The effect of Sb-surfactant on GaInP CuPtB type ordering: assessment through dark field TEM and aberration corrected HAADF imaging.

We report on the effect of Sb on the microstructure of GaInP layers grown by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE). These layers exhibit a CuPtB single variant ordering due to the intentional misorientation of the substrate (Ge(001) substrates with 6° misorientation towards the nearest [111] axis). The use of Sb as a surfactant during the GaInP growth does not modify the type of ordering, but it is found that the order parameter (η) decreases with increasing Sb flux. Dark field microscopy reveals a variation of the angle of the antiphase boundaries (APBs) with Sb amount. The microstructure is assessed through high angle annular dark field (HAADF) experiments and image simulation revealing Z-contrast loss in APBs due to the superposition of ordered domains.

Evidence of a minority monoclinic LaNiO2.5 phase in lanthanum nickelate thin films.

LaNiO3 (LNO) thin films of 14 nm and 35 nm thicknesses grown epitaxially on LaAlO3 (LAO) and (LaAlO3)0.3(Sr2TaAlO6)0.7 (LSAT) substrates are studied using High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) and High Angle Annular Dark Field (HAADF) imaging. The strain state of the films is studied using Geometric Phase Analysis (GPA). Results show the successful in-plane adaptation of the films to the substrates, both in the compressive (LAO) and tensile (LSAT) cases. Through the systematic analysis of HRTEM superstructure contrast modulation along different crystal orientations, localized regions of the monoclinic LaNiO2.5 phase are detected in the 35 nm films.

Ti diffusion in (001) SrTiO3-CoFe2O4 epitaxial heterostructures: blocking role of a MgAl2O4 buffer.

Titanium diffusion from (001) SrTiO3 (STO) substrates into CoFe2O4 (CFO) films grown using pulsed laser deposition is reported. To elucidate the reasons for Ti interdiffusion, a comparative study of CFO films grown on MgAl2O4 (MAO) and STO substrates, buffered by thin STO and MAO layers, has been made. It is shown that whereas bottom STO layers always result in Ti migration, a thin MAO layer, only 8 nm thick, is effective in blocking it. We argue that this success relies on the lower mobility of Ti ions in the MAO lattice compared to that of CFO. This result should contribute to the development of high quality epitaxial heterostructures of dissimilar complex oxides.

The direct magnetoelectric effect in ferroelectric-ferromagnetic epitaxial heterostructures.

Ferroelectric (FE) and ferromagnetic (FM) materials engineered in horizontal heterostructures allow interface-mediated magnetoelectric coupling. The so-called converse magnetoelectric effect (CME) has been already demonstrated by electric-field poling of the ferroelectric layers and subsequent modification of the magnetic state of adjacent ferromagnetic layers by strain effects and/or free-carrier density tuning. Here we focus on the direct magnetoelectric effect (DME) where the dielectric state of a ferroelectric thin film is modified by a magnetic field. Ferroelectric BaTiO3 (BTO) and ferromagnetic CoFe2O4 (CFO) oxide thin films have been used to create epitaxial FE/FM and FM/FE heterostructures on SrTiO3(001) substrates buffered with metallic SrRuO3. It will be shown that large ferroelectric polarization and DME can be obtained by appropriate selection of the stacking order of the FE and FM films and their relative thicknesses. The dielectric permittivity, at the structural transitions of BTO, is strongly modified (up to 36%) when measurements are performed under a magnetic field. Due to the insulating nature of the ferromagnetic layer and the concomitant absence of the electric-field effect, the observed DME effect solely results from the magnetostrictive response of CFO elastically coupled to the BTO layer. These findings show that appropriate architecture and materials selection allow overcoming substrate-induced clamping in multiferroic multi-layered films.

A new approach for 3D reconstruction from bright field TEM imaging: beam precession assisted electron tomography.

The successful combination of electron beam precession and bright field electron tomography for 3D reconstruction is reported. Beam precession is demonstrated to be a powerful technique to reduce the contrast artifacts due to diffraction and curvature in thin foils. Taking advantage of these benefits, Precession assisted electron tomography has been applied to reconstruct the morphology of Sn precipitates embedded in an Al matrix, from a tilt series acquired in a range from +49° to -61° at intervals of 2° and with a precession angle of 0.6° in bright field mode. The combination of electron tomography and beam precession in conventional TEM mode is proposed as an alternative procedure to obtain 3D reconstructions of nano-objects without a scanning system or a high angle annular dark field detector.

Blue-green to near-IR switching electroluminescence from Si-rich silicon oxide/nitride bilayer structures.

Blue-green to near-IR switching electroluminescence (EL) has been achieved in a metal-oxide-semiconductor light emitting device, where the dielectric has been replaced by a Si-rich silicon oxide/nitride bilayer structure. To form Si nanostructures, the layers were implanted with Si ions at high energy, resulting in a Si excess of 19%, and subsequently annealed at 1000 °C. Transmission electron microscopy and EL studies allowed ascribing the blue-green emission to the Si nitride related defects and the near-IR band with the emission of the Si-nanoclusters embedded into the SiO(2) layer. Charge transport analysis is reported and allows for identifying the origin of this two-wavelength switching effect.