A one-round medical image encryption algorithm based on a combined chaotic key generator.

Medical images of patients must be securely transmitted and kept private in telemedicine. To secure such medical images, this paper proposes a single round chaotic image encryption scheme based on a permutation-diffusion structure. A combined chaotic key generator (CCKG) is proposed to enhance key sensitivity and generation in order to improve the security of medical images to be encrypted. CCKG is used to produce the initial seeds for the fractional order chaotic system (FOCS) and Lorenz system (LS) for the permutation and diffusion processes, respectively. CCKG together with proposed permutation and diffusion methods enhances cipher image security in single round. Using zigzag transform (ZT) scanning, the plain image is first permuted block by block. The type of scanning used on each block is heavily influenced by the ZT selection from FOCS and LS. Following block-wise permutation, the permutation order (PO) generated from LS performs overall permutation. Based on the pixel positions, the overall permuted image is divided into odd and even parts. Then these parts of the images are diffused separately by the random pixel matrices generated by LS and FOCS. The cipher image is formed by combining the odd and even parts after diffusion. Secret key analysis, statistical analysis, differential attack analysis, and simulations confirm that with a single round of image encryption, the proposed system is competent, robust and effective.

Levosulpiride and Ramosetron for the Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Laparoscopic Surgery: A Prospective Randomized Double-blind Study.

Background: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) continues to be common complication of anesthesia and surgery in spite of availability of so many antiemetic drugs and regimens for prevention. This study compared Ramosetron and Levosulpiride in terms of efficacy for PONV prevention after laparoscopic surgery. Aim: To compare the efficacy of intravenous (i.v.) Levosulpiride 25 mg with i.v. Ramosetron 0.3 mg in preventing PONV. Setting: S. D. M. College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Sattur, Dharwad from November 2018 to June 2020. Design: It is a prospective randomized double-blind study. Statistical Analysis: All the data were collected, tabulated, and expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Data were analyzed using IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS 22.0 Evaluation version). Unpaired sample t-test and Chi-square test have been used for the quantitative and qualitative data, respectively. A P value of 0.05 was considered statistically insignificant. Materials and Methods: This prospective randomized, double-blind study was conducted in 200 patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery falling under the inclusion criteria are numbered and every nth patient selected by systemic random sampling procedure and allocated into two groups of 100 each, group Levosulpiride (Group L) and group Ramosetron (group R) study drugs givenwithin 30 min induction of anesthesia. Group L will receive LEVOSULPIRIDE 25 mg i.v. Group R will receive RAMOSETRON 0.3 mg i.v. Results: The incidence of vomiting in the Levosulpiride group and in the Ramosetron groupduring 0-4 h (20% vs. 30%, P = 0.1110), 4-8 h (4% vs. 5%, P = 0.7450), 8-12 h (5% vs. 4% P = 0.7210) and 12-24 h (0% vs. 0%). The incidence of nausea and overall PONV and the use of rescue antiemetic was not significantly different during all time intervals. The severity of nausea was not different between the two groups. Difference in the efficacy of Levosulpiride and Ramosetron was statistically insignificant (P > 0.05) in the prevention of PONV. Conclusion: Levosulpiride 25 mg or Ramosetron 0.3 mg given intravenously to prevent PONV inpatients undergoing elective laparoscopic surgery under general anesthesia are equally effective in controlling PONV.

Novel daidzein molecules exhibited anti-prostate cancer activity through nuclear receptor ERß modulation, in vitro and in vivo studies.

Eight novel ERß selective daidzein analogues (NCE1-8) were synthesized and their anti-cancer activity was evaluated by in vitro and in vivo methods. Cytotoxicity study, Receptor binding studies, Luciferase assay, cMYC & Cyclin D1 expression and Caspase 3, 8 & 9 activities were measured to ascertain the anticancer activity and mechanism. Uterotropic, anti-androgenic and anti-tumour activities were performed in rodents. The results revealed that NCEs produced anti-prostate cancer activity in DU145, LNCaP and PC3 cell lines and 50% more active than genistein. NCEs was significantly down-regulated cMYC & Cyclin D1 genes and elevated caspase 3 & 9 levels and did not show any difference in uterotropic, anti-androgenic activities. The tumour weight was also reduced. The NCE 1 and 2 have shown ERß selectivity in receptor binding studies. Daidzein with methyl substitution at R or R1 position exhibited more ERß selectivity and could be considered as lead molecules for anti-prostate cancer activity.

Bio-inspired synthesis of chitosan/copper oxide nanocomposite using rutin and their anti-proliferative activity in human lung cancer cells.

Polymer functionalized metal oxide nanocomposites are great interest due to wide range of application, especially in nanomedicine. The present study reports an eco-friendly bio-inspired synthesis of chitosan/copper oxide (CS-CuO) nanocomposite for the first time using rutin. The bio-synthesized CS-CuO nanocomposite was characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, FE-SEM, EDS, TEM, XRD and FTIR analyses. FE-SEM and TEM images revealed the synthesized CS-CuO nanocomposite having spherical shaped structure with an average size of 10-30 nm. EDS analysis confirmed the elements present in synthesized CS-CuO nanocomposite. FTIR studies revealed the role of rutin and chitosan for reduction, capping and synthesis of CS-CuO nanocomposite from the precursor copper salt. The XRD analysis revealed monoclinic structure of CS-CuO nanocomposite. Anti-proliferative activity of the CS-CuO nanocomposite was evaluated in human lung cancer cell line A549. Synthesized CS-CuO nanocomposite showed concentration-depended anti-proliferative activity against A549 cancer cells and their IC50 value was found to be 20 ±â€¯0.50 µg/mL. Furthermore, synthesized nanocomposite induce apoptosis in treated A549 cancer cells assayed by AO/EtBr fluorescent staining method. In conclusion, the synthesized CS-CuO nanocomposite using rutin can be used as a potential anticancer agent in biomedical and clinical sectors.

Synthesis and characterization of chitosan/iron oxide nanocomposite for biomedical applications.

The structural and optical properties of metal oxide nanoparticles exhibit remarkable changes when coated with organic polymers. In this work, we report the preparation of chitosan (CS) coated iron oxide nanocomposite using rutin by a facile greener route. The formation of iron oxide nanoparticles (FeO NPs) and CS coated iron oxide nanocomposite (CS-FeO) were preliminarily confirmed by color change and UV-Visible spectroscopy. FE-SEM images of FeO NPs revealed rod shaped agglomerated particles whereas CS-FeO nanocomposite showed rod shaped agglomerated small grains. TEM analysis revealed that the size of the nanoparticles varies from 20 to 90 nm. The observed bands at 500-800 cm-1 in the FTIR spectrum indicated the presence of metal­oxygen (FeO) bond, whereas band at 1646 cm-1 indicated the presence of amino groups (-NH2) which confirms the CS in the prepared CS-FeO nanocomposite. The prepared nanoparticles showed potential antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. The antioxidant activity of FeO NPs and CS-FeO nanocomposite was evaluated by DPPH and H2O2 assays. The percentage of antioxidant activity was increased with increasing concentration of FeO NPs and CS-FeO nanocomposite. CS-FeO nanocomposite exhibiting potentially better biomedical property than the uncoated FeO NPs indicates that CS-FeO nanocomposite is a promising bio-nanomaterial for many biological applications.

Tribulusterine Containing Tribulus terrestris Extract Exhibited Neuroprotection Through Attenuating Stress Kinases Mediated Inflammatory Mechanism: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies.

The present study has been aimed to explore the different secondary messengers of the inflammatory pathway NF-κB, kinases (JNK, P38MAPK, GSK3ß/ßcatenin), apoptosis pathway (Caspase-3 and AIF), and neuronal survival pathway (BDNF) in order to understand the neuroprotective mechanism of aqueous extract of Tribulus terrestris (AQTT). In primary cortical neurons, the ischemic condition was induced through oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). Anti-inflammatory activity of AQTT was evaluated in formalin induced inflammation model and carrageenan-induced paw edema test. The bilateral common carotid artery occlusion model was employed for whole animal studies. Treatment of AQTT (100 mg/kg) significantly reduced the inflammation induced by formalin and carrageenan. The neuroprotective mechanism of AQTT (50 and 100 mg/kg) was assessed by pre- and post-administration. The results indicate down regulation of kinases and NFkB, suggesting possible anti-inflammatory activity of AQTT. Additionally, AQTT down regulated both caspase dependent and independent apoptotic pathways suggesting its possible anti-apoptotic activity. The treatment of AQTT also reduced GSK3ß levels and increased p-Ser9 GSK3ß levels; stabilizing the unphosphorylated form of ß-catenin and its translocation into the nucleus suggesting role of AQTT in neuronal survival and GSK3ß mediated anti-inflammatory property. In comparison to pretreatment, post treatment of AQTT had lesser effects indicating tribulusterine standardized AQTT may have prophylactic effect. This study can be concluded with the thesis that AQTT has neuroprotective effect through alternating neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and promoting neuron survival. Being that it produced better effect with pretreatment, exploring this with thrombolytic drugs will be beneficial. For the first time AQTT has been reported for this indication.

Crystal structures of 6a,6b,7,11a-tetra-hydro-6H,9H-spiro-[chromeno[3',4':3,4]pyrrolo-[1,2-c]thia-zole-11,3'-indoline]-2',6-dione and 5'-methyl-6a,6b,7,11a-tetra-hydro-6H,9H-spiro-[chromeno[3',4':3,4]pyrrolo-[1,2-c]thia-zole-11,3'-indoline]-2',6-dione.

The title compounds, C20H16N2O3S, (I), and C21H18N2O3S, (II), differ by the presence of a methyl group in position 5 on the 1H-indole-2-one ring of compound (II). The two compounds have a structural overlap r.m.s. deviation of 0.48 Å. There is a significant difference in the conformation of the thia-zolidine ring: it has a twisted conformation on the fused N-C bond in (I), but an envelope conformation in compound (II) with the S atom as the flap. The planar pyrrolidine ring of the indole ring system is normal to the mean plane of the five-membered pyrrolidine ring of the pyrrolo-thia-zole unit in both compounds, with dihedral angles of 88.71 (9) and 84.59 (8)°. The pyran rings in both structures have envelope conformations with the methyl-ene C atom adjacent to the C=O group as the flap. In both compounds, there is a short intra-molecular C-H⋯O contact present. In the crystal of (I), mol-ecules are linked by C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds forming chains propagating along the b-axis direction. The chains are linked by N-H⋯π inter-actions, forming layers parallel to (10). In the crystal of (II), mol-ecules are linked by pairs of N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers which are linked by C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds to form a three-dimensional structure.

Preparation of chitosan coated zinc oxide nanocomposite for enhanced antibacterial and photocatalytic activity: As a bionanocomposite.

The surface coating of metal oxide nanoparticles using biopolymer chitosan has evolved to become an important area of polymer nanotechnology. Herein, we report the preparation of chitosan coated zinc oxide (CS-ZnO) nanocomposite for the first time by a green chemistry approach using bioflavonoid rutin. The formation of CS-ZnO nanocomposite was preliminarily confirmed by color change and UV-Visible spectroscopy. FE-SEM images revealed agglomeration of CS-ZnO nanocomposite having predominant rod shaped structure. The surface coating of chitosan polymer on ZnO was confirmed by XRD, EDS, FTIR, DLS and zeta potential analysis. The prepared CS-ZnO nanocomposite showed significant antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. However, the prepared nanocomposite was more effective against Gram-negative bacteria compared to Gram-positive bacteria. The highest zone of inhibition by CS-ZnO nanocomposite was reported against E. coli (25.5 mm) followed by K. pneumoniae (24.5 mm), S. aureus (22.5 mm) and least against B. subtilis (21 mm). Furthermore, the prepared nanocomposite acted as photocatalyst for the degradation of Methylene blue and Congo red under sunlight irradiation.

Intravenous Low Dose Fentanyl versus Lignocaine in Attenuating the Hemodynamic Responses during Endotracheal Intubation: A Randomized Double-Blind Study.

BACKGROUND: The laryngotracheal stimulation is known to cause reflex sympathoadrenal response with a marked increase in heart rate and blood pressure. Arrhythmias can be precipitated. The harmful nature of this response has been noted in patients at risk. Therefore, it is important to find an effective means of attenuating sympathetic response to laryngoscopy and intubation. The present study is undertaken to determine the efficacy of intravenous low dose fentanyl (2 µg/kg) and lignocaine (1.5 mg/kg) in attenuating hemodynamic response to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation. AIM: The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy of intravenous low dose fentanyl (2 µg/kg) versus lignocaine (1.5 mg/kg) in attenuating the hemodynamic responses during endotracheal intubation. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: This was double-blinded randomized controlled study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After obtaining institutional ethical clearance and informed consent, a total of 90 patients, with the American Society of Anaesthesiologists Physical Status I and II scheduled for elective surgeries, were selected randomly and divided into three groups of 30 each. The general anesthesia technique was standardized for all three groups as follows: Group 1 (control-received normal saline), Group 2 (Lignocaine 1.5 mg/kg), and Group 3 (Fentanyl 2 µg/kg). Heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and mean arterial blood pressure were recorded preinduction, postinduction and 1,3,5,7, and 10 min after endotracheal intubation. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Descriptive data presented as mean ± standard deviation and in percentage. Multiple group comparisons were made using one-way ANOVA followed by unpaired "t" test for pairwise comparison. "P" <0.05 was considered for statistical significance. RESULTS: The fentanyl group showed significantly lesser rise (26%) in heart rate compared to lignocaine (33%) (P = 0.018) and control group (42.5%) (P = 0.000). The lignocaine group showed lesser rise in systolic blood pressure (14.5%) compared to control group (20%) (P = 0.000) at intubation. The fentanyl group showed a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure after administration, which came back to normal at 7 min following intubation and again decreased 10 min after intubation. CONCLUSION: Lignocaine and fentanyl both attenuated the rise in heart rate, though fentanyl was better. Lignocaine attenuated the rise in blood pressure with intubation whereas fentanyl prevented it totally. Of the two drugs low dose fentanyl 2 µg/kg i. v. bolus provides a consistent, reliable, and effective attenuation as compared to lignocaine 1.5 mg/kg i. v. bolus.

Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of hybrid chitosan-cerium oxide nanoparticles: As a bionanomaterials.

The hybrid chitosan cerium oxide nanoparticles were prepared for the first time by green chemistry approach using plant leaf extract. The intense peak observed around 292nm in the UV-vis spectrum indicate the formation of cerium oxide nanoparticles. The XRD pattern revealed that the hybrid chitosan-cerium oxide nanoparticles have a polycrystalline structure with cubic fluorite phase. The FTIR spectrum of prepared samples showed the formation of Ce-O bonds and chitosan main chains COC and CO. The FESEM image of hybrid chitosan cerium oxide nanoparticles revealed that the particles are spherical in shape with grains size varying from 23.12nm to 89.91nm. EDAX analysis confirmed the presence of Ce, O, C and N elements in the prepared sample. TEM images showed that the prepared hybrid chitosan-cerium oxide nanoparticles are predominantly uniform in size and most of the particles are spherical in shape with less agglomeration and the particles size varies from 3.61nm to 24.40nm. The prepared chitosan cerium oxide nanoparticles of 50µL concentration showed good antibacterial properties against test pathogens, which was confirmed by the FESEM analysis. The prepared small particle size facilitate that these hybrid ChiCO2 NPs could effectively be used in biomedical applications.

4'-(2,4-Dichloro-phen-yl)-1,1'-dimethyl-piperidine-3-spiro-3'-pyrrolidine-2'-spiro-3''-indoline-4,2''-dione.

In the title compound, C(23)H(23)Cl(2)N(3)O(2), the pyrroline ring adopts an envelope conformation and the piperidinone ring assumes a slightly twisted chair form. In the crystal, inversion dimers linked by pairs of N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds generate an R(2) (8) graph-set motif and a short Cl⋯Cl contact of 3.478 (1) Šoccurs.