Photodynamic therapy in cancer treatment: properties and applications in nanoparticles.

Most of the treatment strategies for tumors and other disorders is photodynamic therapy (PDT). For several years, increasing the efficiency of nanostructured treatment devices, including light therapy, has been considered in different treatment methods. Light Dynamics The use of nanomaterial in this method's production and progress. The use of nanoparticles as carriers is a promising accomplishment, since all the criteria for an ideal photodynamic therapy agent can be given with these nanomaterials. The kinds of nanoparticles that have recently been used in photodynamic therapy are mentioned in this article. Latest advancements are being explored in the use of inorganic nanoparticles and biodegradable polymer-based nanomaterial as carriers of photosynthetic agents. Photosynthetic nanoparticles, self-propagating nanoparticles, and conversion nanoparticles are among the successful photodynamic therapy nanoparticles addressed in this report.

Organic chemical Nano sensors: synthesis, properties, and applications.

Nanosensors work on the "Nano" scale. "Nano" is a unit of measurement around 10- 9 m. A nanosensor is a device capable of carrying data and information about the behavior and characteristics of particles at the nanoscale level to the macroscopic level. Nanosensors can be used to detect chemical or mechanical information such as the presence of chemical species and nanoparticles or monitor physical parameters such as temperature on the nanoscale. Nanosensors are emerging as promising tools for applications in agriculture. They offer an enormous upgrade in selectivity, speed, and sensitivity compared to traditional chemical and biological methods. Nanosensors can be used for the determination of microbe and contaminants. With the advancement of science in the world and the advent of electronic equipment and the great changes that have taken place in recent decades, the need to build more accurate, smaller and more capable sensors was felt. Today, high-sensitivity sensors are used that are sensitive to small amounts of gas, heat, or radiation. Increasing the sensitivity, efficiency and accuracy of these sensors requires the discovery of new materials and tools. Nano sensors are nanometer-sized sensors that, due to their small size and nanometer size, have such high accuracy and responsiveness that they react even to the presence of several atoms of a gas. Nano sensors are inherently smaller and more sensitive than other sensors.

The benefits of dual-consultant operating in complex breast reconstruction: A retrospective cohort comparison study.

BACKGROUND: Dual-consultant operating (DCO) has been introduced in a multitude of surgical specialities. This retrospective cohort comparison study seeks to delineate any benefits DCO may confer on list utilisation, patient safety and training opportunities. METHODS: A retrospective cohort comparison of all free-flap breast reconstruction cases conducted at a single centre by five consultant plastic surgeons in the period May 2016-May 2020. RESULTS: A total of 281 patient records were used for analysis; 146 cases were dual consultants compared with 135 single consultants, representing 186 and 158 free flaps, respectively. Patient demographics were near identical in terms of patient age, BMI and ASA grade. Operating times were significantly reduced for both unilateral (mean reduction 59.49 min) and bilateral cases (mean reduction 38.14 min) with the presence of dual consultants. The mean length of stay for dual-consultant cases was on average 0.35 days less than for single consultant cases (p = 0.04). Dual-consultant case complications were less severe than those of single consultant cases (mean Clavien-Dindo severity 1.35 vs 0.96, p = 0.05). The rates of trainee one-to-one consultant training were increased in dual-consultant cases when preparing vessels (0.08 vs 0.35, p=<0.01) and performing anastomosis (0.63 vs 0.77, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: DCO for complex breast reconstruction confers significant benefits to operating time, list utility and patient safety whilst protecting training opportunities for trainees. Plastic surgery departments looking to redesign services in the post-SARS-CoV-19 era should consider its adoption into their enhanced recovery protocols.

Transverse Upper Gracilis (TUG) flap for volume replacement in breast conserving surgery for medial breast tumours in small to medium sized breasts.

Excision of medial sited breast tumours in small breasted patients can result in poor cosmetic outcomes, making this a difficult group of patients to manage. Traditional oncoplastic volume replacement techniques available to treat this area of the breast are limited and usually require disruption of the remaining breast to allow access for pedicled flaps. The alternative is mastectomy and total breast reconstruction. The use of a small volume free Transverse upper Gracilis (TUG) flap allows like for like replacement for these defects. Excellent cosmetic results are achievable with minimal breast and donor site morbidity. This initial experience of small volume TUG flaps used in four patients is presented to support the feasibility and assess early outcomes of this technique in the management of this niche group of patients.

Oncological and cosmetic outcomes of oncoplastic breast conserving surgery.

BACKGROUND: Breast-conserving surgery and radiotherapy is firmly established as a good and safe option for most women with early breast cancer. The important outcome measures of breast conservation are survival, local recurrence, cosmesis and patient satisfaction. Partial breast reconstructive techniques may improve cosmesis and patient satisfaction without compromising the oncological outcomes. METHODS: A search of the Medline and Pubmed databases of studies on breast conserving surgery where partial breast reconstructive techniques were employed. The keywords used were breast conserving surgery, oncoplastic breast surgery, partial breast reconstruction and reduction mammoplasty. The oncological and cosmetic outcomes of these studies were analysed. RESULTS: Studies on partial breast reconstructive techniques often lack oncological outcomes and long-term results are not available. On intermediate follow-up (up to 4.5 years) local recurrence rates vary from 0 to 1.8% per year. Cosmetic failure rates vary from 0 to 18%. To date, detailed studies are small and outcome measures vary. CONCLUSIONS: Breast surgeons should be aware of the range of surgical techniques that may enhance the aesthetic results of breast-conserving surgery as well as expand the indications for its use. There is a need for routine assessment of oncological and cosmetic outcomes and long-term results of partial breast reconstructive techniques in relation to these outcomes are awaited.

NIR vibrational overtone spectra of toluidines-evidence for steric and electronic effects in o-toluidine.

The near infrared vibrational overtone absorption spectra of liquid phase toluidines are reported. The analysis of the observed CH and NH local mode mechanical frequency values shows that there exists steric and electronic interaction between the amino and methyl groups in o-toluidine. This observation supports the conclusions drawn from structural studies of toluidines by resonance two-photon ionization (R2PI) spectroscopy, ab initio calculations and laser induced fluorescence studies reported earlier.

CH overtone spectrum of nitromethane: a C3V coupled oscillator analysis using local mode parameters.

The near infrared overtone absorption spectrum of liquid phase nitromethane in the spectral region deltaV = 2-5 is reported. The observed spectrum is analysed using local mode model. It is shown that the observed CH local mode overtones and local-local combinations are well predicted by a C(3V) coupled oscillator Hamiltonian.

NIR vibrational overtone spectra of N-methylaniline, N,N-dimethylaniline and N,N-diethylaniline--a conformational structural analysis using local mode model.

In aniline, the lone pair electrons on the nitrogen atom in the amino group interact with the pi electrons of the ring and the mechanical frequency of the ring CH oscillator shows a red shift from that of benzene. This happens because of the parallel orientation of the pi electrons in the two molecules. This effect is observed in N-methylaniline also. But in N,N-dimethylaniline, the addition of two alkyl group to the amino group changes the parallel orientation of pi electrons of the nitrogen. This changes the electron donating nature of the amino substituent and as a result, a blue shift is observed in the mechanical frequency of the ring CH oscillator from that of benzene. The same effect is observed in the ring CH oscillator frequency of N,N-diethylaniline also.

Functional absence of flexor digitorum superficialis to the little finger and absence of palmaris longus--is there a link?

We examined 150 men and 150 women aged 18-40 years to assess flexor digitorum superficialis function to the little finger and the incidence of palmaris longus absence. All patients had flexor digitorum superficialis function to the little finger assessed by standard and modified tests. The presence or absence of palmaris longus was assessed by clinical inspection. Following modified testing, ten subjects (14 hands) displayed absolute superficialis deficiency to the little finger. Forty-nine subjects had unilateral absence of palmaris longus (16%). This tendon was absent bilaterally in 26 subjects (9%). On combining the clinical findings, one subject had unilateral absence of flexor digitorum superficialis function to the little finger with contralateral absence of palmaris longus, and one subject had bilateral absence of flexor digitorium superficialis function with unilateral absence of palmaris longus. We conclude that there is no link between an absent little finger flexor digitorium superficialis and an absent palmaris longus.

Vibrational overtone spectra of chloroanilines--evidence for intramolecular hydrogen bonding in o-chloroaniline.

The near infrared vibrational overtone absorption spectra of liquid phase aniline and chloroanilines are reported. The analysis of the observed CH and NH local mode mechanical frequency values shows that intramolecular hydrogen bonding occurs between NH2 group and chlorine atom in o-chloroaniline. This observation supports the conclusion drawn from microwave spectroscopic studies reported earlier.

A review of 100 consecutive free tissue transfers.

Following the introduction of microsurgical techniques the availability of free tissue transfer has radically transformed reconstructive possibilities for both oncological and surgical defects. This study is a review of 100 consecutive free tissue transfers (free flaps), carried out in 96 patients over a period of 25 months in our unit. The indications for surgery in this series mainly resulted from malignancy, trauma, chronic osteomyelitis, burns and congenital abnormalities. The tissues transferred included various combinations of skin, fat, fascia, muscle, bone and several free digits. Fourteen cases required re-exploration, of which 12 were salvaged, and the overall success rate was 96%.

Basal cell carcinoma in aplasia cutis congenita.

A case of multilocal basal cell carcinoma in a 45-year-old man is reported.

Innovations in flap design: modified groin flap for closure of multiple finger defects.

The groin flap is frequently used for covering soft-tissue defects of the hand. It is normally utilised as a single unit to cover the defect. When used for coverage of multiple digital defects, it requires syndactylisation of the digits with a further procedure to divide the syndactylised digits some time after division of the main pedicle. We report a new technique of fashioning 'daughter flaps' from the groin flap at the time of elevation, and their use to cover full-thickness burns to the dorsum of PIP joints in both hands thus avoiding the need for syndactylisation of the digits.

Paediatric hand injuries caused by spiked railings.

We report five cases of hand injuries caused by spiked palisade railings. One patient sustained an open fracture of the distal phalanx with a disruption of the nail bed, and two patients had digital nerve injuries. Two patients presented with the railing still impaled in the fingers, one of whom had an ischaemic digit at presentation. All patients were male, between 9 and 12 years of age, and presented in the course of 1 month. Railings of this type would appear to be a significant cause of hand injuries, which may be prevented by legislation or a change in railing design.