Post-traumatic stress in older, community-dwelling adults with hypertension during the COVID-19 pandemic: An investigation of pre-pandemic sociodemographic, health, and vascular and inflammatory biomarker predictors.

COVID-19 pandemic-related traumatic stress (PRTS) symptoms are reported in various populations, but risk factors in older adults with chronic medical conditions, remain understudied. We therefore examined correlates and pre-pandemic predictors of PRTS in older adults with hypertension during COVID-19. Participants in California, aged 61-92 years (n = 95), participated in a pre-pandemic healthy aging trial and later completed a COVID-19 assessment (May to September 2020). Those experiencing ⩾1 PRTS symptom (n = 40), and those without PRTS symptoms (n = 55), were compared. The PRTS+ group had poorer mental and general health and greater impairment in instrumental activities of daily living. Pre-pandemic biomarkers of vascular inflammation did not predict increased odds of PRTS; however, greater pre-pandemic anxiety and female gender did predict PRTS during COVID-19. Our findings highlight PRTS as a threat to healthy aging in older adults with hypertension; targeted approaches are needed to mitigate this burden, particularly for females and those with pre-existing anxiety.

Survivors Overcoming and Achieving Resiliency (SOAR): Mindful Eating Practice for Breast Cancer Survivors in a Virtual Teaching Kitchen.

The practice of mindful eating brings awareness to food choices, brings attention to the eating experience, and encourages selecting and preparing food that is both satisfying and nourishing. We examined mindful eating in breast cancer survivors following a 9-week, multidisciplinary virtual teaching kitchen intervention called Survivors Overcoming and Achieving Resiliency (SOAR). SOAR engaged participants through weekly cooking classes that also taught multiple domains of mindfulness. Participants (n = 102) were breast cancer survivors and completed the Mindful Eating Questionnaire (MEQ) prior to and after completion of the intervention. Linear regression analyses examined relationships between the aspects of mindful eating and body mass index (BMI). Wilcoxon (paired) rank sum tests evaluated the significance of the change in the MEQ total sum and subscales scores. A total of 102 participants completed both the pre- and post-intervention surveys. The mean change between the pre- and post-SOAR MEQ summary scores was 0.12 (sd = 0.30; Wilcoxon p-value = 0.0003). All MEQ subscale scores significantly increased with the exception of the distraction subscale. The MEQ summary scores increased for participants across both BMI stratifications. The SOAR teaching kitchen represents one of the first interventions that is tailored for breast cancer survivors and combines behavioral strategies from mindful eating training to nutritional knowledge and culinary medicine pedagogy in a virtual teaching kitchen. Further research is needed to examine whether mindful eating practices among cancer survivors result in sustainable healthy eating behaviors and food choices consistent with the cancer risk reduction guidelines.

Tai Chi versus health education as a frailty intervention for community-dwelling older adults with hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Frailty is associated with poor outcomes among older adults with hypertension and complicates its pharmacological management. Here, we assessed whether 12-weeks of instructor-guided, group Tai Chi (TC) practice improved frailty relative to Healthy Aging Practice-centered Education (HAP-E) classes in older adults with hypertension. METHODS: Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial in San Diego County, USA, of 167 community-dwelling individuals aged ≥ 60 yrs (70% female; 72.1 ± 7.5 yrs), defined as non-frail (66%) or frail (34%) based on 53-item deficit accumulation frailty index (FI). Linear mixed-effects models were used to assess pre-to-post intervention differences in FI and logistic regression to explore differential odds of clinically meaningful FI change. RESULTS: One hundred thirty-one participants completed post-intervention assessments. Frailty decreased pre-to-post intervention in the TC (ΔFI = - 0.016, d = - 0.39, - 0.75 to - 0.03), but not the HAP-E arm (ΔFI = - 0.009, d = - 0.13, - 0.52-0.27), despite no significant group differences between the TC and HAP-E arms (d = - 0.11, - 0.46-0.23). Furthermore, greater odds of improved FI were observed for frail participants in the TC (OR = 3.84, 1.14-14.9), but not the HAP-E (OR = 1.34, 0.39-4.56) arm. Subgroup analysis indicated treatment effects in TC were attributed to frail participants (frail: ΔFI = - 0.035, d = - 0.68, -1.26 to - 0.08; non-frail: ΔFI = - 0.005, d = - 0.19, - 0.59-0.22), which was not the case in the HAP-E arm (frail: ΔFI = - 0.017, d = - 0.23, - 0.81-0.35; non-frail: ΔFI = - 0.003, d = - 0.07, - 0.47-0.33). Frail participants were no more likely to drop-out of the study than non-frail (71% vs. 69% retained). CONCLUSIONS: Twelve weeks of twice-weekly guided TC practice was well-tolerated, associated with decreases in frailty, and increased odds of clinically meaningful FI improvement at post-intervention.

Tai chi or health education for older adults with hypertension: effects on mental health and psychological resilience to COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of 12 weeks of community-based, in-person, group Tai Chi (TC) and Health Education (HAP-E) in improving health and wellbeing in older adults with hypertension and in promoting psychological resilience during COVID-19. METHODS: A 12-week randomized controlled trial (RCT) in San Diego County, USA. Self-reported depressive symptoms, anxiety, sleep disturbances, gratitude, resilience, mental and physical health were assessed in-person pre- and post-intervention, and by long-term follow-up surveys during COVID-19. Linear mixed-effects models were used to assess study arm differences over time and logistic regression to identify predictors of positive intervention response. RESULTS: Of 182 randomized participants (72.6 ± 7.9 yrs; 72% female), 131 completed the intervention. Modest improvements in health and wellbeing occurred post-intervention in both arms (Cohen's d: TC = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.25-0.51; HAP-E = 0.24, 0.11-0.37), though positive intervention responses were more than twice as likely in TC (OR = 2.29, 1.07-4.57). Younger age, higher anxiety, and poorer mental health at baseline predicted greater odds of response. Small declines in health and wellbeing were reported at the first COVID-19 follow-up, with smaller declines in the TC arm (Cohen's d: TC = -0.15, -0.31-0.00; HAP-E = -0.34, -0.49 to -0.19). Health and wellbeing stabilized at the second COVID-19 follow-up. Most participants (>70%) reported that the interventions benefitted their health and wellbeing during COVID-19. CONCLUSION: TC and HAP-E improved health and wellbeing, though TC conferred greater odds of an improved mental health response. Declines in health and wellbeing were observed at pandemic follow-up, with smaller declines in the TC arm, suggesting increased resilience.

Systemic Inflammation and Cognitive Decrements in Patients With Stage B Heart Failure.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the role of systemic inflammation in reduced cognitive functioning in patients with early-stage heart failure (HF) while determining associations with other cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS: Patients with stage B HF (n = 270; mean [standard deviation] age = 66.1 [10.1] years) were examined cross-sectionally for relationships among cardiovascular disease (CVD) and psychological risk factors, C-reactive protein (CRP), and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores. A subsample (n = 83) at high risk for stage C HF (B-type natriuretic peptide levels ≥65 pg/ml) were followed up for 12 months for relationships between CRP levels and cognitive function. RESULTS: Baseline smoking (χ2 = 6.33), unmarried (χ2 = 12.0), hypertension (χ2 = 5.72), greater body mass index (d = 0.45), and physical fatigue (d = 0.25) were related to higher CRP levels (p values < .05). Cross-sectionally, CRP levels were negatively related to MoCA scores, beyond CVD (ΔR2 = 0.022, ß = -0.170, p < .010) and psychological risk factors (ΔR2 = 0.016, ß = 0.145, p < .027), and related to mild cognitive impairment criteria (odds ratio = 1.35, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.00-1.81, p = .046). Across 12 months, B-type natriuretic peptide high-risk patients with CRP levels ≥3 mg/L had lower MoCA scores (23.6; 95% CI = 22.4-24.8) than did patients with CRP levels <3 mg/L (25.4; 95% CI = 24.4-26.5; p = .024). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with stage B HF and heightened CRP levels had greater cognitive impairment at baseline and follow-up, independent of CVD and potentially psychological risk factors. Low-grade systemic inflammation may be one mechanism involved in cognitive dysfunction at early stages of HF.

Effects of Caloric Intake and Aerobic Activity in Individuals with Prehypertension and Hypertension on Levels of Inflammatory, Adhesion and Prothrombotic Biomarkers-Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Cardiopulmonary fitness and low calorie diets have been shown to reduce inflammation but few studies have been conducted in individuals with elevated blood pressure (BP) in a randomized intervention setting. Thereby, adhesion biomarkers, e.g., soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM)-3, have not been examined so far. METHODS: Sixty-eight sedentary prehypertensive and mildly hypertensive individuals (mean age ± SEM: 45 ± 1 years; mean BP: 141/84 ± 1/1 mmHg) were randomized to one of three 12-week intervention groups: cardio training and caloric reduction, cardio training alone, or wait-list control group. Plasma levels of inflammatory, adhesion and prothrombotic biomarkers were assessed. In a second step, intervention groups were combined to one sample and multivariate regression analyses were applied in order to account for exercise and diet behavior changes. RESULTS: There were no significant differences among the intervention groups. In the combined sample, greater caloric reduction was associated with a larger increase of sICAM-3 (p = 0.026) and decrease of C-reactive protein (p = 0.018) as a result of the interventions. More cardio training was associated with increases of sICAM-3 (p = 0.046) as well as interleukin-6 (p = 0.004) and a decrease of tumor necrosis factor- (p = 0.017) levels. Higher BP predicted higher plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 (p = 0.001), and greater fitness predicted lower PAI-1 levels (p = 0.006) after the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: In prehypertensive and hypertensive patients, plasma levels of the adhesion molecule sICAM-3 and inflammatory biomarkers have different response patterns to cardio training with and without caloric reduction. Such anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic effects may have implications for the prevention of atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease among individuals at increased risk.

An exploratory randomized sub-study of light-to-moderate intensity exercise on cognitive function, depression symptoms and inflammation in older adults with heart failure.

OBJECTIVE: Almost half of patients with heart failure (HF) have cognitive impairment. While exercise relates to better cognitive health, a hallmark of HF is exercise intolerance. The study objective was to explore whether light-to-moderate exercise improves cognitive function in patients with HF. METHODS: This was an exploratory parallel design study of 69 patients with symptomatic HF (mean age = 65, SD = 10), recruited from VA and University of California, San Diego Healthcare Systems. Participants were randomized to Tai Chi (TC) (n = 24), resistance band (RB) exercise (n = 22) or treatment as usual (TAU) (n = 23). The primary outcome was change in Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores. We further explored if changes in Beck Depression Inventory - IA (BDI-IA) scores or inflammation biomarkers, CRP, TNFα and IL-6 related to altered cognitive function. RESULTS: There was a fixed effect of group for MoCA scores changes (F = 8.07, p = .001). TC and RB groups had greater MoCA score increases versus TAU, but no differences were found between TC and RB. Depression symptom changes predicted altered MoCA scores (ΔR2 = 0.15, Β = -0.413, p = .001). However, group did not interact with depression symptom levels for MoCA alterations (p = .392). Changes in CRP levels predicted MoCA scores (ΔR2 = 0.078, Β = -0.283, p = .01), but group did not interact with CRP levels for MoCA alterations (p = .689). CONCLUSIONS: Light-to-moderate exercises, TC and RB may improve cognitive function. However, the mechanisms remain unclear. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01625819.

Self-reported sleep disturbances are associated with poorer cognitive performance in older adults with hypertension: a multi-parameter risk factor investigation.

OBJECTIVES: Given the evidence of multi-parameter risk factors in shaping cognitive outcomes in aging, including sleep, inflammation, cardiometabolism, and mood disorders, multidimensional investigations of their impact on cognition are warranted. We sought to determine the extent to which self-reported sleep disturbances, metabolic syndrome (MetS) factors, cellular inflammation, depressive symptomatology, and diminished physical mobility were associated with cognitive impairment and poorer cognitive performance. DESIGN: This is a cross-sectional study. SETTING: Participants with elevated, well-controlled blood pressure were recruited from the local community for a Tai Chi and healthy-aging intervention study. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred forty-five older adults (72.7 ± 7.9 years old; 66% female), 54 (37%) with evidence of cognitive impairment (CI) based on Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score ≤24, underwent medical, psychological, and mood assessments. MEASUREMENTS: CI and cognitive domain performance were assessed using the MoCA. Univariate correlations were computed to determine relationships between risk factors and cognitive outcomes. Bootstrapped logistic regression was used to determine significant predictors of CI risk and linear regression to explore cognitive domains affected by risk factors. RESULTS: The CI group were slower on the mobility task, satisfied more MetS criteria, and reported poorer sleep than normocognitive individuals (all p < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression indicated that sleep disturbances, but no other risk factors, predicted increased risk of evidence of CI (OR = 2.00, 95% CI: 1.26-4.87, 99% CI: 1.08-7.48). Further examination of MoCA cognitive subdomains revealed that sleep disturbances predicted poorer executive function (ß = -0.26, 95% CI: -0.51 to -0.06, 99% CI: -0.61 to -0.02), with lesser effects on visuospatial performance (ß = -0.20, 95% CI: -0.35 to -0.02, 99% CI: -0.39 to 0.03), and memory (ß = -0.29, 95% CI: -0.66 to -0.01, 99% CI: -0.76 to 0.08). CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that the deleterious impact of self-reported sleep disturbances on cognitive performance was prominent over other risk factors and illustrate the importance of clinician evaluation of sleep in patients with or at risk of diminished cognitive performance. Future, longitudinal studies implementing a comprehensive neuropsychological battery and objective sleep measurement are warranted to further explore these associations.

A Randomized Study Examining the Effects of Mild-to-Moderate Group Exercises on Cardiovascular, Physical, and Psychological Well-being in Patients With Heart Failure.

PURPOSE: To compare 2 mild-to-moderate group exercises and treatment as usual (TAU) for improvements in physical function and depressive symptoms. METHODS: Patients with heart failure (n = 70, mean age = 66 yr, range = 45-89 yr) were randomized to 16 wk of tai chi (TC), resistance band (RB) exercise, or TAU. RESULTS: Physical function differed by group from baseline to follow-up, measured by distance walked in the 6-min walk test (F = 3.19, P = .03). Tai chi participants demonstrated a nonsignificant decrease of 162 ft (95% confidence interval [CI], 21 to -345, P = .08) while distance walked by RB participants remained stable with a nonsignificant increase of 70 ft (95% CI, 267 to -127, P = .48). Treatment as usual group significantly decreased by 205 ft (95% CI, -35 to -374, P = .02) and no group differences occurred over time in end-systolic volume (P = .43) and left ventricular function (LVEF) (P = .67). However, groups differed over time in the Beck Depression Inventory (F = 9.2, P < .01). Both TC and RB groups improved (decreased) by 3.5 points (95% CI, 2-5, P < .01). Treatment as usual group decreased insignificantly 1 point (95% CI, -1 to 3, P = .27). CONCLUSIONS: Tai chi and RB participants avoided a decrease in physical function decrements as seen with TAU. No groups changed in cardiac function. Both TC and RB groups saw reduced depression symptoms compared with TAU. Thus, both TC and RB groups avoided a decrease in physical function and improved their psychological function when compared with TAU.

Differential Peripheral Inflammatory Factors Associated with Cognitive Function in Patients with Heart Failure.

OBJECTIVE: Cognitive deficits are common in patients with heart failure (HF), and can negatively affect self-care, predict rehospitalizations, and increase mortality rates 5-fold. Inflammation can produce vascular pathology, reducing cerebral blood flow to brain regions necessary for optimal cognitive function. The purpose of the investigation was to identify a pattern of peripheral blood inflammation-related biomarkers associated with cognitive impairment in patients with HF. METHODS: Forty-five outpatients (median age = 67 years, SD = 9.9) were recruited from University of California, San Diego (UCSD) and Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare Systems (VASDHS), diagnosed with New York Heart Association Stages I-III HF. Participants were administered the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) as a measure of global cognitive impairment, and blood was analyzed for plasma biomarkers, interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), interleukin-8 (IL-8), matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9), IL-6, C-reactive protein (CRP), and serum amyloid-A (SAA). RESULTS: Almost half the patients scored below the threshold on the MoCA, indicating at least mild cognitive impairment. A factor analysis produced three biomarker factors: vascular inflammatory factor-1: TNFα, sICAM1, sVCAM1; neuroinflammatory factor-2: BDNF, MMP-9, IL-8; peripheral inflammatory factor-3: IL-6, CRP, SAA. Only vascular inflammatory factor-1 was significantly associated with cognitive function (MoCA) (ΔR2 = 0.214, beta = -0.468, p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort with HF, vascular inflammation appears related to poorer cognitive function. This could indicate targets for treatment to reduce cognitive deficits in HF. However, this is a preliminary study, and further research is needed.

Pilot Randomized Study of a Gratitude Journaling Intervention on Heart Rate Variability and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Patients With Stage B Heart Failure.

OBJECTIVE: Stage B, asymptomatic heart failure (HF) presents a therapeutic window for attenuating disease progression and development of HF symptoms, and improving quality of life. Gratitude, the practice of appreciating positive life features, is highly related to quality of life, leading to development of promising clinical interventions. However, few gratitude studies have investigated objective measures of physical health; most relied on self-report measures. We conducted a pilot study in Stage B HF patients to examine whether gratitude journaling improved biomarkers related to HF prognosis. METHODS: Patients (n = 70; mean [standard deviation] age = 66.2 [7.6] years) were randomized to an 8-week gratitude journaling intervention or treatment as usual. Baseline (T1) assessments included the six-item Gratitude Questionnaire, resting heart rate variability (HRV), and an inflammatory biomarker index. At T2 (midintervention), the six-item Gratitude Questionnaire was measured. At T3 (postintervention), T1 measures were repeated but also included a gratitude journaling task. RESULTS: The gratitude intervention was associated with improved trait gratitude scores (F = 6.0, p = .017, η = 0.10), reduced inflammatory biomarker index score over time (F = 9.7, p = .004, η = 0.21), and increased parasympathetic HRV responses during the gratitude journaling task (F = 4.2, p = .036, η = 0.15), compared with treatment as usual. However, there were no resting preintervention to postintervention group differences in HRV (p values > .10). CONCLUSIONS: Gratitude journaling may improve biomarkers related to HF morbidity, such as reduced inflammation; large-scale studies with active control conditions are needed to confirm these findings. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.govidentifier:NCT01615094.

Progenitor cells are mobilized by acute psychological stress but not beta-adrenergic receptor agonist infusion.

OBJECTIVES: Stimuli that activate the sympathetic nervous system, such as acute psychological stress, rapidly invoke a robust mobilization of lymphocytes into the circulation. Experimental animal studies suggest that bone marrow-derived progenitor cells (PCs) also mobilize in response to sympathetic stimulation. Here we tested the effects of acute psychological stress and brief pharmacological ß-adrenergic (ßAR) stimulation on peripheral PC numbers in humans. METHODS: In two studies, we investigated PC mobilization in response to an acute speech task (n=26) and ßAR-agonist (isoproterenol) infusion (n=20). A subset of 8 participants also underwent the infusion protocol with concomitant administration of the ßAR-antagonist propranolol. Flow cytometry was used to enumerate lymphocyte subsets, total progenitor cells, total haematopoietic stem cells (HSC), early HSC (multi-lineage potential), late HSC (lineage committed), and endothelial PCs (EPCs). RESULTS: Both psychological stress and ßAR-agonist infusion caused the expected mobilization of total monocytes and lymphocytes and CD8(+) T lymphocytes. Psychological stress also induced a modest, but significant, increase in total PCs, HSCs, and EPC numbers in peripheral blood. However, infusion of a ßAR-agonist did not result in a significant change in circulating PCs. CONCLUSION: PCs are rapidly mobilized by psychological stress via mechanisms independent of ßAR-stimulation, although the findings do not exclude ßAR-stimulation as a possible cofactor. Considering the clinical and physiological relevance, further research into the mechanisms involved in stress-induced PC mobilization seems warranted.

Leukocyte ß-adrenergic receptor sensitivity and depression severity in patients with heart failure.

OBJECTIVES: Clinical outcomes are worse for patients with heart failure (HF) and elevated depression symptoms. Depression-related sympathoimmune dysregulation may be one mechanism leading to poorer HF prognosis. Sympathetically mediated adrenergic activity is known to regulate immune activity via ß-adrenergic receptors (ß-ARs). However, studies show conflicting relationships between leukocyte ß-AR sensitivity and depression symptoms. The aim of this study was to determine in patients with HF the relationship of leukocyte ß-AR sensitivity with two diverse measures of depression, self-report questionnaire versus clinical diagnostic interview. METHODS: Patients with HF (N = 73, mean [standard deviation] age = 56.3 [13.0]) completed the Beck Depression Inventory-1A and a modified Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV. Leukocyte ß-AR sensitivity was determined from isoproterenol-stimulated cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels; plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine were also assessed. RESULTS: Patients with major depression determined by Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV had significantly higher ß-AR sensitivity than did nondepressed patients (F(6,72) = 9.27, p = .003, η = 0.12). The Beck Depression Inventory-1A revealed a more complex relationship. Minimal, mild, and moderate-to-severe depression symptom groups had significant differences in ß-AR sensitivity (F(7,72) = 7.03, p = .002, η = 0.18); mild symptoms were associated with reduced ß-AR sensitivity and moderate-to-severe symptoms with higher ß-AR sensitivity compared with patients with minimal depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical depression was associated with elevated ß-AR sensitivity in patients with HF. By deconstructing depression measurements, a greater depth of information may be garnered to potentially reveal subtypes of depression symptoms and their relation to ß-AR sensitivity.

A meta-analysis of mental health treatments and cardiac rehabilitation for improving clinical outcomes and depression among patients with coronary heart disease.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the efficacy of mental health (antidepressants & psychotherapies) and cardiac rehabilitation treatments for improving secondary event risk and depression among patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). METHODS: Using meta-analytic methods, we evaluated mental health and cardiac rehabilitation therapies for a) reducing secondary events and 2) improving depression severity in patients with CHD. Key word searches of PubMed and Psychlit databases and previous reviews identified relevant trials. RESULTS: Eighteen mental health trials evaluated secondary events and 22 trials evaluated depression reduction. Cardiac rehabilitation trials for the same categories numbered 17 and 13, respectively. Mental health treatments did not reduce total mortality (absolute risk reduction [ARR] = -0.001, confidence interval [95% CI] = -0.016 to 0.015; number needed to treat [NNT] = ∞), showed moderate efficacy for reducing CHD events (ARR = 0.029, 95% CI = 0.007 to 0.051; NNT = 34), and a medium effect size for improving depression (Cohen d = 0.297). Cardiac rehabilitation showed similar efficacy for treating depression (d = 0.23) and reducing CHD events (ARR = 0.017, 95% CI = 0.007 to 0.026; NNT = 59) and reduced total mortality (ARR = 0.016, 95% CI = 0.005 to 0.027; NNT = 63). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with CHD, mental health treatments and cardiac rehabilitation may each reduce depression and CHD events, whereas cardiac rehabilitation is superior for reducing total mortality risk. The results support a continued role for mental health treatments and a larger role for mental health professionals in cardiac rehabilitation.

Post-traumatic stress disorder: a fast track to premature cardiovascular disease?

An increasing body of evidence reported in the literature indicates a possible role for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a cause for cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, mechanistic evidence on the progression of adverse cardiac outcomes in PTSD is lacking. In this review, we examine the potential paths by which CVD could occur in those with PTSD. Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and autonomic nervous dysfunction are commonly observed in PTSD, which in turn leads to a variety of physiological changes potentially damaging to the heart. Increased inflammation, dysfunction of the vascular endothelium, hypercoagulability, and cardiac hyperreactivity all have been noted in patients with PTSD. Altered neurochemistry, most notably increased arginine vasopressin, as well as an increased prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, may also contribute to adverse cardiac outcomes. Although the association between PTSD and physical disease is often complicated by health risk behaviors or comorbid psychiatric conditions, the evidence for a link between PTSD and CVD is substantial. In our examination, we attempt to identify potential cardiac biomarkers that may be useful in detecting increased cardiac risk in patients with PTSD. As research in this area is exceedingly limited, we hope to inspire further research, as there is great potential value in identifying prognostically useful cardiac biomarkers so as to predict and prevent the onset of CVD in patients with PTSD.

Relationships between clinical characteristics and nocturnal cardiac autonomic activity in Parkinson's disease.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to explore the association between Parkinson's disease (PD) clinical characteristics and cardiac autonomic control across sleep stages. METHODS: Frequency-domain heart rate variability (HRV) measures were estimated in 18 PD patients undergoing a night of polysomnography. RESULTS: Significant relationships were found between PD severity and nocturnal HRV indices. The associations were restricted to rapid eye movement (R) sleep. CONCLUSIONS: The progressive nocturnal cardiac autonomic impairment occurring with more severe PD can be subclinical emerging only during conditions requiring active modulation of physiological functions such as R-sleep.

A pilot study exploring the effects of a 12-week t'ai chi intervention on somatic symptoms of depression in patients with heart failure.

BACKGROUND: Patients with chronic heart failure (HF) and with elevated depression symptoms are at greater risk of morbidity and mortality. Somatic symptoms of depression are particularly prevalent in HF and are related to worse disease prognosis. T'ai chi practice is related to increased emotional well-being in various clinical populations; however, relatively little is known about t'ai chi's effects on somatic versus cognitive symptom dimensions of depression in HF. PURPOSE: The objective of the study was to measure whether a t'ai chi intervention effectively reduces somatic and/or cognitive symptoms of depression in patients with HF. METHODS: Patients with HF were assigned to either t'ai chi training (n=16) or a usual-care group (n=12). At baseline and after the 12-week intervention period, participants were evaluated for changes in depressive symptoms using Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) total scores (BDI-t) and subcategorized scores of BDI-somatic (BDI-s) and BDI-cognitive (BDI-c), and for symptoms of fatigue using the Multidimensional Fatigue Symptom Inventory-Short Form. RESULTS: Patients with HF in the t'ai chi group compared to the usual-care group had reduced BDI-s (p≤0.017), but not BDI-c (p=0.50) scores from pre- to postintervention. Although t'ai chi did not significantly reduce fatigue, changes in physical fatigue (p≤0.05) were independently associated with changes in BDI-t scores. CONCLUSIONS: T'ai chi practice reduced somatic symptoms of depression, which have been linked to worse prognosis in HF. Reductions in fatigue appear to explain some but not all of the reductions in somatic symptoms of depression.

Depression as a potential modulator of Beta-adrenergic-associated leukocyte mobilization in heart failure patients.

OBJECTIVES: the aim of this study was to determine whether depressive symptoms are related to alterations in the sensitivity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to ß-adrenergic agonists in patients with heart failure (HF) by measuring in vitro chemotaxis (CTX) to isoproterenol at rest and after acute exercise in patients with HF and controls. BACKGROUND: clinical outcomes are worse for patients with HF presenting with symptoms of depression. Sympathetically modulated immune dysregulation associated with depression may be one mechanism leading to worse prognosis. METHODS: seventy-seven patients with HF and 44 controls (mean age 56.4 ± 1.3 years) completed the Beck Depression Inventory and a 15-min mild-graded exercise task on a stationary bicycle. Exercise intensity was kept relative to fitness levels for all participants by gradually increasing resistance to reach a Borg scale subjective rating of 12 to 13, "somewhat hard." Plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine levels were measured before and after exercise. Chemotaxis to isoproterenol was determined by measuring in vitro peripheral blood mononuclear cell migration through a modified Boyden chamber. RESULTS: In patients with HF, depressive symptom severity was associated with greater CTX after exercise (p = 0.001). Higher resting norepinephrine in patients with HF was also associated with increased CTX to exercise (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: patients with HF with higher depressive symptoms and norepinephrine exhibited increased peripheral blood mononuclear cell CTX to isoproterenol to mild exercise, suggesting greater ß-adrenergic sensitivity. Increased immune migration in patients with HF who have elevated depressive symptoms could be associated with cardiac remodeling and HF disease progression.

Increases in B-type natriuretic peptide after acute mental stress in heart failure patients are associated with alcohol consumption.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate in heart failure (HF) patients whether acute mental stress induces increases in the HF-severity biomarker B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and if alcohol consumption is associated with such stress-induced increases. METHOD: Twenty-one male HF patients and 19 male non-HF controls (M = 56 years, SEM = 2) underwent a 15-minute acute mental stress test combining public speaking and mental arithmetic. Plasma levels of BNP were determined immediately before as well as 2 hours after the stress test. Alcohol consumption was assessed by self-reported number of drinks per month and history of use. RESULTS: HF patients had higher BNP levels before and after stress, F(1, 38) = 23.42, p < .001, and showed greater stress-induced increases in BNP levels, F(1, 38) = 4.52, p = .04, compared with controls. HF status (beta = .32, p = .015, deltaR(2) = .10) and higher alcohol consumption ((beta = .61, p< .001, deltaR(2) = .37) were independently associated with higher BNP stress increases. Moreover, higher alcohol consumption moderated the greater BNP stress increases in HF patients but not in controls (p = .49, p < .001, delta(2) = .20), although alcohol consumption did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS: For individuals with HF, particularly those who drink moderate to more substantial amounts of alcohol, exposure to acute psychological stress leads to increases in circulating levels of BNP, a biomarker which is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in HF.