Effects of ADHD and ADHD treatment on glycemic management in type 1 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

AIMS: Studies suggested a higher prevalence of Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in individuals with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1D). However, it is unclear how ADHD impacts glycemia and diabetes-related complications. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the effect of ADHD and ADHD medications on HbA1c and acute complications in T1D. METHODS: A literature search was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus, PsycINFO, CENTRAL, and Web of Science collections up to November 22, 2023. Seventeen studies were selected for the systematic review by independent reviewers, with twelve included in the meta-analysis. RESULTS: Mean HbA1c levels were significantly higher in T1D individuals with ADHD compared to those without ADHD (MD = 0.60; 95 % CI: 0.41, 0.79; I2 = 90.1 %; p-value < 0.001). The rates of suboptimal HbA1c levels, hospitalization, diabetic ketoacidosis, and hypoglycemia were all substantially higher in T1D individuals with ADHD than those without ADHD. No difference was found in mean HbA1c between those who received ADHD treatment and those who did not (mean difference = -0.52; 95 % confidence interval: -1.16, 0.13; I2 = 78.6 %; p-value = 0.12). CONCLUSIONS: ADHD is associated with higher HbA1c and increased acute diabetes-related complications. More research is needed to assess the effects of ADHD treatments on T1D management.

Machine Learning and MRI-based Diagnostic Models for ADHD: Are We There Yet?

OBJECTIVE: Machine learning (ML) has been applied to develop magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based diagnostic classifiers for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This systematic review examines this literature to clarify its clinical significance and to assess the implications of the various analytic methods applied. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search on MRI-based diagnostic classifiers for ADHD was performed and data regarding the utilized models and samples were gathered. RESULTS: We found that, although most studies reported the classification accuracies, they varied in choice of MRI modalities, ML models, cross-validation and testing methods, and sample sizes. We found that the accuracies of cross-validation methods inflated the performance estimation compared with those of a held-out test, compromising the model generalizability. Test accuracies have increased with publication year but were not associated with training sample sizes. Improved test accuracy over time was likely due to the use of better ML methods along with strategies to deal with data imbalances. CONCLUSION: Ultimately, large multi-modal imaging datasets, and potentially the combination with other types of data, like cognitive data and/or genetics, will be essential to achieve the goal of developing clinically useful imaging classification tools for ADHD in the future.

Evaluation of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium brunneum and the predatory mite Stratiolaelaps scimitus against Rhizoglyphus robini under laboratory conditions.

Rhizoglyphus robini Claparède (Acari: Acaridae) is a pest of bulbs, corms and tubers of several economically important crops. The biological control of R. robini has yet to be fully explored as an alternative to chemical pesticides. Entomopathogenic fungi in the genera Metarhizium (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) are used for the biological control of several agricultural pests. The soil-dwelling predatory mite, Stratiolaelaps scimitus (Womersley) (Acari: Acaridae) is also frequently used alone or in combination with other biological control agents. There are few reports on the use of M. brunneum or S. scimutus against R. robini. The objectives of this research were to investigate the in vitro effect of different predatory mite ratios of S. scimitus on R. robini mortality and the combined use of a M. brunneum-based granule with S. scimitus as potential strategies to manage this pest. Mortality of R. robini in Petri dishes containing predators was significantly higher than without predators. When soil-filled containers containing R. robini were treated with both M. brunneum granules and S. scimitus, the lower densities of the bulb mite were obtained with the highest ratio of predator/prey mites. The number of bulb mites in the containers treated with only M. brunneum was significantly lower than the untreated control. These results demonstrate the potential for releasing of S. scimitus alone and in combination with M. brunneum granules to manage R. robini.

Enhancement of monoclonal antibody production after single and combination treatment of the hybridoma cells with all-trans retinoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid: An in vitro and in vivo study.

Murine hybridoma cells can produce monoclonal antibody (MAb) and the production of these antibodies in culture and peritoneum can be affected by different factors, including stimulants, inhibitors and supplements. Among these factors, the impact of micronutrients on the production of MAbs by mouse hybridoma cells has not fully been explored. In this study the murine hybridoma cells, M3C5, were cultured and treated with different concentrations of ATRA and DHA, alone, in combinations, and at different time of exposure. Then, changes in the production of MAb in culture medium were evaluated using ELISA. The hybridoma cells after single and combined treatment with ATRA, DHA and vehicles were IP injected to Balb/c mice and the changes in production of MAb in ascites were determined by ELISA. The results showed that single and combined treatment of ATRA and DHA elevated the production of MAb by hybridoma cells in both in vivo and in vitro. The production of MAb following in vitro single treatment with 1 µM of ATRA and 10 µM of DHA for 2 days was significantly increased. The in vitro effects of ATRA on increase of MAb production was obtained more than DHA. The MAb productions in combined treatment with 0.5 µΜ of ATRA plus 5 µΜ of DHA were significantly increased in in vivo and in vitro. However, the effect of DHA was obtained more significant in in vivo conditions. The results of this study showed for the first time that in vitro and in vivo treatments of ATRA and DHA could increase the production of MAb in mouse M3C5 hybridoma cells.

The role of interleukin-23 in stability of in vitro T helper-17 cells.

Interleukin (IL)-17-producing T helper (Th)-17 cells have recently been explained as a distinct population of CD4+ T cells which play an important role in immunity against infectious agents. Establishment of persistent phenotype of Th17 cells and recognition of lineage-deviating factors are of most attractive goals in modern researches in immunology. Although IL-6 and TGF-ß are frequently used to differentiate naive T cells to Th17 phenotype in mouse models, the application of IL-23 and its importance in preventing cells from plasticity needs to be more investigated. Our main objective was to evaluate the role of IL-23 in Th17 to Th1 plasticity. In this research project, we generated in vitro Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-specific Th17 cells in the presence of TGF-ß, IL-6, IL-23 and peptide MOG35-55. Th17 development was confirmed by assessment of relevant transcription factors and secreted cytokines by flowcytometry and ELISA, respectively. Th17 to Th1 plasticity was monitored by consecutive samplings in different time points without any extra supplementation of IL-23. Cell culture supernatant was evaluated for Interferon (IFN)-γ secretion and cells were evaluated for intracellular expression of this cytokine. Our results showed that the employed method was relatively convenient in developing antigen-specific Th17 cells. We also showed that IL-23 deprivation which happens by prolongation of culture period, can convert IL-17 producing cells to IFN-γ secreting Th1 phenotype. IL-23 can be considered as a Th17 phenotype stabilizing factor for in-vitro developed lineages.

Specificity and isotype of Rh specific antibodies produced by human B-cell lines established from alloimmunized Rh negative women.

Despite the successful outcome of anti-D prophylaxis program, alloimmunization still occurs. The aim of this study was to examine the specificity and isotype of anti-Rh antibodies in plasma samples of Rh negative alloimmunized individuals and to study the same parameters in lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) generated from the same donors. Specificity of anti-Rh antibodies was determined in plasma of nine alloimmunized subjects by direct hemagglutination using a panel of known RBC genotypes and isotype of specific antibodies were identified by an antigen specific ELISA. Similar methods were employed to determine specificity and isotype of antibodies produced by Rh specific LCLs established from four donors. LCLs were generated by Epstein-Barr virus transformation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from each donor followed by their culture over a feeder of human fetal fibroblasts. Upon emergence of lymphoblastoid cells, culture supernatants were assayed for presence of Rh specific antibody by hemagglutination assay. Anti-D was the predominant antibody in both plasma samples and among the 128 established LCLs; however, antibodies to other Rh specificities namely C and E were also produced. The isotype of anti-Rh antibody in all plasma samples was found to be IgG, predominantly IgG1, combined in 7 samples with IgM. Similarly 76%, 9.2% and 14.8% of LCLs were determined to produce antibody of IgG, IgM and of both isotypes, respectively. The data supported that the D antigen is the immunodominant component of the Rh system as indicated by the in vitro and in vivo profiles of Rh specificities in our alloimmunized subjects.