Ibuprofen degradation by mixed bacterial consortia: Metabolic pathway and microbial community analysis.

Degradation of ibuprofen, one of the most consumed drugs globally, by a mixed bacterial consortium was investigated. A contaminated hospital soil was used to enrich a bacterial consortium possessing the ability to degrade 4 mg/L ibuprofen in 6 days, fed on 6 mM acetate as a supplementary carbon source. Maximum ibuprofen degradation achieved was 99.51%, and for optimum ibuprofen degradation modelled statistically, the initial ibuprofen concentration, and temperature were determined to be 0.515 mg/L and 35 °C, respectively. The bacterial community analyses demonstrated an enrichment of Pseudomonas, Achromobacter, Bacillus, and Enterococcus in the presence of ibuprofen, suggesting their probable association with the biodegradation process. The biodegradation pathway developed using open-source metabolite predictors, GLORYx and BioTransformer suggested multiple degradation routes. Hydroxylation and oxidation were found to be the major mechanisms in ibuprofen degradation. Mono-hydroxylated metabolites were identified as well as predicted by the bioinformatics-based packages. Oxidation, dehydrogenation, super-hydroxylation, and hydrolysis were some other identified mechanisms.

Effectiveness of incisional negative pressure wound therapy after major lower extremity amputation: a randomised controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: The aim was to study the effect of incisional negative pressure wound therapy (iNPWT) in wound healing compared with standard sterile gauze dressings after major lower extremity amputation in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). METHODS: This prospective, randomised controlled trial included 50 patients undergoing major lower extremity amputations for PAD. Patients were randomised into iNPWT and standard dressing groups. The patency of blood vessels at the level of the stump was ensured with or without revascularisation. The primary outcome was wound-related complications such as surgical site infection (SSI), wound dehiscence, seroma/haematoma formation or the need for revision amputation. The secondary outcome was the time taken for the eligibility of prosthesis placement. RESULTS: It was found that only 12% of the patients in the iNPWT group had SSI compared with 36% in the standard dressing group (p = 0.047). Rates of wound dehiscence, seroma/haematoma formation and revision amputation were decreased in the iNPWT group but this was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). There was a significant reduction in the time taken for eligibility of prosthesis placement in the iNPWT group (5.12 ± 1.53 vs 6.8 ± 1.95 weeks, p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: iNPWT is effective in reducing the incidence of SSI and the time taken for rehabilitation in patients undergoing major lower limb amputation due to PAD.

Bio-inspired artificial synapse for neuromorphic computing based on NiO nanoparticle thin film.

The unprecedented need for data processing in the modern technological era has created opportunities in neuromorphic devices and computation. This is primarily due to the extensive parallel processing done in our human brain. Data processing and logical decision-making at the same physical location are an exciting aspect of neuromorphic computation. For this, establishing reliable resistive switching devices working at room temperature with ease of fabrication is important. Here, a reliable analog resistive switching device based on Au/NiO nanoparticles/Au is discussed. The application of positive and negative voltage pulses of constant amplitude results in enhancement and reduction of synaptic current, which is consistent with potentiation and depression, respectively. The change in the conductance resulting in such a process can be fitted well with double exponential growth and decay, respectively. Consistent potentiation and depression characteristics reveal that non-ideal voltage pulses can result in a linear dependence of potentiation and depression. Long-term potentiation (LTP) and Long-term depression (LTD) characteristics have been established, which are essential for mimicking the biological synaptic applications. The NiO nanoparticle-based devices can also be used for controlled synaptic enhancement by optimizing the electric pulses, displaying typical learning-forgetting-relearning characteristics.

Intensive Blood Pressure Management Preserves Functional Connectivity in Patients with Hypertension from the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Randomized Trial.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention (SPRINT) randomized trial demonstrated that intensive blood pressure management resulted in slower progression of cerebral white matter hyperintensities, compared with standard therapy. We assessed longitudinal changes in brain functional connectivity to determine whether intensive treatment results in less decline in functional connectivity and how changes in brain functional connectivity relate to changes in brain structure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five hundred forty-eight participants completed longitudinal brain MR imaging, including resting-state fMRI, during a median follow-up of 3.84 years. Functional brain networks were identified using independent component analysis, and a mean connectivity score was calculated for each network. Longitudinal changes in mean connectivity score were compared between treatment groups using a 2-sample t test, followed by a voxelwise t test. In the full cohort, adjusted linear regression analysis was performed between changes in the mean connectivity score and changes in structural MR imaging metrics. RESULTS: Four hundred six participants had longitudinal imaging that passed quality control. The auditory-salience-language network demonstrated a significantly larger decline in the mean connectivity score in the standard treatment group relative to the intensive treatment group (P = .014), with regions of significant difference between treatment groups in the cingulate and right temporal/insular regions. There was no treatment group difference in other networks. Longitudinal changes in mean connectivity score of the default mode network but not the auditory-salience-language network demonstrated a significant correlation with longitudinal changes in white matter hyperintensities (P = .013). CONCLUSIONS: Intensive treatment was associated with preservation of functional connectivity of the auditory-salience-language network, while mean network connectivity in other networks was not significantly different between intensive and standard therapy. A longitudinal increase in the white matter hyperintensity burden is associated with a decline in mean connectivity of the default mode network.

GIANT MEDIASTINAL PARATHYROID ADENOMAS AND MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 1: A DIAGNOSTIC CONUNDRUM.

Context: Giant parathyroid adenoma (GPA) is a rare entity that is rarer with Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) syndrome. Objectives: Describe the clinical presentation, diagnostic difficulties, and management strategy for GPA in MEN1. Methods: We searched Pubmed, SCOPUS and EMBASE for GPA in MEN1 for GPA in association with MEN1. Hereby, we describe index case of largest ever reported GPA. Results: We identified 7 cases of GPA reported till date in association with MEN1. The mean adenoma weight was 7.1 gram. The index case is largest-ever reported GPA (weight 97 gram) in MEN1 presenting with compressive symptoms and mediastinal mass. Incidentally, she was found to have hypercalcemia with increased parathyroid hormone, suggesting primary hyperparathyroidism. The possibilities of an ectopic parathyroid tumor and thymic carcinoid were considered. She also had acromegaloid features, and was found to have a sellar tumor. Subsequently, MENIN gene mutation was identified confirming MEN1 syndrome. Patient underwent trans-sternal excision of the mass weighing 97 grams and confirmed as parathyroid adenoma on histopathologic examination. Conclusion: Despite rarity of ectopic mediastinal parathyroid tumors, calcium profile should be considered as part of work-up of considering varied etiologies of anterior mediastinal mass.

Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis following ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine.

Transverse myelitis (TM) has been reported in association with various vaccinations. Herein we describe a case of longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) associated with vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (COVISHIELD) vaccine. A 59-year-old woman with no prior co-morbidities presented with lower extremity numbness, weakness, acute urinary retention, and constipation. Numbness gradually extended up to the lower costal margin with band like sensation. She had received the vaccine 5 days prior to the onset of the symptoms. Extensive diagnostic evaluation effectively ruled out causes other than vaccination-associated transverse myelitis. Following treatment with intravenous methylprednisolone, the patient made a significant recovery. TM may be associated with vaccination against the novel ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine and we believe this to be the first report from India of LETM associated with this vaccine.

Novel treatment modalities for painful diabetic neuropathy.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Painful diabetic neuropathy significantly affects the quality of life in people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Existing pharmacological agents have limited efficacy and development of tolerance is a limitation. METHODS: The present review focuses on novel pharmacological (systemic and topical) and non-pharmacological modalities for the alleviation of pain in people with DPN. We identified English language articles concerning studies with novel agents (animal or human) targeting symptomatic relief of painful diabetic neuropathy. RESULTS: Though the pathophysiology of pain in DPN is complex, a better understanding of pain pathways (peripheral and central) have helped to identify potential targets for therapeutic success. Studies of pharmacological agents acting on various aspects of pain pathways including µ-opioid receptor agonist- norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (MONRI), cannabinoid receptor, dual serotonin-nor-adrenergic (SNRI)-and triple dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SNDRI), purinergic receptors and sodium channel v1.7 blockers have undergone trials in humans and shown to improve pain symptoms and quality of life in people with DPN. A few other investigational agents targeting acetylcholine receptor, vanilloid channel, chemokine signaling, micro-RNA or mesenchymal stem cell based therapies (animal studies) have demonstrated promise in alleviation of pain. Topical agents like high-dose lidocaine, capsaicin, clonidine, amitriptyline and ketamine may benefit refractory neuropathic pain. CONCLUSIONS: Novel MONRI, SNRI and cannabinoid receptor agonists have shown some promise for neuropathic pain relief in human trials, but await regulatory approvals. However, most of the novel pharmacological agents (systemic or topical) require appropriately powered placebo-controlled studies for clinical usage in painful diabetic neuropathy.

Prevalence of Canine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis in Canine Population Across India.

Canine ehrlichiosis is a very important emerging disease in India. This study is the first attempt screening a large number of canines in India for the detection of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis. In the present study, 510 blood samples of dogs were screened for the presence of Ehrlichia canis and other variants of Anaplasmataceae family by serological and molecular methods.Out of the 510 serum samples, 293 (57.5%) cases were found positive for the presence of E. canis antibodies through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Furthermore, and 45 (8.8%) and 1 (0.2%) specimens were positive for E. canis and A. platys, respectively, based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In the clinical samples of E. canis, the minimum detection limit for PCR was9 ng. In the immunofluorescence assay (IFA), the positive blood samples showed comparable results with those obtained from the commercially available dot ELISA kit (giving equivalent IFA titer). The results of sequencing were compared with other reported isolates in various regions of the world, and a phylogenetic relationship was established. The 16S rRNA region that was amplified and sequenced for E. canis and A. platys was highly conserved and so was another Vir B9 region.

Hepatitis C Virus-associated Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis Treated with Directly Acting Antiviral Therapy.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been shown to affect kidneys with various histopathological pattern on the kidney biopsy. These commonly include a membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) pattern with mixed cryoglobulinemia (CG), thrombotic microangiopathy, membranous nephropathy, and vasculitis affecting medium and small vessels of the kidneys causing polyarteritis nodosa. It has been rarely associated with MPGN without detectable CG. We present one such patient who presented to us with HCV-associated MPGN without detectable CG, who recovered completely with directly acting antiviral therapy without any immunosuppression.

The association of geographic atrophy and decreased renal function in patients with age-related macular degeneration.

PurposeThe purpose of the study was to investigate the association between area and presence of geographic atrophy (GA) and renal function, as measured by glomerular filtration rate (GFR).Patients and methodsWe retrospectively identified patients aged 50-90 years who were assigned an ICD-9 diagnosis code for age-related macular generation (AMD) between January 2012 and January 2016. Patients met inclusion criteria if they had at least one macular spectral domain optical coherence tomography volume scan, one provider note, and one GFR value in the electronic medical record. Images were evaluated for the presence of GA, area of GA, drusen, and subretinal drusenoid deposits (SDD) and for subfoveal choroidal thickness (CTh) by standard criteria. Imaging findings were correlated with the most recent GFR from the patient's chart.ResultsWe identified 107 patients who met our inclusion criteria (mean age=74 years, range 50-90 years). Overall, we found a significant correlation between the presence of GA and reduced GFR (P=0.002), which was maintained even after accounting for age and other confounders. No association between GFR and GA area was found. CTh was significantly lower in patients with GA (P=0.038) and those with decreased GFR (P=0.004). Within the SDD-positive population, GA was associated with reduced GFR (P=0.007) but only trended toward significance after controlling for age.ConclusionOur study findings demonstrate an association between impaired renal function and the presence, but not area, of GA within an AMD population. These findings may shed light on common pathogenic mechanisms for these two diseases.

Hepatic Venous and Inferior Vena Cava Morphology No Longer a Barrier to Living Donor Liver Transplantation for Budd-Chiari Syndrome: Surgical Techniques and Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) for Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) has been reported with <10 inferior vena cava (IVC) replacements with vascular/synthetic graft. The goal of this study was to review outcomes of LDLT for BCS at our center, with an emphasis on surgical techniques and postoperative anticoagulation therapy. METHODS: Between October 2011 and December 2015, a total of 1027 LDLTs were performed. Nine of these patients had BCS. We analyzed their etiologies, operative details, postoperative complications, and outcomes. RESULTS: The indication was chronic liver disease for all patients. Two patients required retrohepatic IVC replacement with a polytetrafluoroethylene graft due to severe adhesions and thrombosis, respectively. One patient required V-Y plasty for suprahepatic IVC narrowing. Five patients had portal venous thrombosis, 3 treated by thrombectomy, and 1 by renoportal anastomosis. The mean follow-up time was 18 ± 16 months. Only 1 early death occurred due to sepsis. The anticoagulation therapy involved heparin infusion from postoperative day 1, conversion to low-molecular-weight-heparin on postoperative days 3 to 6, followed by warfarin (postoperative days 9-16 to maintain an international normalized ratio of 2-3 long term), along with low-dose aspirin for 6 months. There was no recurrence of thrombosis. CONCLUSIONS: LDLT for BCS is well documented in literature. Prevention of recurrent thrombosis depends on meticulous surgical technique, perfect and wide outflow anastomoses, and a strict anticoagulation protocol. A synthetic (polytetrafluoroethylene) graft for IVC interposition is a safe and feasible option for reconstruction with good results. Low-dose aspirin with low-molecular-weight-heparin later converted to warfarin provides excellent results and prevents recurrence of thrombosis.

Fundamentals of Joint Injection.

OBJECTIVE: Using image guidance for joint access is a valuable fundamental skill. The purpose of this article is to review fluoroscopic and ultrasound-guided techniques and the medications used for injection into the glenohumeral, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, and ankle joints. CONCLUSION: Thorough understanding of basic injection principles, knowledge of the underlying anatomy, and consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of the imaging approaches should facilitate selection of the most appropriate technique for any clinical scenario.

Living donor liver transplantation in maple syrup urine disease - Case series and world's youngest domino liver donor and recipient.

MSUD occurs due to deficiency of enzyme BCKAD required for metabolism of leucine, isoleucine, and valine leading to the accumulation of these and their ketoacids causing acute metabolic decompensation manifesting as encephalopathy or sudden death. The patient requires special protein-restricted diet to survive. As this enzyme is expressed in liver, liver transplantation has been successfully performed as a cure. We report two patients of MSUD who underwent LDLT while their livers were used as a domino graft for other biliary cirrhotic patients. A 22-month-old male child diagnosed as a case of classic MSUD underwent LDLT from an altruistic aunt as donor following which his serum leucine levels normalized on an unrestricted protein diet. His liver was used as a domino graft. A 38-month-old female child with diagnosed MSUD underwent LDLT from a swap donor, and her liver was used as a domino graft. Her DQ improved post-transplant. LDLT from non-heterozygous donors is a cure for classical MSUD. Their livers can be used as domino grafts for non-MSUD cases.

Hepatic Sarcoidosis: Clinico-pathological characterization of symptomatic cases.

AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical and pathological features of hepatic sarcoidosis in symptomatic cases. METHODS: Twenty-two symptomatic hepatic sarcoidosis cases were included in the study. Hepatic sarcoidosis was determined by typical imaging, histopathology, and high angiotensin-converting enzyme levels. Demographic data, laboratory data, imaging findings, liver biopsies, and clinical findings were analyzed. Portal hypertension (PH) was defined by the presence of ascites and/or varices; imaging findings suggestive of PH-splenomegaly (> 12 cm on longest axis); portal vein dilation (> 13 mm); collateral vessel formation; and hepatic venous pressure gradient ≥ 6 mmHg. RESULTS: Mean age was 49.63 ± 10.7 years. Liver tests showed elevated serum alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase levels (95%). Serum albumin levels were low (< 3 g/dl) in 32% of the patients. Histologically, hepatic granulomas were located in the portal/periportal areas, with or without parenchymal involvement (77%). Duct damage (27%), absent portal veins (32%), and hepatomegaly (41%) were also observed. Clinically, chronic cholestatic symptoms and PH features were observed in 41% and 50% of the patients, respectively. Three-quarters of patients with PH features were non-cirrhotic. Cirrhosis and bleeding varices were observed in 14%. Hepatic sarcoidosis overlaps with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) was observed in two cases. CONCLUSIONS: Sarcoidosis causes significant hepatic disease. PH and jaundice are main clinical presentations in liver sarcoidosis patients. Imaging findings of PH should be carefully reviewed, as it can occur even before the establishment of cirrhosis. Hepatic sarcoidosis mimics and overlaps with PBC and PSC.

Seasonal plasticity in the peptide neuronal systems: potential roles of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone, gonadotrophin-inhibiting hormone, neuropeptide Y and vasoactive intestinal peptide in the regulation of the reproductive axis in subtropical Indian weaver birds.

Two experiments examined the expression of gonadotrophin-releasing and inhibiting hormones (GnRH-I, GnRH-II and GnIH), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in subtropical Indian weaver birds, which demonstrate relative photorefractoriness. Experiment 1 measured peptide expression levels in the form of immunoreactive (-IR) cells, percentage cell area and cell optical density in the preoptic area (GnRH-I), midbrain (GnRH-II), paraventricular nucleus (GnIH), mediobasal hypothalamus [dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), infundibular complex (INc), NPY and VIP] and lateral septal organ (VIP) during the progressive, breeding, regressive and nonbreeding phases of the annual reproductive cycle. GnRH-I was decreased in the nonbreeding and VIP was increased in INc in the breeding and regressive states. GnRH-II and NPY levels did not differ between the testicular phases. Double-labelled immunohistochemistry (IHC) revealed a close association between the GnRH/GnIH, GnRH/NPY, GnRH/VIP and GnIH/NPY peptide systems, implicating them interacting and playing roles in the reproductive regulation in weaver birds. Experiment 2 further measured these peptide levels in the middle of day and night in weaver birds that were maintained under short days (8 : 16 h light /dark cycle; photosensitive), exposed to ten long days (16 : 8 h light /dark cycle; photostimulated) or maintained for approximately 2 years on a 16 : 8 h light /dark cycle (photorefractory). Reproductively immature testes in these groups precluded the possible effect of an enhanced gonadal feedback on the hypothalamic peptide expression. There were group differences in the GnRH-I (not GnRH-II), GnIH, NPY and VIP immunoreactivity, albeit with variations in immunoreactivity measures in the present study. These results, which are consistent with those reported in birds with relative photorefractoriness, show the distribution and possibly a complex interaction of key neuropeptides in the regulation of the annual reproductive cycle in Indian weaver birds.

Low-dose short-term hepatitis B immunoglobulin with high genetic barrier antivirals: the ideal post-transplant hepatitis B virus prophylaxis?

BACKGROUND: Low-dose hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) and nucleos(t)ides analogs (lamivudine/adefovir) used for the prevention of hepatitis B virus (HBV) recurrence after liver transplantation (LT) are associated with some risk of HBV recurrence and antiviral resistance. METHODS: The study cohort included 176 patients (at least >12 months follow-up) with HBV cirrhosis/hepatocellular carcinoma who received secondary prophylaxis with indefinite entecavir/tenofovir after living-donor LT (LDLT). All patients received 10,000 IU intravenous HBIG in anhepatic phase followed by 600-1000 IU intramuscularly daily for 7 days, weekly for 3 weeks, and then monthly, to keep antiHBs levels >100 mIU/mL for 1 year. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBV DNA were tested every 6 months. RESULTS: The study cohort is composed of 157 men and 19 women, mean age 47.9 ± 10.1 years, all HBsAg positive, 35 (19.8%) had HBV DNA >2000 IU/mL before LT. After LT, patients received entecavir (n = 126, 71.5%), tenofovir (n = 20, 11.3%), or a combination of entecavir and tenofovir (n = 30, 17% for 3 months), followed by entecavir alone. During follow-up of 43 (12-117) months, 2 patients (including 1 with non-compliance) had HBV recurrence. CONCLUSION: In a large cohort of LDLT recipients for HBV-related liver disease, use of low-dose short-term HBIG with high genetic barrier drugs results in a substantially lower incidence of HBV recurrence, even in high-risk patients.

Kinnow madarin (Citrus nobilis lour × Citrus deliciosa tenora) fruit waste silage as potential feed for small ruminants.

AIM: Study was conducted to ascertain the quality of Kinnow mandarin waste (KMW) silage and its utilization by adult male goats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: KMW was collected, dried to 30% dry matter level and ensiled in silo pit after addition of disodium hydrogen orthophosphate as source of phosphorus as KMW is deficient in phosphorus. Oat was collected at milking stage, chopped finely and ensiled in a silo pit for 2 months. Twelve nondescript local adult male goats of about 8-10 months age and mean body weight of 23.00±0.90 kg were selected. The goats were randomly allotted on body weight as per randomized block design into two equal groups, six animals in each group (n=6) namely "oat silage (OS)" and "Kinnow silage." Goats were offered weighed quantities of respective silage on ad libitum basis. The silages were evaluated for proximate principles and silage quality attributes. RESULTS: Differences were found between chemical composition of both silages with higher organic matter, ether extracts, nitrogen free extract (p<0.05) and lower (p<0.01) crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fibre concentration in KMW silage as compared to OS. However, silages were isonitrogenous (8.20 vs. 8.17; p>0.05 for CP) and possess comparable (2.23 vs. 2.06; p>0.05) calcium content. The pH, ammonia nitrogen (percent of total nitrogen) and soluble carbohydrate content were lower (4.20 vs. 3.30; 4.14 vs. 3.80; 2.73 vs. 1.86; p<0.05) in KMW silage, whereas, lactic acid concentration was higher (6.23 vs. 8.14; p<0.05) in KMW silage indicating its superior quality as compared to OS. Body weight (kg) of goats and silage intake (g/day), were comparable (p>0.05) among the two dietary groups. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that KMW can be used to prepare good quality silage for feeding of goats.

In vitro utilization of lime treated olive cake as a component of complete feed for small ruminants.

AIM: The current in vitro study was carried out to determine the chemical composition and inclusion level of lime treated olive cake on acid detergent fiber (ADF) replacement basis in adult male goats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Crude olive cake was collected and evaluated for proximate composition and protein fractionation. It was treated with 6% lime and incubated for 1 week under room temperature in 2 kg sealed polythene bags and was evaluated for proximate composition after incubation. Different isonitrogenous complete diets containing 0-50% of lime treated olive cake on ADF replacement basis were formulated as per the requirement of adult male goats. In ADF replacement, fiber and concentrate sources were replaced by lime treated olive cake by replacing the 0-50% ADF percentage of the total 40% ADF value of complete feed. The formulated complete diets were tested for in vitro degradation parameters. RESULTS: Treatment of olive cake with 6% slaked lime increased availability of cellulose and alleviated digestibility depression caused by high ether extract percentage. Organic matter, nitrogen free extract, ADF and neutral detergent fiber were significantly lowered by lime treatment of olive cake. The cornell net carbohydrate and protein system analysis showed that non-degradable protein represented by acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) was 21.71% whereas the non-available protein represented by neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (NDIN) was 38.86% in crude olive cake. The in vitro dry matter degradation (IVDMD) values were comparable at all replacement levels. However, a point of inflection was observed at 40% ADF replacement level, which was supported by truly degradable organic matter (TDOM), microbial biomass production (MBP), efficiency of MBP and partitioning factor values (PF). CONCLUSION: In our study, we concluded that there is comparable difference in composition of Indian olive cake when compared with European olive cake. The most important finding was that about 78% of nitrogen present in Indian olive cake is available to animal in contrary to that of European olive cake. We concluded from in vitro studies that Indian olive cake can be included in complete feed at 30% level (w/w; 40% ADF replacement) for feeding in small ruminants without compromising in vitro degradability of the feed.