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Coccidiosis is a highly significant disease in domestic animals due to its global distribution and economic impact. The occurrence of oxidative stress (OS) and the acute phase response (APR) play crucial roles in the development of coccidiosis, thereby contributing to the pathogenicity of coccidia. A range of triggers including parasitic infection, can induce the APR. This response encompasses a set of hormonal and metabolic changes to restore body stability and improve the body's healing capabilities. Ovine coccidiosis has the potential to cause OS, which can be prevented and treated through the use of dietary additives. By including Curcuma longa in the diets of infected sheep, it is possible to reduce lipid peroxidation (LPO) and nitric oxide (NO) production, while simultaneously improving serum antioxidant capacity and interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels. Caprine coccidiosis can activate the APR. Research indicated that goats suffering from coccidiosis exhibited elevated concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and total homocysteine, along with reduced levels of some enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR), as well as decreased levels of zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), selenium (Se), vitamin C, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Bovine coccidiosis is linked to elevated MDA concentrations and reduced serum glutathione (GSH) and TAC levels. Eimeria can induce OS and inflammatory damage in infected birds by releasing pro-inflammatory mediators from cells, resulting in a significant increase in CAT and SOD activity, lipid peroxidation and damage to the intestinal epithelium. To promote the antioxidant system of infected birds, some herbal food additives such as grape seed proanthocyanidine extract, Curcuma longa and Rumex nervosus leaf extract, can be used. Research on the APR in birds is not as extensive as in ruminants. Currently, there is a lack of studies on the occurrence of OS and APR in camels, horses, dogs, and cats with coccidiosis.
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Cryptosporidium, a monoxenous apicomplexan coccidia, is a prevalent diarrhetic and an opportunistic agent, mainly in immunocompromised individuals. As there are few chemotherapeutic compounds that have limited efficacy, we need to identify new compounds or specific parasite targets for designing more potent drugs to treat cryptosporidiosis. Herbal products with low toxicity, environmental compatibility, wide therapeutic potential, and abundant resources can be considered alternatives for treatment. The current review tried to summarize the studies on plants or herbal bioactive constituents with anti-cryptosporidial activities. Based on constituents, plants act via different mechanisms, and further investigations are needed to clarify the exact mechanisms by which they act on the developmental stages of the parasite or host-parasite relationships.
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Coccídios , Criptosporidiose , Cryptosporidium , Humanos , Criptosporidiose/tratamento farmacológico , Criptosporidiose/parasitologia , Interações Hospedeiro-ParasitaRESUMO
Parasitic blood diseases (theileriosis, babesiosis, anaplasmosis, and trypanosomiasis) are common in regions where the distributions of the hosts, parasites, and vectors are convergent. They endanger animal production, and a few are also harmful to public health. The acute phase reaction (APR) is a complex, non-specific reaction that occurs in various events, including surgical trauma, infection, stress, inflammation, and neoplasia. To understand pathogenesis, we must study APR effects and acute phase proteins (APPs) alterations in naturally occurring and experimental infections. The elevation of haptoglobin (Hp), Serum amyloid A (SAA), and fibrinogen concentrations was markedly significant in bovine and ovine theileriosis. Hp, SAA, ceruloplasmin, and fibrinogen concentrations in anaplasmosis were dramatically elevated. A significant increase in SAA was observed in bovine babesiosis, while ovine babesiosis showed a significant rise in sialic acid levels. In cases of trypanosomiasis caused by T. vivax, there have been reports of elevated levels of Hp, complement C3, and antitrypsin. Improving our understanding of APR could result in more effective methods for diagnosis, treatment, control, and eradication of diseases. The article provides an overview of APPs alterations and other inflammation-related parameters (some cytokines, adenosine deaminase, and sialic acids) in parasitic blood diseases of ruminants.
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Anaplasmose , Babesiose , Doenças dos Bovinos , Doenças Hematológicas , Parasitos , Doenças dos Ovinos , Theileriose , Tripanossomíase , Animais , Ovinos , Bovinos , Reação de Fase Aguda/veterinária , Babesiose/parasitologia , Proteína Amiloide A Sérica/metabolismo , Ruminantes , Haptoglobinas/metabolismo , Fibrinogênio , Tripanossomíase/veterinária , Doenças Hematológicas/veterináriaRESUMO
The authors present a case of a patient with a hypoplastic right vertebral artery (VA) ending in the posterior inferior cerebellar artery who sustained an acute onset basilar artery occlusion. A balloon-guided catheter was used to proximally occlude the dominant left VA, and aspiration was applied until reversal of flow was achieved in the basilar artery. Thus, basilar artery reperfusion was achieved without the need for stent-retrieval thrombectomy. We believe this represents the first described case of successful thrombectomy in the vertebrobasilar system using only proximal artery occlusion and aspiration. This novel technique may decrease the time to recanalization and improve outcomes for patients with acute basilar artery occlusion in the setting of a hypoplastic contralateral VA.
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Piroplasmida is an order of economically important blood parasites, including Babesia, Theileria, and Cytauxzoon, transmitted to mammals by ticks. Oxidative stress is a state in which the balance between oxidants and antioxidants is disturbed so that antioxidants cannot compensate for the harmful effects of oxidants. Due to the high concentration of oxygen and hemoglobin in red blood cells (RBCs), these are among the first cells exposed to oxidative damage. When RBCs are exposed to oxidative stress, their hemoglobin is oxidized, and lipid peroxidation leads to membrane instability, deformation, hemolysis, and anemia. Oxidative stress has a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of these parasites. In the present review article, we collected studies on the oxidative stress caused by Piroplasmida in domestic animals. What is obtained from the total review of studies conducted on piroplasmosis revealed that in these infections, the host faces oxidative stress, and the resultant oxidative injury plays a fundamental role in their pathogenicity. Further studies are needed to be carried out on the more precise role of oxidative stress, the use of more sensitive diagnostic biomarkers, and the possible therapeutic role of antioxidant agents in piroplasmosis.
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Babesiose , Piroplasmida , Animais , Animais Domésticos , Estresse Oxidativo , Antioxidantes , Hemoglobinas , Oxidantes , MamíferosRESUMO
Linguatula serrata is an important zoonotic parasite with worldwide distribution. The objective of the present study was to investigate the molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of nymphal stage of L. serrata from camels, goats and sheep in Iran. The mesenteric lymph nodes were collected from various ruminants including goats, sheep and camels at Isfahan and Shiraz slaughterhouses and the nymphs were identified using morphological characteristics. After DNA extraction, the 18 S rRNA and Cox1 genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction. The sequencing of the genes was conducted using specific primers and a capillary DNA analyzer. The comparison of amplified sequences with existing data confirmed the presence of L. serrata with 99.6-100% nucleotide sequence similarity. Based on 18 S rRNA and Cox1 sequences, two isolates collected from sheep revealed 100% and 99.9% sequence identity, respectively. Also, three isolates from camel had 99.64-100% and 99.7-100% homology. Two isolates from sheep had 100% identity in their 18SrRNA gene and were categorized together, but showed 99.9% similarity in the Cox1 gene, not clustering together. Phylogenetic analysis of the Cox1 gene classified nearly all the isolates into L. arctica clade. It can be concluded that 18 S rRNA and Cox1 genes sequencing can be a proper method for the analysis of phylogenetic relationships of L. serrata among different hosts in different parts of Iran, possibly helpful for infection control and prevention.
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BACKGROUND: Optimal management of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) secondary to intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) refractory to conventional mechanical thrombectomy remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the clinical outcome of patients undergoing rescue intracranial balloon angioplasty with or without stent placement in the setting of AIS in our institution. METHODS: This is a retrospective single-arm observational study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of rescue balloon angioplasty with or without stent placement in emergent large vessel occlusion (EVLO) strokes with underlying ICAD. We included all patients undergoing such rescue intervention within 24 hours of AIS presentation with EVLO between 2017 and 2021. We further evaluated stent or vessel reocclusion. RESULTS: Of 20 patients undergoing rescue intervention, 3 cases achieved adequate recanalization of artery using balloon angioplasty alone. Seventeen patients required stent placement. Fourteen (70%) procedures resulted in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale improvement in postprocedure and upon discharge. Among 6 (30%) procedures with worsening neurological measures, 3 had reoccluded stent 24-48 hours after procedure, 2 had symptomatic hemorrhagic conversion, and 1 had perforator occlusion. Nine patients (45%) had favorable functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale ≤2) at discharge, unchanged or improved at 3-month follow-up. The median modified Rankin Scale score was 4 (Interquartile range: 1.75-4) at discharge, improving to 3 (Interquartile range: 0-4) at 3-month follow-up. Two patients (10%) died during hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS: Rescue angioplasty with or without stenting can lead to significant clinical improvement in patients with ICAD presenting with ELVO and refractory to thrombectomy; however, this procedure is associated with a high rate of morbidity in acute setting.
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Angioplastia com Balão , Arteriosclerose Intracraniana , AVC Isquêmico , Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Humanos , Estudos Retrospectivos , AVC Isquêmico/etiologia , Resultado do Tratamento , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/complicações , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/cirurgia , Angioplastia/métodos , Trombectomia/métodos , Stents , Arteriosclerose Intracraniana/complicações , Arteriosclerose Intracraniana/cirurgiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is one of the fatal cancers of the Central Nervous System (CNS). A variety of reasons exist for why previous immunotherapy strategies, especially Immune Checkpoint Blockers (ICBs), did not work in treating GBM patients. The cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) is a key immune checkpoint receptor. Its overexpression in cancer and immune cells causes tumor cell progression. CTLA-4 suppresses anti-tumor responses inside the GBM tumor-immune microenvironment. AREAS COVERED: It has been attempted to explain the immunobiology of CTLA-4 as well as its interaction with different immune cells and cancer cells that lead to GBM progression. Additionally, CTLA-4 targeting studies have been reviewed and CTLA-4 combination therapy, as a promising therapeutic target and strategy for GBM immunotherapy, is recommended. EXPERT OPINION: CTLA-4 could be a possible supplement for future cancer immunotherapies of GBM. However, many challenges remain such as the high toxicity of CTLA-4 blockers, and the unresponsiveness of most patients to immunotherapy. For the future clinical success of CTLA-4 blocker therapy, combination approaches with other targeted treatments would be a potentially effective strategy. Going forward, predictive biomarkers can be used to reduce trial timelines and increase the chance of success.
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Neoplasias Encefálicas , Glioblastoma , Humanos , Neoplasias Encefálicas/tratamento farmacológico , Terapia Combinada , Antígeno CTLA-4/uso terapêutico , Glioblastoma/tratamento farmacológico , Imunoterapia , Microambiente Tumoral , Antígenos B7/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The problem of resistance to antiparasitic drugs, associated with their side effects, suggest exploring other alternatives, including medicinal plants. Dracocephalum kotschyi (D. kotschyi), for example, from Lamiaceae family, is a plant widely used in Iran and in many countries, and to which interesting pharmacological properties have been attributed. This study aimed to investigate in vitro and in vivo anti-Toxoplasma activities of D. kotschyi extract in experimental models of acute toxoplasmosis. METHODS: Anti-Toxoplasma activity of the extracts in vitro was performed on Vero Cell, using the MTT test. Vero cell were infected with (3 × 105 tachyzoites/well) following treatment with Dichloromethane (F1), dichloromethane: methanol (F2), methanol (F3), methanol: water (F4), and deionized water (F5) extracts of D. kotschyi, and pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine (positive control). MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) was used to measure cell viability. Effects of extracts on tachyzoites viability were evaluated by trypan blue exclusion method, followed by light microscopy. For in vivo test, 18 groups of 8-10-week-old Inbred Balb/c mice weighing 18-20 g, were intraperitoneally infected with 2 × 103 tachyzoites and then treated with sterile PBS (negative control), pyrimethamine (25 mg/kg) and sulfadiazine (500 mg/kg) as positive controls, and F1 to F5 extracts (at doses 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg). RESULTS: The 50% Inhibitory Concentration of F1 extract, F2 extract, Sulfadiazine (Positive control) and Pyrimethamine (Positive control) were 8.77 µg, 7.1 µg 391.18 µg, and 84.20 µg, respectively, while the selectivity indices were 15.667, 30.197, 1.552 and 4.064, respectively. In vivo anti-Toxoplasma activity test showed that Methanol: water (F-4) 50 extract was more active than the positive control. CONCLUSIONS: Indeed, the extract allowed a survival rate of 10% of the mice, compared to 0% for all the other groups. D. kotschyi has the potential to be valorized in the management of toxoplasmosis.
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Lamiaceae , Toxoplasma , Toxoplasmose , Animais , Camundongos , Modelos Teóricos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Toxoplasmose/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
The future of healthcare is an organic blend of technology, innovation, and human connection. As artificial intelligence (AI) is gradually becoming a go-to technology in healthcare to improve efficiency and outcomes, we must understand our limitations. We should realize that our goal is not only to provide faster and more efficient care, but also to deliver an integrated solution to ensure that the care is fair and not biased to a group of sub-population. In this context, the field of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases, which encompasses a wide range of conditions-from heart failure to stroke-has made some advances to provide assistive tools to care providers. This article aimed to provide an overall thematic review of recent development focusing on various AI applications in cardio-cerebrovascular diseases to identify gaps and potential areas of improvement. If well designed, technological engines have the potential to improve healthcare access and equitability while reducing overall costs, diagnostic errors, and disparity in a system that affects patients and providers and strives for efficiency.
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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Combining intra-arterial mechanical thrombectomy (IAMT) and intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) has shown to have an excellent recanalization rate and better clinical outcome in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients. Hyperdense middle cerebral artery sign (HMCAS) on pretreatment non-contrast head CT scan of AIS patients is one of the early ischemic radiological findings in middle cerebral artery territory AIS. We aimed to evaluate whether the presence of HMCAS predicts the outcome of AIS patients receiving combination therapy with IAMT and IVT. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed medical records and cerebrovascular images of the patients treated with IAMT and IVT for AIS in our center. Patients with occlusion in the terminal internal carotid artery or middle cerebral artery on pretreatment CT angiogram of the head were included. Clinical outcome was compared between subjects with HMCAS and those without. Modified Rankin Score (mRS) and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) were used as measures of efficacy and safety, respectively. RESULTS: Of 93 patients, 46 (49%) had HMCAS on their initial head CT scan. Both groups had comparable baseline characteristics and stroke severity. After adjusting for age, NIHSS score, time from symptom onset to starting IVT, and history of diabetes mellitus in multivariate logistic regression analysis, there was no difference in terms of a poor outcome (mRS >2) (OR = 0.5 [CI 0.2-1.4], p = 0.188) or rate of sICH (OR = 3.3 [CI 0.6-19.0], p = 0.190) between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: HMCAS is not a predictor of poor outcome in AIS patients receiving combination therapy with IAMT and IVT and does not affect treatment safety.
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Isquemia Encefálica , Trombólise Mecânica , Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Isquemia Encefálica/complicações , Isquemia Encefálica/diagnóstico por imagem , Isquemia Encefálica/tratamento farmacológico , Fibrinolíticos/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Artéria Cerebral Média/diagnóstico por imagem , Estudos Retrospectivos , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/diagnóstico por imagem , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/tratamento farmacológico , Trombectomia , Terapia Trombolítica , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Despite improvements in treatment, stroke remains a leading cause of mortality and long-term disability. In this study, we leveraged administrative data to build predictive models of short- and long-term post-stroke all-cause-mortality. METHODS: The study was conducted and reported according to the Transparent Reporting of a multivariable prediction model for Individual Prognosis Or Diagnosis (TRIPOD) guideline. We used patient-level data from electronic health records, three algorithms, and six prediction windows to develop models for post-stroke mortality. RESULTS: We included 7144 patients from which 5347 had survived their ischemic stroke after two years. The proportion of mortality was between 8%(605/7144) within 1-month, to 25%(1797/7144) for the 2-years window. The three most common comorbidities were hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes. The best Area Under the ROC curve(AUROC) was reached with the Random Forest model at 0.82 for the 1-month prediction window. The negative predictive value (NPV) was highest for the shorter prediction windows - 0.91 for the 1-month - and the best positive predictive value (PPV) was reached for the 6-months prediction window at 0.92. Age, hemoglobin levels, and body mass index were the top associated factors. Laboratory variables had higher importance when compared to past medical history and comorbidities. Hypercoagulation state, smoking, and end-stage renal disease were more strongly associated with long-term mortality. CONCLUSION: All the selected algorithms could be trained to predict the short and long-term mortality after stroke. The factors associated with mortality differed depending on the prediction window. Our classifier highlighted the importance of controlling risk factors, as indicated by laboratory measures.
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Isquemia Encefálica , AVC Isquêmico , Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Isquemia Encefálica/complicações , Humanos , Aprendizado de Máquina , Curva ROCRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Current guidelines allow the administration of intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (IV r-tPA) to warfarin-treated patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) who have an international normalized ratio (INR) of ≤1.7. However, concerns remain about the safety of using IV r-tPA in this situation due to a conceivable risk of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH), lack of dedicated randomized controlled trials and the conflicts in the available data. We aimed to determine the risk of sICH in warfarin-treated patients with subtherapeutic INR who received IV r-tPA for AIS in our large volume comprehensive center. METHODS: Patients who had received IV r-tPA for AIS in a 9.6-year period were retrospectively investigated (nâ¯=â¯834). Patients taking warfarin prior to presentation were identified (nâ¯=â¯55). One patient was excluded due to elevated INR beyond the acceptable range for IV r-tPA treatment. Because of the significant difference in the sample size (54 vs 779), warfarin group was matched with 54 non-warfarin patients adjusted for independent risk factors for sICH (age, admission NIHSS, history of diabetes). Good outcome was defined as mRS of 0-2 on discharge and sICH was defined as an ICH causing increase in NIHSS ≥4 or death. Warfarin-treated group was further dichotomized based on INR (1-1.3 vs 1.3-1.7) and safety and outcome measures were compared between resultant groups. RESULTS: No significant difference was found between warfarin-treated and the non-warfarin groups in terms of chance of good outcome on discharge (27.8% in warfarin group vs 26.4% in non-warfarin group; p-value >0.05), or the rate of occurrence of sICH (3.7% in warfarin group vs 11.1% in non-warfarin group; p-value >0.05). Furthermore, rate of sICH (5.1% in patients with INR <1.3 versus 0.0% in patients with INR 1.3-1.7; p-value >0.05) or chance of good outcome on discharge (28.2% of patients with INR <1.3 versus 26.7% in patients with INR 1.3-1.7; p-value >0.05) were not found to be different after the warfarin-treated group was dichotomized. CONCLUSION: Administration of IV r-tPA for AIS in warfarin-treated patients with subtherapeutic INR <1.7 does not increase the risk of sICH.
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Anticoagulantes/uso terapêutico , Monitoramento de Medicamentos , Fibrinolíticos/administração & dosagem , Coeficiente Internacional Normatizado , AVC Isquêmico/tratamento farmacológico , Terapia Trombolítica , Ativador de Plasminogênio Tecidual/administração & dosagem , Varfarina/uso terapêutico , Administração Intravenosa , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Anticoagulantes/efeitos adversos , Hemorragia Cerebral/induzido quimicamente , Tomada de Decisão Clínica , Bases de Dados Factuais , Feminino , Fibrinolíticos/efeitos adversos , Humanos , AVC Isquêmico/sangue , AVC Isquêmico/diagnóstico , AVC Isquêmico/mortalidade , Masculino , New York , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Estudos Retrospectivos , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Terapia Trombolítica/efeitos adversos , Terapia Trombolítica/mortalidade , Fatores de Tempo , Ativador de Plasminogênio Tecidual/efeitos adversos , Resultado do Tratamento , Varfarina/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic parasite of worldwide importance, responsible for toxoplasmosis in homeotherms. Although treatment options are readily available, most drugs often cause serious side effects. Extracts of Dracocephalum kotschyi (D. kotschyi) have shown significant pharmacological activity against various parasites, viruses, and bacteria. In this study, we evaluated the anti-T. gondii activity in vitro and in vivo of D. kotschyi essential oil. The thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method was used to assess the anti-T. gondii activity and cytotoxicity of the essential oil. The presence of T. gondii was observed by Giemsa staining, and the viability was evaluated by the trypan blue staining method. Furthermore, the survival rate of acutely infected mice was evaluated by intraperitoneal injecting of the essential oil (50, 100, and 200 mg kg-1 day-1) for five days after infection with 2 × 104 tachyzoites. Essential oil, negative, and positive controls that showed the best toxoplasmacidal activity were assayed in triplicate at each concentration. The essential oil exhibited the highest anti-Toxoplasma activity with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 9.94 ± 0.38 µg, with a selectivity index of 2.463. On Vero cells, the CC50 of the oil was 24.49 ± 0.96 µg and exhibited a significant anti-Toxoplasma activity. Moreover, the treatment by essential oil significantly increased the survival rate compared to untreated infected control. In conclusion, the essential oil might be a useful compound, and with more testing, it may be an excellent alternative to standard chemical drugs in the treatment of toxoplasmosis.
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Equines are subject to infection with many parasites, which threaten their health. In the present study, we systematically reviewed existing literature on the prevalence of endo- and ectoparasites of equines in Iran. Major electronic databases, including PubMed, PubMed Central, Google Scholar, Science Direct and Scientific Information Database (SID), were searched (Last updated 11/05/2018) for relevant literature of parasites that have been identified from equines in Iran. Of the 1809 titles produced by bibliographic search, 38 were included in the review. Twenty-seven of the studies were on horses, six on donkeys, three on both horses and donkeys, and one study was on both horses and mules. Furthermore, 24 of the studies reported infections caused by protozoa, thirteen by helminths, two by ectoparasites, and one by both protozoa and helminths. The overall pooled prevalence of parasitic infection was 28.8% (95%CI: 22.9-35.7, I2 = 93.4%). Helminths were the most prevalent parasites 46.7% (95% CI: 24.1-70.7, I2 = 96.0%). Furthermore, donkeys were the most affected equine, with a prevalence of 70.7% (95% CI: 53.2-83.7, I2 = 92.5%). The protozoa frequently reported included nine species belonging to the genera: Neospora, Toxoplasma, Theileria, Babesia and Eimeria. Also, the helminths frequently reported included 21 species belonging to the genera: Strongylus, Dicrocoelium, Oxyuris, Habronema, Echinococcus, Dictyocaulus, Cyathostomum, Probstmayria, Anoplocephala, Setaria and Fasciola. Ticks were the only ectoparasites frequently reported. Parasitic fly species of the genera Gasterophilus were also reported. The study-level risk of bias was likely to be high because of differences in study design. Parasitic infections of equines in Iran are frequent and caused by a diversity of parasites, which threatens the health and well-being of these animals. Further research is needed in the area to identify the risk factors of infection for effective control of the parasites.
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Ectoparasitoses/veterinária , Helmintíase Animal/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Cavalos/epidemiologia , Infecções Protozoárias em Animais/epidemiologia , Animais , Ectoparasitoses/epidemiologia , Ectoparasitoses/parasitologia , Helmintíase Animal/parasitologia , Doenças dos Cavalos/parasitologia , Cavalos , Irã (Geográfico)/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Infecções Protozoárias em Animais/parasitologiaRESUMO
One hundred and twenty one-day-old chukar partridges were randomly divided into eight groups which received diets with different supplementations. There were four unchallenged groups. One group received salinomycin (50 ppm), two groups received cinnamaldehyde (CINN) (100 and 200 mg/kg of diet), and another one received only the basal diet from the 1st to the 31st day. There were also four corresponding groups orally challenged by 3 × 105Eimeria kofoidi sporulated oocysts at the 21st day. Three samplings were done at the 24th, 26th, and 31st days of rearing for pathological and biochemical assessments. Fecal samples were daily taken to check the pattern of oocyst shedding from the 26th to 31st day. The body weight of birds was measured at 21st and 31st days. Along with the in vivo experiment, an in vitro sporulation inhibition test was carried out. The in vitro results showed that CINN decreased sporulation rate at 1 and 0.5 mg/ml. In vivo, it was found that CINN did not prevent the oocyst shedding. Furthermore, the histopathological findings revealed that CINN and salinomycin had no effect on infection establishment. However, our findings showed that CINN (200 mg/kg of diet) could enhance the body weight and improve antioxidant status. Although our results did not support the in vivo anticoccidial activity of CINN, it had a promising potential to improve antioxidant status and body weight in the chukar partridge.
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Acroleína/análogos & derivados , Doenças das Aves/parasitologia , Coccidiose/veterinária , Eimeria/efeitos dos fármacos , Galliformes/parasitologia , Acroleína/farmacologia , Acroleína/uso terapêutico , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Doenças das Aves/tratamento farmacológico , Peso Corporal , Coccidiose/tratamento farmacológico , Coccidiose/parasitologia , Coccidiostáticos/farmacologia , Coccidiostáticos/uso terapêutico , Fezes/parasitologia , Galliformes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Intestinos/parasitologia , Intestinos/patologia , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas/veterinária , Piranos/farmacologia , Piranos/uso terapêutico , Distribuição Aleatória , Esporos de Protozoários/efeitos dos fármacos , Esporos de Protozoários/fisiologia , Aumento de Peso/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Cardiac mapping has witnessed significant and unprecedented progress over more than a century. At present, several mapping/imaging technologies are commercially available, alone or in combination. This article briefly discusses the advantages and limitations (disadvantages) of each technique.
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Arritmias Cardíacas/diagnóstico , Eletrocardiografia , Técnicas Eletrofisiológicas Cardíacas , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Técnicas de Imagem Cardíaca , Coração/diagnóstico por imagem , HumanosRESUMO
The larvae of the genus Przhevalskiana (Diptera: Oestridae) are the causative agents of subcutaneous myiasis in goats. Several species have been grouped under this genus based on the morphology of different larval stages, albeit with a lot of uncertainties. Thus, application of genetic tools seems to be helpful for taxonomy. During this study, the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene was targeted for the characterization of larval stages of goat warble fly. Fragments of 606 bp were amplified for all the specimens. Based on the COI gene analysis, all the recovered specimens were identified as larvae of Przhevalskiana silenus. Molecular data on the genus is relatively rare but present isolates revealed about 87-89% identity with previous isolates of P. silenus. According to the phylogenetic data, the present isolates branched (as a sister group) with a number of Hypoderma spp. including H. bovis, H. diana, H. lineatum and H. sinense. The present findings confirmed that the COI gene could be a suitable marker for genetic characterization and identification of larvae up to the species level.
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In the present study, a total of 615 fecal samples from veterinary clinics were screened by microscopy for the presence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia oocysts. Molecular genotyping of Cryptosporidium and Giardia were carried out using PCR and sequence analysis. Overall, Cryptosporidium and Giardia oocysts were detected in the 0.6% (2/315) and 1.9% (6/315) of dogs and in the 0.7% (2/300) and 1.3% (4/300) of cats, respectively. Sequencing revealed the presence of C. canis (n = 2) in dogs and C. felis (n = 2) in cats. Moreover, G. intestinalisassemblage D (n = 2), C (n = 3) and A, sub-assemblage AII (n = 1) were identified in dogs; G. intestinalis assemblage F (n = 3) and assemblage A, sub-assemblage AI (n = 1) were identified in cats. The highest prevalence of Giardia was observed in dogs younger than one year (6/315), and in those with diarrhea (p < 0.05). Data of the study suggest that dogs and cats play a minor role in the zoonotic transmission of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis in Southwestern Iran.
Assuntos
Doenças do Gato/epidemiologia , Criptosporidiose/epidemiologia , Cryptosporidium/genética , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Giardia lamblia/genética , Giardíase/veterinária , Animais , Doenças do Gato/parasitologia , Gatos , Criptosporidiose/parasitologia , Cryptosporidium/classificação , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Cães , Fezes/parasitologia , Giardia lamblia/classificação , Giardíase/epidemiologia , Giardíase/parasitologia , Irã (Geográfico)/epidemiologia , PrevalênciaRESUMO
Members of the genus Cryptosporidium are frequent protozoan pathogens in humans and a wide range of animals. There is no consistently effective treatment against cryptosporidiosis, especially in immunodeficient patients. The present study was carried out to study the therapeutic effects of curcumin against cryptosporidiosis in immunosuppressed BALB/c mice. Mice were divided into five groups and immunosuppressed by dexamethasone. Three groups were inoculated with C. parvum oocysts, administered with curcumin, paromomycin, and without treatment. The reminders were regarded as controls. The oocysts in the fecal smear were counted daily. At days 0, 3, 7, and 11 post-treatment, the mice were sacrificed, and the efficacy of drugs was evaluated by comparing the histopathological alterations in jejunum and ileum, measuring the total antioxidant capacity, and malondialdehyde in the affected tissues. The infection was completely eliminated in the curcumin-treated group, and oocyst shedding stopped with no recurrence after drug withdrawal. On the contrary, paromomycin was unable to eliminate C. parvum infection completely, and oocyst shedding continued even 10 days after the drug withdrawal. Based on these findings, curcumin can be a trustworthy compound for the elimination of infection in immunosuppressed hosts. Further evaluation to find its accurate mechanism of action should be considered.