RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Equine neuroaxonal dystrophy/degenerative myeloencephalopathy (eNAD/EDM) is a neurodegenerative disease that primarily affects young, genetically predisposed horses that are deficient in vitamin E. Equine NAD/EDM has not previously been documented in Gypsy Vanner horses (GVs). OBJECTIVES: To evaluate: (1) the clinical phenotype, blood vitamin E concentrations before and after supplementation and pedigree in a cohort of GV horses with a high prevalence of neurologic disease suspicious for eNAD/EDM and (2) to confirm eNAD/EDM in GVs through postmortem evaluation. ANIMALS: Twenty-six GVs from 1 farm in California and 2 cases from the Midwestern U.S. METHODS: Prospective observational study on Californian horses; all 26 GVs underwent neurologic examination. Pre-supplementation blood vitamin E concentration was assessed in 17- GVs. Twenty-three were supplemented orally with 10 IU/kg of liquid RRR-alpha-tocopherol once daily for 28 days. Vitamin E concentration was measured in 23 GVs after supplementation, of which 15 (65%) had pre-supplementation measurements. Two clinically affected GVs from California and the 2 Midwestern cases had necropsy confirmation of eNAD/EDM. RESULTS: Pre-supplementation blood vitamin E concentration was ≤2.0 µg/mL in 16/17 (94%) of GVs from California. Post-supplementation concentration varied, with a median of 3.39 µg/mL (range, 1.23-13.87 µg/mL), but only 12/23 (52%) were normal (≥3.0 µg/mL). Normalization of vitamin E was significantly associated with increasing age (P = .02). Euthanized horses (n = 4) had eNAD/EDM confirmed at necropsy. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: GVs could have a genetic predisposition to eNAD/EDM. Vitamin E supplementation should be considered and monitored in young GVs.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Cavalos , Distrofias Neuroaxonais , Vitamina E , Animais , Cavalos , Distrofias Neuroaxonais/veterinária , Distrofias Neuroaxonais/genética , Masculino , Feminino , Estudos Prospectivos , Vitamina E/uso terapêutico , Vitamina E/sangue , Suplementos Nutricionais , California , Linhagem , Deficiência de Vitamina E/veterinária , Deficiência de Vitamina E/complicaçõesRESUMO
Immune imprinting is now evident in COVID-19 vaccinated people. This phenomenon may impair the development of effective neutralizing antibodies against variants of concern (VoCs), mainly Omicron and its subvariants. Consequently, the boost doses with bivalent vaccines have not shown a significant gain of function regarding the neutralization of Omicron. The approach to design COVID-19 vaccines must be revised to improve the effectiveness against VoCs. Here, we took advantage of the self-amplifying characteristic of RepRNA and developed a polyvalent formulation composed of mRNA from five VoCs. LION/RepRNA Polyvalent induced neutralizing antibodies in mice previously immunized with LION/RepRNA D614G and reduced the imprinted phenotype associated with low neutralization capacity of Omicron B.1.1.529 pseudoviruses. The polyvalent vaccine can be a strategy to handle the low neutralization of Omicron VoC, despite booster doses with either monovalent or bivalent vaccines.
RESUMO
Two well-defined synthetic peptides TcD and PEP² were used in a sero-epidemiological study for detection of Trypanosoma cruzi infections in an indigenous group in the Amazon region of Ecuador. Of the 18 communities studied along the Rio Napo, province of Napo, 15 (83.3 per cent) were found to be positive for T. cruzi infection. Of the 1,011 individuals examined 61 (6.03 per cent) resulted positive. A prevalence of infection of 4.8 per cent was found in children aged 1-5 years. The prevalence of infection increased with age, with adults 50 years or older showing a maximum prevalence of 18.8 per cent. Autochthonous transmission of T. cruzi is present among this isolated indigenous population.