RESUMO
Blister agents damage the skin, eyes, mucous membranes and subcutaneous tissues. Other toxic effects may occur after absorption. The response of the Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) to a request from the OPCW Director-General in 2013 on the status of medical countermeasures and treatments to blister agents is updated through the incorporation of the latest information. The physical and toxicological properties of sulfur mustard and clinical effects and treatments are summarised. The information should assist medics and emergency responders who may be unfamiliar with the toxidrome of sulfur mustard and its treatment.
Assuntos
Substâncias para a Guerra Química/intoxicação , Gás de Mostarda/intoxicação , Animais , Humanos , Contramedidas MédicasRESUMO
IMPACT STATEMENT: A multistep proteomics fractionation strategy was developed and validated for the discovery of proteomic biomarkers which could be used as potential diagnostic biomarkers for monitoring the progression of disease in smokers and COPD patients towards lung cancer.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/metabolismo , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Clusterina/metabolismo , Haptoglobinas/metabolismo , Humanos , Cadeias alfa de Imunoglobulina/metabolismo , Cadeias lambda de Imunoglobulina/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/complicações , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pré-Albumina/metabolismo , Mapas de Interação de Proteínas , Proteômica , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/complicações , Proteínas Celulares de Ligação ao Retinol/metabolismo , Fumantes , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização e Dessorção a Laser Assistida por Matriz , alfa 1-Antitripsina/metabolismoRESUMO
The Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) has provided advice on assistance and protection in relation to the Chemical Weapons Convention. In this, the first of several papers describing the SAB's work on this topic, we describe advice given in response to questions from the OPCW Director-General in 2013 and 2014 on the status of available medical countermeasures and treatments to organophosphorus nerve agents. This paper provides the evidence base for this advice which recommended to the OPCW pretreatments, emergency care, and long-term treatments that were available at the time of the request for this class of chemical warfare agent (CWA). It includes a bibliography of over 140 scientific references, which can be used as a platform for watching future medical countermeasure developments. The information provided in this paper should serve as a valuable reference for medical professionals and emergency responders who may have no knowledge of the symptoms and treatment options of exposure to nerve agents.
Assuntos
Comitês Consultivos , Substâncias para a Guerra Química/intoxicação , Contramedidas Médicas , Agentes Neurotóxicos/intoxicação , Humanos , Intoxicação/terapiaRESUMO
The Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) has provided advice in relation to the Chemical Weapons Convention on assistance and protection. We present the SAB's response to a request from the OPCW Director-General in 2014 for information on the best practices for preventing and treating the health effects from acute, prolonged, and repeated organophosphorus nerve agent (NA) exposure. The report summarises pre- and post-exposure treatments, and developments in decontaminants and adsorbing materials, that at the time of the advice, were available for NAs. The updated information provided could assist medics and emergency responders unfamiliar with treatment and decontamination options related to exposure to NAs. The SAB recommended that developments in research on medical countermeasures and decontaminants for NAs should be monitored by the OPCW, and used in assistance and protection training courses and workshops organised through its capacity building programmes.
Assuntos
Comitês Consultivos/normas , Substâncias para a Guerra Química/toxicidade , Descontaminação/normas , Contramedidas Médicas , Agentes Neurotóxicos/toxicidade , Antídotos/uso terapêutico , Descontaminação/métodos , Humanos , Países Baixos , Compostos Organofosforados/toxicidade , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
The Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) has provided advice on the long-term storage and stability of samples collected in the context of chemical weapons investigations. The information they compiled and reviewed is beneficial to all laboratories that carry out analysis of samples related to chemical warfare agents and is described herein. The preparation of this report was undertaken on request from the OPCW Director-General. The main degradation products for chemicals on the Schedules in the Annex on Chemicals of the Chemical Weapons Convention are tabulated. The expertise of the 25 scientists comprising the SAB, a review of the scientific literature on environmental and biomedical sample analysis, and answers to a questionnaire from chemists of nine OPCW Designated Laboratories, were drawn upon to provide the advice. Ten recommendations to ensure the long-term storage and stability of samples collected in relation to the potential use of chemical weapons were provided and are repeated here for the consideration of all laboratories worldwide.
RESUMO
Compounds that cause powerful sensory irritation to humans were reviewed by the Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) in response to requests in 2014 and 2017 by the OPCW Director-General to advise which riot control agents (RCAs) might be subject to declaration under the Chemical Weapons Convention (the "Convention"). The chemical and toxicological properties of 60 chemicals identified from a survey by the OPCW of RCAs that had been researched or were available for purchase, and additional chemicals recognised by the SAB as having potential RCA applications, were considered. Only 17 of the 60 chemicals met the definition of a RCA under the Convention. These findings were provided to the States Parties of the Convention to inform the implementation of obligations pertaining to RCAs under this international chemical disarmament and non-proliferation treaty.
RESUMO
The present paper depicts a novel method based on magnetic SPE (MSPE) for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) such as phorate, malathion, and chlorpyrifos in environmental water samples. In this study, C18 functionalized silica-coated core-shell iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were used as a surface-engineered magnetic sorbent for the selective extraction of pesticides from aqueous samples, followed by GC-MS and GC-tandem MS analysis for confirmative determination of the analytes. Various important method parameters, including quantity of MNP adsorbent, volume of sample, effective time for extraction, nature of the desorbing solvent, and pH of the aqueous sample, were investigated and optimized to obtain maximum method performance. Under the optimized instrumental analysis conditions, good linearity (r2 value ≥0.994) was achieved at the concentration range of 0.5-500 µg/L. Recoveries were in the range of 79.2-96.3 and 80.4-97.5% in selective-ion monitoring and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) modes, respectively, at the spiking concentrations of 1, 5, and 10 µg/L. MRM mode showed better sensitivity, selectivity, and low-level detection (0.5 µg/L) of analytes. The novel MSPE method is a simple, cheap, rapid, and eco-friendly method for the determination of OPs in environmental water samples.
Assuntos
Nanopartículas de Magnetita , Compostos Organofosforados/análise , Praguicidas/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Dióxido de Silício , Espectrometria de Massas em TandemRESUMO
A series of organophosphorus compounds related to PB-1 toxin [O,O-diphenyl N- cyclooctylphosphoramidate] occurring in dinoflagellate algae as fish toxin have been synthesized and subjected to mass spectral studies under electron ionization. The fragmentation pattern obtained for the compounds has been substantiated by performing tandem mass spectrometry experiments in product ion scan mode.
Assuntos
Dinoflagellida/química , Espectrometria de Massas , Compostos Organofosforados/análise , Toxinas Biológicas/análise , Animais , Compostos Organofosforados/síntese química , Toxinas Biológicas/síntese químicaRESUMO
Sulfur mustard (SM) is a highly toxic chemical warfare agent. A satisfactory treatment regimen is not yet available for this toxicant. In a search for an effective antidote against SM, a series of novel S-2(omega-aminoalkylamino)ethyl alkyl/aryl thioethers [H(2)N(CH(2))(n)()NHCH(2)CH(2)SR], where R = alky, alicyclic, aryl, and heterocyclic substituents, have been designed and synthesized as candidate antidotes against SM toxicity. These compounds were screened for their protective efficacy through the oral route against dermally applied sulfur mustard in female mice measured on the basis of percent survival following percutaneous administration of SM. A number of compounds demonstrated significant protection.