologia , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Imidazóis/farmacologia , Mutação , Quinolonas/farmacologia , Raltegravir Potássico/farmacologia , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Oral factor XIa (FXIa) inhibitors may provide a promising new antithrombotic therapy with an improved benefit to bleeding risk profile over existing antithrombotic agents. Herein, we report application of a previously disclosed cyclic carbamate P1 linker which provided improved oral bioavailability in the imidazole-based 13-membered macrocycle to the 12-membered macrocycle. This resulted in identification of compound 4 with desired FXIa inhibitory potency and good oral bioavailability but high in vivo clearance. Further structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of heterocyclic core modifications to replace the imidazole core as well as various linkers to the P1 group led to the discovery of compound 6f, a potent FXIa inhibitor with selectivity against most of the relevant serine proteases. Compound 6f also demonstrated excellent pharmacokinetics (PK) profile (high oral bioavailability and low clearance) in multiple preclinical species. Compound 6f achieved robust antithrombotic efficacy in a rabbit efficacy model at doses which preserved hemostasis.
Assuntos
Fator XIa/antagonistas & inibidores , Fibrinolíticos/administração & dosagem , Fibrinolíticos/farmacologia , Administração Oral , Animais , Disponibilidade Biológica , Cristalografia por Raios X , Cães , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Fator XIa/química , Fator XIa/metabolismo , Fibrinolíticos/química , Fibrinolíticos/farmacocinética , Humanos , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Compostos Macrocíclicos/administração & dosagem , Compostos Macrocíclicos/química , Compostos Macrocíclicos/farmacocinética , Compostos Macrocíclicos/farmacologia , Modelos Moleculares , Coelhos , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Factor XIa (FXIa) inhibitors are promising novel anticoagulants, which show excellent efficacy in preclinical thrombosis models with minimal effects on hemostasis. The discovery of potent and selective FXIa inhibitors which are also orally bioavailable has been a challenge. Here, we describe optimization of the imidazole-based macrocyclic series and our initial progress toward meeting this challenge. A two-pronged strategy, which focused on replacement of the imidazole scaffold and the design of new P1 groups, led to the discovery of potent, orally bioavailable pyridine-based macrocyclic FXIa inhibitors. Moreover, pyridine-based macrocycle 19, possessing the phenylimidazole carboxamide P1, exhibited excellent selectivity against relevant blood coagulation enzymes and displayed antithrombotic efficacy in a rabbit thrombosis model.
Assuntos
Fator XIa/antagonistas & inibidores , Fibrinolíticos/síntese química , Fibrinolíticos/farmacologia , Piridinas/síntese química , Piridinas/farmacologia , Animais , Disponibilidade Biológica , Coagulação Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Cristalografia por Raios X , Desenho de Fármacos , Descoberta de Drogas , Fibrinolíticos/farmacocinética , Humanos , Imidazóis/síntese química , Imidazóis/farmacologia , Compostos Macrocíclicos/síntese química , Compostos Macrocíclicos/farmacologia , Modelos Moleculares , Tempo de Tromboplastina Parcial , Coelhos , Inibidores de Serina Proteinase/síntese química , Inibidores de Serina Proteinase/farmacologia , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Trombose/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Uncialamycin is one of the structurally simpler and newer members of enediyne family of natural products. It exhibits highly potent activity against several types of bacteria and cancer cells. Described herein is a strategy for the targeted delivery of this cytotoxic agent to tumors using an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) approach. Central to the design of ADC were the generation of potent and chemically stable uncialamycin analogues and attachment of protease cleavable linkers to newly realized phenolic handles to prepare linker-payloads. Conjugation of the linker-payloads to tumor targeting antibody, in vitro activity and in vivo evaluation are presented.
Assuntos
Antraquinonas/química , Antraquinonas/síntese química , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Imunoconjugados/química , Antraquinonas/uso terapêutico , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Humanos , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
RORγt is an important nuclear receptor that regulates the production of several pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-17 and IL-22. As a result, RORγt has been identified as a potential target for the treatment of various immunological disorders such as psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and inflammatory bowel diseases. Structure and computer-assisted drug design led to the identification of a novel series of tricyclic RORγt inverse agonists with significantly improved in vitro activity in the reporter (Gal4) and human whole blood assays compared to our previous chemotype. Through careful structure activity relationship, several potent and selective RORγt inverse agonists have been identified. Pharmacokinetic studies allowed the identification of the lead molecule 32 with a low peak-to-trough ratio. This molecule showed excellent activity in an IL-2/IL-23-induced mouse pharmacodynamic study and demonstrated biologic-like efficacy in an IL-23-induced preclinical model of psoriasis.
Assuntos
Desenho de Fármacos , Agonismo Inverso de Drogas , Membro 3 do Grupo F da Subfamília 1 de Receptores Nucleares/agonistas , Pirrolidinas/farmacologia , Animais , Humanos , Células Jurkat , Camundongos , Modelos Moleculares , Membro 3 do Grupo F da Subfamília 1 de Receptores Nucleares/química , Conformação Proteica , Pirrolidinas/química , Pirrolidinas/farmacocinética , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Distribuição TecidualRESUMO
Lead optimization of the diphenylpyridylethanamine (DPPE) and triphenylethanamine (TPE) series of CETP inhibitors to improve their pharmaceutical profile is described. Polar groups at the N-terminus position in the DPPE series resulted in further improvement in potency and pharmaceutical properties concomitant with retaining the safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetic (PK) profile. A structure-activity relationship observed in the DPPE series was extended to the corresponding analogs in the more potent TPE series, and further optimization resulted in the identification of 2-amino-N-((R)-1-(3-cyclopropoxy-4-fluorophenyl)-1-(3-fluoro-5-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)phenyl)-2-phenylethyl)-4,4,4-trifluoro-3-hydroxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)butanamide (13). Compound 13 demonstrated no significant changes in either mean arterial blood pressure or heart rate in telemetry rats, had an excellent PK profile, and demonstrated robust efficacy in human CETP/apo-B-100 dual transgenic mice and in hamsters.
RESUMO
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, is a member of the Tec family of kinases and is essential for B cell receptor (BCR) mediated signaling. BTK also plays a critical role in the downstream signaling pathways for the Fcγ receptor in monocytes, the Fcε receptor in granulocytes, and the RANK receptor in osteoclasts. As a result, pharmacological inhibition of BTK is anticipated to provide an effective strategy for the clinical treatment of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. This article will outline the evolution of our strategy to identify a covalent, irreversible inhibitor of BTK that has the intrinsic potency, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic properties necessary to provide a rapid rate of inactivation systemically following a very low dose. With excellent in vivo efficacy and a very desirable tolerability profile, 5a (branebrutinib, BMS-986195) has advanced into clinical studies.