Polyethylene Glycol 4000 for Fecal Disimpaction in Cerebral Palsy Children.

Objectives: This study evaluated the efficacy of Polyethylene glycol 4000 for fecal disimpaction in children with cerebral palsy. Materials & Methods: A randomized control trial study was conducted on children with cerebral palsy between February - March 2017 in the pediatric neurology outpatient clinic Dr. Soetomo Hospital. Children aged 2-16 years with fecal impaction randomly assigned into polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG 4000) and saline enema group. Polyethylene glycol 4000 was given at a dosage of 0.7 g/kg and enema using normal saline 15ml/kg twelve hourly. Constipation was diagnosed using ROME IV criteria, and abdominal palpation identified fecal impaction. Efficacy was evaluated by clinical observation and adverse symptom monitoring. Data were analyzed by statistical software using an independent t-test (p<0,05). Results: Thirty-two children were randomized into the study. Muscle relaxant was discovered in 17/32 patients. Sex, age, and body weight were not statistically different between groups. The resolution of fecal impaction was significantly different between PEG 4000 and saline enema (21.69 hours and 39 hours respectively; p=0.001). Application of muscle relaxant and severity of the disease did not involve treatment efficacy. There was no adverse symptom reported during treatment. Conclusion: Polyethylene glycol 4000 results in fecal disimpaction faster than enema in constipated children with cerebral palsy.

Complete genome analyses of G12P[8] rotavirus strains from hospitalized children in Surabaya, Indonesia, 2017-2018.

Rotavirus A (RVA) is a major viral cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) worldwide. G12 RVA strains have emerged globally since 2007. There has been no report of the whole genome sequences of G12 RVAs in Indonesia. We performed the complete genome analysis by the next-generation sequencing of five G12 strains from hospitalized children with AGE in Surabaya from 2017 to 2018. All five G12 strains were Wa-like strains (G12-P[8]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1) and were clustered into lineage-III of VP7 gene phylogenetic tree. STM430 sample was observed as a mixed-infection between G12 and G1 strains: G12/G1-P[8]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1. A phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that all five Indonesian G12 strains (SOEP379, STM371, STM413, STM430, and STM433) were genetically close to each other in all 11 genome segments with 98.0%-100% nucleotide identities, except VP3 and NSP4 of STM430, suggesting that these strains have originated from a similar ancestral G12 RVA. The VP3 and NSP4 genome segments of STM430-G12P[8] were separated phylogenetically from those of the other four G12 strains, probably due to intra-genotype reassortment between the G12 and G1 Wa-like strains. The change from G12P[6] lineage-II in 2007 to G12P[8] lineage-III 2017-2018 suggests the evolution and diversity of G12 RVAs in Indonesia over the past approximately 10 years.

Mono-Parasitic and Poly-Parasitic Intestinal Infections among Children Aged 36-45 Months in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia.

The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection remains high in developing countries, especially because of geographic and socio-demographic factors. This study aimed to evaluate intestinal parasitic infection, as well as its risk factors, among children aged 36-45 months in a rural area (North Kodi) and an urban area (Kupang) of East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Anthropometry, socio-demographic factors and personal hygiene practices were assessed. A total of 214 children participated in the study, and 200 stool samples were collected for intestinal parasite examination. Approximately 30.5% (61/200) of the children were infected with one or more intestinal parasites (67.2%; 41/61 being mono-parasitic infections and 32.8%; 20/61 being poly-parasitic infections). A total of 85 intestinal parasites were detected, consisting of 35.3% (30/85) protozoa and 64.7% (55/85) helminths. The predominant protozoa were Giardia lamblia (43%; 13/30) and Blastocystis spp. (33.3%; 10/30), whereas the predominant helminths were Trichuris trichiura (50.9%; 28/55) and Ascaris lumbricoides (43.6%; 24/55). Moreover, intestinal parasitic infection was associated with rural area (OR 4.5; 95%CI 2.3-8.6); the absence of treatment with deworming drugs (OR 2.56; 95%CI 1.3-5.0); sanitation facilities without a septic tank (OR 4.3; 95%CI 2.1-8.5); unclean water as a source of drinking water (OR 4.67; 95%CI 2.4-9.4); no handwashing practice after defecation (OR 3.2; 95%CI 1.4-7.3); and stunted children (OR 4.4; 95%CI 2.3-8.3). In conclusion, poly-parasitic infections were common in this study. Poor personal hygiene practice and sanitation factors contributed to the high prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection in 36-45-month-old children in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia.

Molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of norovirus infection in children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in East Java, Indonesia in 2015-2019.

Noroviruses are recognized as a leading cause of outbreaks and sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) among individuals of all ages worldwide, especially in children <5 years old. We investigated the epidemiology of noroviruses among hospitalized children at two hospitals in East Java, Indonesia. Stool samples were collected from 966 children with AGE during September 2015-July 2019. All samples were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the amplification of both the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and the capsid genes of noroviruses. The genotypes were determined by phylogenetic analyses. In 2015-2019, noroviruses were detected in 12.3% (119/966) of the samples. Children <2 years old showed a significantly higher prevalence than those ≥2 years old (P = 0.01). NoV infections were observed throughout the year, with the highest prevalence in December. Based on our genetic analyses of RdRp, GII.[P31] (43.7%, 31/71) was the most prevalent RdRp genotype, followed by GII.[P16] (36.6%, 26/71). GII.[P31] was a dominant genotype in 2016 and 2018, whereas GII.[P16] was a dominant genotype in 2015 and 2017. Among the capsid genotypes, the most predominant norovirus genotype from 2015 to 2018 was GII.4 Sydney_2012 (33.6%, 40/119). The most prevalent genotype in each year was GII.13 in 2015, GII.4 Sydney_2012 in 2016 and 2018, and GII.3 in 2017. Based on the genetic analyses of RdRp and capsid sequences, the strains were clustered into 13 RdRp/capsid genotypes; 12 of them were discordant, e.g., GII.4 Sydney[P31], GII.3[P16], and GII.13[P16]. The predominant genotype in each year was GII.13[P16] in 2015, GII.4 Sydney[P31] in 2016, GII.3[P16] in 2017, and GII.4 Sydney[P31] in 2018. Our results demonstrate high detection rates and genetic diversity of norovirus GII genotypes in pediatric AGE samples from Indonesia. These findings strengthen the importance of the continuous molecular surveillance of emerging norovirus strains.

Effects of probiotics on the enhancement of the innate mucosal immune response against pathogenic bacteria.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Probiotics have been widely used for host immune system enhancement but with limited knowledge regarding the immunomodulation mechanisms by which they assist the mucosal innate immune response. We investigated the effects of probiotics on the modulation of the innate mucosal immune response particularly in association with Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, TLR-4 and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65 and p105. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We randomized 24 male BALB/c mice into four groups. Two groups were administered probiotics for 21 consecutive days; one of these groups was challenged with Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on day 15. The third group was challenged with only LPS. The fourth group remained untreated. All mice were sacrificed after 21 days. An immunohistochemistry procedure on the ileum was performed and monoclonal antibodies specific for TLR-2, TLR-4 and NF-κB p65 and p105 were used for the analysis of innate lymphoid cells. RESULTS: In the LPS-only treated group, there was a significant decrease in p105, indicating an alternative transcription pathway for the process of pro-inflammatory cytokine production. In the probiotics-only treated group there was significant enhancement of TLR-2 and TLR-4 and NF-κB p65 and p105. When mice treated with probiotics were exposed to LPS, there was a significant decrease in NF-κB p65 and p105, indicating employment of the classical pathway for pro-inflammatory cytokine production. CONCLUSION: Probiotics can enhance the innate mucosal immune response in healthy mice and can maintain the homeostasis of the gut mucosal immune response against LPS through the activation of the classical NF-κB pathway.

Effects of a multispecies synbiotic on intestinal mucosa immune responses.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Probiotics and prebiotics are known to regulate immune responses. A synbiotic is a product that combines probiotics and prebiotics in a single dosage form. In this study, we attempt to present the effects of a multispecies synbiotic on intestinal mucosa immune responses after exposure to Escherichia coli O55:B5 lipopolysaccharide (LPS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Totally 21 male Balb/c mice were randomly classified into two groups. The K-I group received LPS and a synbiotic, and the K-II group received LPS alone. The synbiotic was administered for 21 consecutive days, whereas LPS was administered once on the 15th day. Specifically, a synbiotic containing 1 × 109 colony forming units (CFUs) of the probiotic combination of Lactobacillus acidophilus PXN 35, L. casei subsp. casei PXN 37, L. rhamnosus PXN 54, L. bulgaricus PXN 39, Bifidobacterium breve PXN 25, B. infantis PXN 27 and Streptococcus thermophilus PXN 66 and the prebiotic fructo-oligosaccharide was administered through an orogastric tube. Immunohistochemistry was performed to measure immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels for humoral immune responses and CD4+ and CD8+ levels for cellular immune responses. RESULTS: An independent-samples t-test revealed significant increases of the numbers of IgA- (p = 0.027) and CD4-expressing cells (p = 0.009) but not the number of CD8-expressing cells in the K-I group compared with those in the K-II group. CONCLUSION: The multispecies synbiotic had immunoregulatory effects on IgA and CD4 expression in LPS-exposed mice.

Comparison of Helicobacter pylori stool antigen, salivary IgG, serum IgG, and serum IgM as diagnostic markers of H. pylori infection in children.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Various non-invasive diagnostic tests are available for the detection of Helicobacter pylori infection. The aim of this study was to compare the sensitivity and specificity of HpSA, salivary IgG, serum IgG, and serum IgM to those of endoscopic-biopsy as the gold standard for the diagnosis of H. pylori infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study performed among pediatric patients at Dr. Soetomo General Hospital (Surabaya, Indonesia). Fecal, blood, and saliva samples were collected from all subjects. The results of the HpSA, salivary IgG, serum IgG, and serum IgM tests were compared to the results of endoscopic-biopsy as the gold standard. RESULTS: Of the 37 study participants, H. pylori infection was confirmed in 5 (13.33%) with serum IgG, 23 (63.33%) with serum IgM, 15 (40%) with HpSA, and 26 (70.97%) with salivary IgG. The salivary IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was the only diagnostic test with significantly different results, as compared to biopsy (p = 0.017). CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that HpSA, salivary IgG, and serum IgG and IgM were not sufficient to replace endoscopic-biopsy as the gold standard for the diagnosis of H. pylori infection.

The Role of Two Human Milk Oligosaccharides, 2'-Fucosyllactose and Lacto-N-Neotetraose, in Infant Nutrition.

Human breast milk contains numerous biomolecules. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are the third most abundant component of breast milk, after lactose and lipids. Amongst the synthetized HMOs, 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL) and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) are widely studied and are considered safe for infant nutrition. Several studies have reported the health benefits of HMOs, which include modulation of the intestinal microbiota, anti-adhesive effect against pathogens, modulation of the intestinal epithelial cell response, and development of the immune system. The amount and diversity of HMOs are determined by the genetic background of the mothers (HMO secretors or non-secretors). The non-secretor mothers secrete lower HMOs than secretor mothers. The breastfed infants of secretor mothers gain more health benefit than those of non-secretor mothers. In conclusion, supplementation of infant formula with 2'-FL and LNnT is a promising innovation for infant nutrition.

Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum IS-10506 on blood lipopolysaccharide level and immune response in HIV-infected children.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: HIV enteropathy may cause disruption of the intestinal barrier, leading to a loss of CD4+ T cells, increased intestinal permeability, and microbial translocation. Lactobacillus plantarum IS-10506 has the ability to improve gut barrier function. This study investigated the effect of L. plantarum IS-10506 on a number of biomarkers of enteropathy-related damage in HIV-infected paediatric patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy (ARV). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted on 2-18 year-old children, diagnosed as HIV infected according to the WHO 2007 criteria who had received ARV for ≥ 6 months. Subjects were excluded if ARV therapy was discontinued or the patients took probiotics ≥ 2 weeks prior to the study or during the study period. Subjects were randomized into a probiotic group and placebo group. The probiotic group received L. plantarum IS-10506 2.86 × 1010 cfu/day for 6 days. Blood lipopolysaccharide (LPS) level, serum CD4+ T cell count, serum CD8+ T cell count, CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio, and faecal sIgA level were assessed as biomarkers. RESULTS: Twenty-one subjects completed this study. The blood LPS level decreased significantly in the probiotic group (p = 0.001). There was no significant difference in absolute CD4+ T cell count, percent CD4+ cells, absolute CD8+ T cell count, CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio, or faecal sIgA. No serious adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION: The probiotic L. plantarum IS-10506 reduced the blood LPS level but showed no effect on the humoral mucosa and systemic immune response in HIV-infected children undergoing ARV therapy.

Effect of the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum IS-10506 on BDNF and 5HT stimulation: role of intestinal microbiota on the gut-brain axis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Microbial communities residing in the gut play a major role in the communication between the gut and the brain through neural, immune, and hormonal routes. Changes in abundance of beneficial intestinal bacteria can affect health of individuals. Conversely, drugs, disease, diet and other factors can alter the gut microbiome. However, there is limited information on the effect of exogenous factors on gut microbiota. In this study, we investigated whether a beneficial bacterium, the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum IS-10506, can stimulate the gut-brain axis using Wistar rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The animals were divided into two groups: one received L. plantarum IS strain 10506 supplementation, while the control group received no treatment. Activation of the gut-brain axis was evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis of intestinal and brain serotonin (5-HT) and brain neurotrophin (NT), serotonin transporter (5-HTT), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels. RESULTS: The results showed that BDNF (p< 0.000), NT (p< 0.000007), and 5-HTT (p< 0.000007) expression was upregulated in the brain along with intestinal 5-HT (p< 0.000) level in rats treated with L. plantarum strain IS-10506 relative to the control group. CONCLUSION: The probiotic L. plantarum IS-10506 stimulates the gut-brain axis and can potentially promote brain development and function.

Molecular Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Rotavirus Infection Among Pediatric Patients in East Java, Indonesia During 2015-2018: Dynamic Changes in Rotavirus Genotypes From Equine-Like G3 to Typical Human G1/G3.

Group A rotavirus (RVA) is the most important cause of severe gastroenteritis among children worldwide, and effective RVA vaccines have been introduced in many countries. Here we performed a molecular epidemiological analysis of RVA infection among pediatric patients in East Java, Indonesia, during 2015-2018. A total of 432 stool samples were collected from hospitalized pediatric patients with acute gastroenteritis. None of the patients in this cohort had been immunized with an RVA vaccine. The overall prevalence of RVA infection was 31.7% (137/432), and RVA infection was significantly more prevalent in the 6- to 11-month age group than in the other age groups (P < 0.05). Multiplex reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) revealed that the most common G-P combination was equine-like G3P[8] (70.8%), followed by equine-like G3P[6] (12.4%), human G1P[8] (8.8%), G3P[6] (1.5%), and G1P[6] (0.7%). Interestingly, the equine-like strains were exclusively detected until May 2017, but in July 2017 they were completely replaced by a typical human genotype (G1 and G3), suggesting that the dynamic changes in RVA genotypes from equine-like G3 to typical human G1/G3 in Indonesia can occur even in the country with low RVA vaccine coverage rate. The mechanism of the dynamic changes in RVA genotypes needs to be explored. Infants and children with RVA-associated gastroenteritis presented more frequently with some dehydration, vomiting, and watery diarrhea, indicating a greater severity of RVA infection compared to those with non-RVA gastroenteritis. In conclusion, a dynamic change was found in the RVA genotype from equine-like G3 to a typical human genotype. Since severe cases of RVA infection were prevalent, especially in children aged 6 to 11 months or more generally in those less than 2 years old, RVA vaccination should be included in Indonesia's national immunization program.

Clinical manifestation of norovirus infection in children aged less than five years old admitted with acute diarrhea in Surabaya, Indonesia: a cross-sectional study.

Background: The objective of this study was to investigate the clinical manifestation of norovirus infection between norovirus genogroup and severity of acute diarrhea in pediatric patients at the Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 31 participants aged 1-60 months admitted to the hospital with acute diarrhea from April 2012 to March 2013. Norovirus genogroups (GI and II) were identified from patient stool using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Severity was measured using the Ruuska and Vesikari scoring system. Results: In total, 94 stool samples were obtained, of which 31 (19%) were norovirus positive. Norovirus GI was found in one sample with mild diarrhea. Norovirus GII was found in 30 samples (96.8%); one sample with mild diarrhea (3.3%), 20 samples with moderate diarrhea (66.7%), and nine samples with severe diarrhea (30%). Conclusion: Norovirus GII was the most prevalent cause of acute diarrhea and 30% of the cases manifested as severe diarrhea.

Genotyping and clinical factors in pediatric diarrhea caused by rotaviruses: one-year surveillance in Surabaya, Indonesia.

BACKGROUND: Rotavirus infections are a major cause of diarrhea in children in both developed and developing countries. Rotavirus genetics, patient immunity, and environmental factors are thought to be related to the severity of acute diarrhea due to rotavirus in infants and young children. The objective of this study was to provide a correlation between rotavirus genotypes, clinical factors and degree of severity of acute diarrhea in children under 5 years old in Surabaya, Indonesia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in children aged 1-60 months with acute diarrhea hospitalized in Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia from April to December 2013. Rotavirus in stool specimens was identified by ELISA and genotyping (G-type and P-type) using multiplex reverse transcription PCR. Severity was measured using the Ruuska and Vesikari scoring system. The clinical factors were investigated included patient's age (months), hydration, antibiotic administration, nutritional state, co-bacterial infection and co-viral infection. RESULTS: A total of 88 children met the criteria; 80.7% were aged 6-24 months, watery diarrhea was the most common type (77.3%) and 73.6% of the subjects were co-infected with bacteria, of which pathogenic Escherichia coli was the most common (42.5%). The predominant VP7 genotyping (G-type) was G2 (31.8%) and that of VP4 genotyping (P-type) was P[4] (31.8%). The predominant rotavirus genotype was G2P[4] (19.3%); G1P[4] and G9P[4] were uncommon with a prevalence of 4.5%. There were significant differences between the common genotype and uncommon genotype with respect to the total severity score of diarrhea (p <0.05). G3, G4 and G9 were significantly correlated with severe diarrhea (p = 0.009) in multivariate analyses and with frequency of diarrhea (>10 times a day) (p = 0.045) in univariate analyses, but there was no significant correlation between P typing and severity of diarrhea. For combination genotyping of G and P, G2P[4] was significantly correlated with severe diarrhea in multivariate analyses (p = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS: There is a correlation between rotavirus genotype and severity of acute diarrhea in children. Genotype G2P[4] has the highest prevalence. G3, G4, G9 and G2P[4] combination genotype were found to be associated with severe diarrhea.

Changing incidence of acute pancreatitis: 10-year experience at the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The aim of this study was to assess the incidence and etiology of acute pancreatitis at a major pediatric referral center in Australia. METHODS: A 10-year retrospective audit was conducted at The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia. All patients from 1993 and 2002 with a serum lipase level greater than three times the upper reference range and a history consistent with acute pancreatitis were included. RESULTS: During the 10-year period, 279 confirmed cases of acute pancreatitis were identified. The median age at presentation was 10 years (range, 0.2-15.9). In 209 (74.9%) patients, a likely cause of acute pancreatitis was found, including trauma (36.3%), systemic disease (22.2%), metabolic (5.8%), biliary (5.4%), drugs (3.2%), or viral illness (2.2%). In the remaining 70 (25.1%) cases, the pancreatitis was deemed idiopathic. Comparing data from 1993 to 1997 with data from 1998-2002, there was a significant increase in the annual incidence of pancreatitis (24.6 +/- 2.3 vs 31.2 +/- 6 cases per year; P = 0.04). A linear regression analysis showed a strong association between the incidence and the year of diagnosis (r(2) = 0.5775, P = 0.01). This increase was mainly due to a significant rise in idiopathic disease (r(2) = 0.83, P = 0.0002) and systemic disease (r(2) = 0.41, P = 0.048), whereas the incidence of other causes of acute pancreatitis remained unchanged. CONCLUSION: The incidence of acute pancreatitis in children has increased significantly over the past decade. The increase was greatest in children with idiopathic pancreatitis. It remains unclear whether this reflects a true incidence increase or improved clinical awareness.

Surgical management of a pancreaticopleural fistula in a child with chronic pancreatitis.

Chronic pancreatitis in children rarely results in the development of a recalcitrant pleural effusion, secondary to a connection between the pleural cavity and the pancreas. We describe such a case and the curative surgical therapy and include a brief discussion of the relevant medical literature as it pertains to this complication in the pediatric population.

Abdominal migraine and cyclical vomiting.

Vomiting and abdominal pain are symptoms that may arise from a number of different causes. Cyclical vomiting and abdominal migraine are terms that have been applied to a presentation characterized by its episodic pattern and intervals of complete health. The 2 share many clinical features, but it is important to distinguish them as they have different responses to therapies such as prophylactic antimigraine medications. Both are noted for the absence of pathognomonic clinical features but also for the large number of other conditions to be considered in their differential diagnoses. Definitive diagnosis is frequently delayed. It is important to carefully evaluate these patients as well-being between vomiting episodes does not guarantee the absence of organic disease. While there is a role for a basic set of diagnostic tests, there is evidence to suggest that a trial of empiric therapy with upper gastrointestinal and small-bowel radiological studies is cost-effective.

Management of infant diarrhea with high-lactose probiotic-containing formula.

To study the influence of high-lactose probiotic-containing formula on the course of acute diarrhea, an experiment using a randomized controlled clinical trial with patients having acute diarrhea for 3 days was conducted. One hundred patients were allocated into two groups that were comparable for age, sex, and nutritional status. The test group was administered high-lactose Bifidobacterium bifidum-containing formula, while the control group had no high-lactose probiotic until the end of the experiment. The degree of subsequent diarrhea and recovery were monitored in both groups. The results for the test and control groups were analyzed and compared using the chi-square test and Fisher exact test with a significance level (alpha) of 0.05. The study results revealed that there was no significant difference between the test and control groups (p>0.05) as well as at positive clinical test (13%) and positive floating test (65%). However, the patients receiving probiotic-containing formula had significantly less frequency of stools, when compared with the control group (p<0.05).

Airlangga scoring system for prediction of dehydration in diarrheal patients.

To investigate the predictive factors for dehydration in acute diarrheal patients, this case control study was conducted using the observational analytic method. Acute diarrheal patients who were admitted to the Hospital and Outpatient Pediatric Clinic, Dr Soetomo Hospital, were included in this study. By discriminant analysis, three significant variables were determined to differentiate dehydration risk in acute diarrheal patients: frequency of stool, amount of feces in the stool, and severity of vomiting (power test: 70.0%). Significant differences were found between the groups with and without dehydration for stool frequency each day (p<0.05), amount of stool per day (p<0.05), and severity of vomiting (p<0.05). Frequency of stool, amount of stool, and severity of vomiting are predictive factors for dehydration in acute diarrhea.