Defining distal splenopancreatectomy by the mesopancreas.

BACKGROUND: The implementation of the pathologic CRM (circumferential resection margin) staging system for pancreatic head ductal adenocarcinomas (hPDAC) resulted in a dramatic increase of R1 resections at the dorsal resection margin, presumably because of the high rate of mesopancreatic fat (MP) infiltration. Therefore, mesopancreatic excision (MPE) during pancreatoduodenectomy has recently been promoted and has demonstrated better local disease control, fueling the discussion of neoadjuvant downsizing regimes in MP + patients. However, it is unknown to what extent the MP is infiltrated in patients with distal pancreatic (tail/body) carcinomas (dPDAC). It is also unknown if the MP infiltration status affects surgical margin control in distal pancreatectomy (DP). The aim of our study was to histopathologically analyze MP infiltration and elucidate the influence of resection margin clearance on recurrence and survival in patients with dPDAC. Furthermore, the results were compared to a collective receiving MPE for hPDAC. METHOD: Clinicopathological and survival parameters of 295 consecutive patients who underwent surgery for PDAC (n = 63 dPDAC and n = 232 hPDAC) were evaluated. The CRM evaluation was performed in a standardized fashion and the specimens were examined according to the Leeds pathology protocol (LEEPP). The MP area was histopathologically evaluated for cancerous infiltration. RESULTS: In 75.4% of dPDAC patients the MP fat was infiltrated by vital tumor cells. The rates of MP infiltration and R0CRM- resections were similar between dPDAC and hPDAC patients (p = 0.497 and 0.453 respectively). MP- infiltration status did not correlate with CRM implemented resection status in dPDAC patients (p = 0.348). In overall survival analysis, resection status and MP status remained prognostic factors for survival. In follow up analysis. surgical margin clearance in dPDAC patients was associated with a significant improvement in local recurrence rates (5.2% in R0CRM- resected vs. 33.3 in R1/R0CRM + resected, p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: While resection margin status was not affected by the MP status in dPDAC patients, the high MP infiltration rate, as well as improved survival in MP- dPDAC patients after R0CRM- resection, justify mesopancreatic excision during splenopancreatectomy. Larger scale studies are urgently needed to validate our results and to study the effect on neoadjuvant treatment in dPDAC patients.

Surgical margin clearance and extended chemotherapy defines survival for synchronous oligometastatic liver lesions of the ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas.

BACKGROUND: The role of surgery for circumscribed synchronous hepatic lesions of the pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains controversial. Thus, the aim of our study was to compare survival outcome (OS) after surgery of patients with hepatic metastases (M1surg) to patients with only localized disease. METHODS: Correlation analysis of clinicopathological data and OS after resection of M1surg patients and patients with localized PDACs (M0) was performed. Patients were included for survival analysis only if a complete staging including perineural, venous and lymphatic invasion was available. RESULTS: Out of the study collective, 35 patients received extended surgery (M1surg), whereas 131 patients received standardized surgery for localized disease (M0). Length of hospitalization and mortality was similar in both groups. FOLFIRNOX as an adjuvant treatment regime was administered in ~ 23 and ~ 8% of M1surg and M0 patients, respectively. In subgroup analysis of R0 resected patients and in multivariate analysis of the total cohort, there was no difference in overall survival between both groups. Only the resection status (R1 vs R0) and venous invasion (V1) were identified as independent prognostic factors. Site of recurrence in R0 resected M1surg patients and in M0 patients were homogenously distributed. CONCLUSION: This is the first study demonstrating a survival benefit after extended surgery for synchronously hepatic-metastasized PDACs. We found no difference in survival outcome of metastasized patients when compared to patients with localized disease. FOLFIRINOX as an adjuvant treatment regime for resected M1surg presumably is worthwhile. Larger multicenter studies are still needed to validate our results.

Mesopancreatic excision for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma improves local disease control and survival.

BACKGROUND: Survival in ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head (hPDAC) is poor. After implementation of the circumferential resection margin (CRM) into standard histopathological evaluation, the margin negative resection rate has drastically dropped. However, the impact of surgical radicality on survival and the influence of malignant infiltration of the mesopancreatic fat remains unclear. At our institution, a standardized dissection of the mesopancreatic lamina and peri-pancreatic vessels are obligatory components of radical pancreatoduodenectomy. The aim of our study was to histopathologically analyze mesopancreatic tumor infiltration and the influence of CRM-evaluated resection margin on relapse-free and overall survival. METHOD: Clinicopathological and survival parameters of 264 consecutive patients who underwent surgery for hPDAC were evaluated. RESULTS: The rate of R0 resection R0(CRM-) was 48.5%, after the implementation of CRM. Mesopancreatic fat infiltration was evident in 78.4% of all consecutively treated patients. Patients with mesopancreatic fat infiltration were prone to lymphatic metastases (N1 and N2) and had a higher rate of positive resection margin (R1/R0(CRM+)). In multivariate analysis, only R0 resection was shown to be an independent prognostic parameter. Local recurrence was diagnosed in only 21.1% and was significantly lower in patients with R0(CRM-) resected hPDACs (10.9%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Mesopancreatic excision is justified, since mesopancreatic fat invasion was evident in the majority of our patients. It is associated with a significantly improved local tumor control as well as longer relapse-free and overall survival.

Site of relapse of ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas affects survival after multimodal therapy.

BACKGROUND: Ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas (PDAC) remains one of the most lethal malignancies. To date, no guidelines exists for isolated resectable metachronous disease. It is still unknown, which patients may benefit from relapse surgery. The aim of our study was to compare disease free survival (DFS) and post relapse survival (PRS) in patients with isolated local recurrence, metachronous hepatic or pulmonary metastases. METHODS: Patients with isolated resectable local recurrence, metachronous hepatic or pulmonary metastases were included for survival analyses. PRS of surgically treated patients (local (n = 11), hepatic (n = 6) and pulmonary metastases (n = 9)) was compared to conservatively treated patients (local (n = 17), hepatic (n = 37) and pulmonary metastases (n = 8)). RESULTS: Resected PDAC patients suffering from isolated metachronous hepatic metastases initially had a higher T-stage and venous invasion (V1) compared to the other patients. DFS in the metachronous pulmonary metastases group was longer compared to DFS of the hepatic metastases and local recurrence groups. Surgical resection significantly improved PRS in patients with local recurrence and pulmonary metastases, when compared to patients receiving chemotherapy alone. Very-long term survivors (> 5 years) were detected following secondary resection of local recurrence and 45% of these patients were still alive at the end of our study period. CONCLUSION: Although DFS in PDAC patients suffering from isolated local recurrence was dismal and comparable to that of patients with isolated hepatic metastases, very-long term survivors were present only in this group. These results indicate that a surgical approach for isolated local recurrence, if anatomically possible, should be considered.

[Prognostic Value of Preoperative Anaemia and Perioperative Blood Transfusion in Surgical Treatment of Rectal Cancer]. / Prognostischer Wert präoperativer Anämie und perioperativer Fremdbluttransfusion in der chirurgischen Therapie des Rektumkarzinoms.

INTRODUCTION: There is evidence for the prognostic value of perioperative blood transfusion in the surgical treatment of patients with rectal cancer in the current literature. Also preoperative anaemia seems to have an impact on the outcome of these patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of preoperative anaemia and perioperative blood transfusion in patients with rectal cancer treated in our hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 208 patients (81 females, 127 males; median age, 67 years) with rectal cancer were included in this retrospective study. All patients received surgical treatment. In 75 % of the patients an anterior rectum resection was performed while 25 % received an abdominoperineal rectum exstirpation. Patients with neoadjuvant treatment were included and statistical analyses were performed. RESULTS: 107 (51.4 %) patients exhibited preoperative anaemia. Patients with neoadjuvant treatment presented with significantly lower preoperative Hb (haemoglobin) values than patients without neoadjuvant treatment (p = 0.022). Patients with preoperative anaemia received significantly more blood transfusions (p = 0.001), had significantly longer hospital stays (p = 0.023) and significantly lower 5-years overall survival (p = 0.005). Blood transfusion was necessary in 82 patients (39.4 %). These patients presented with a significantly higher rate of perioperative complications (p = 0.01) and a lower 5-years overall survival (p = 0.002). In multivariate analyses neither preoperative anaemia nor perioperative transfusion was a significant prognostic factor. CONCLUSION: In our study preoperative anaemia and perioperative blood transfusion seems to have an impact on outcome of surgical treatment of patients with rectal cancer. However, in multivariate analyses neither preoperative anaemia nor perioperative transfusion was a significant prognostic factor.

[Multimodal management in soft tissue sarcoma of the trunk and extremities]. / Multimodales Management bei Weichteilsarkomen des Stammes und der Extremitäten.

Soft tissue sarcoma (STS) is a rare, extremely heterogeneous group of malignant tumors of mesodermal origin. With an incidence of 1-5 per 100,000/year they account for only 1 % of all human malignancies. The STSs occur predominantly in the lower extremities and the trunk. To date 100 different histopathological subentities can be defined. The prognosis varies substantially depending on the localization and histology. Whereas local recurrence rates and overall survival of sarcomas of the extremities have benefited from the introduction of multimodal therapies, only marginal progress has been made in the management of trunk STSs. This manuscript gives an overview of preoperative diagnostics, pathology and neoadjuvant as well as adjuvant therapeutic options for soft tissue sarcoma.

In situ liver transection with portal vein ligation for rapid growth of the future liver remnant in two-stage liver resection.

BACKGROUND: Portal vein embolization (PVE) has become a standard procedure to increase the future liver remnant (FLR) and enable curative resection of initially unresectable liver tumours. This study investigated the safety and feasibility of a new two-stage liver resection technique that uses in situ liver transection (ISLT) and portal vein ligation before completion hepatectomy. METHODS: A consecutive series of patients undergoing ISLT and extended right hepatectomy between 2009 and 2011 were compared with consecutive patients undergoing extended right hepatectomy after PVE. All patients had initially unresectable primary or secondary liver tumours, owing to an insufficient FLR (liver segments II/III). RESULTS: Fifteen patients who had PVE and seven who underwent ISLT before extended right hepatectomy were evaluated. ISLT induced rapid growth of the FLR within 3 days, particularly after insufficient PVE, from a mean(s.d.) of 293(58) ml to 477(85) ml, corresponding to a volume increase of 63(29) per cent. All patients who had ISLT underwent completion extended right hepatectomy within 8 days (range 4-8 days). CONCLUSION: ISLT is an effective and reliable technique to induce rapid growth of the FLR, even in patients with insufficient volume increase after PVE.

[Individualised and differentiated treatment of rectovaginal fistula]. / Individualisierte und differenzierte Therapie von rektovaginalen Fisteln.

Rectovaginal fistuale (RVF) are a serious and disabling problem for the patients and a surgical challenge for the treating physicians. The most common causes of RVF are postoperative complications, inflammatory bowel disease, complications of radiotherapy, obstetric complications, and neoplasia. Therapeutic options are diverse and results often unsatisfactory. This article presents the treatment of patients with rectovaginal fistulae in the general surgery department of University Hospital in Duesseldorf, Germany. The therapeutic strategy for treatment of RVF is divided according to aetiology, localisation, and comorbidity. A diverting ileostomy is particularly useful if acute inflammation exists. Secondary repair may then be a better option. An initial approach with a local repair by preanal repair is justified in low RVF. For failures muscle flaps are promising.

Reexcision of soft tissue sarcoma: sufficient local control but increased rate of metastasis.

BACKGROUND: Assuming a benign tumor, soft tissue sarcomas are often treated by inadequate resection. The concept of reexcision in these patients is still under debate. Therefore, it was our goal to evaluate the results of this treatment with particular respect to residual tumor. METHODS: During a 14-year period, a total of 143 patients were referred to Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf and the University of Hamburg [corrected] after unplanned excision. Reexcision was performed in 139 patients. The assessed endpoints were local recurrence-free survival, distant metastasis-free survival, and tumor-related mortality. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using a log-rank test and Cox's proportional-hazard models. RESULTS: Over a median observation period of 109 months, local recurrence appeared in 18 patients (12%) and distant metastasis in 46 patients (33%). Residual tumor was detected in 43 patients (31%) and was significantly associated with reduced relapse-free and overall survival. Local recurrence, however, was not affected. CONCLUSIONS: Despite an incomplete initial resection, reexcision enables local control similar to that in patients without residual tumor. Still, these patients have a worse prognosis owing to an increased rate of distant metastasis; therefore, patients with soft tissue masses of unknown identity should be transferred to centers that specialize in treating sarcomas for adequate initial resection.

Hepatic metastasectomy for soft-tissue sarcomas: is it justified?

BACKGROUND: Except for patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), systemic chemotherapy in patients with liver metastasis of soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) is not effective. Therefore, all patients with resectable liver metastases underwent surgical therapy. We present our experience with this approach during the last 13 years. METHODS: All patients (n=45) with liver metastasis of STS undergoing surgical therapy were prospectively analyzed. Clinical and histopathological parameters as well as the postoperative course were recorded. Survival data were analyzed by using the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test. RESULTS: Twenty-seven of 45 patients with liver metastasis underwent hepatic resection; 59% of these patients had a solitary metastasis, 22% had two metastases, and 18% had three or more metastatic nodules. The surgical perioperative mortality was 7%. The median survival was 44 (range, 1-123) months, and the 5-year survival was 49%. Repeated resection for recurrent tumor was performed in eight patients, which yielded a median survival of 76 months. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who have hepatic metastases that are functionally and technically resectable should be considered for surgery because this treatment offers the chance for long-term survival (>5 years).

Current status of radical systematic lymphadenectomy in pancreatic cancer--a review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic cancer is the fourth most common cause of death in malignancies with an incidence of 8-12 cases per 100000 in western world. In spite of numerous modifications in therapeutical approaches, prognosis has not improved. METHODS: In the last few years numerous studies have been performed to reduce tumor mortality with more radical surgical procedures. Several articles of the last 15 years have been investigated to objectivate the benefit of extended lymphadenectomy in pancreatic surgery. Staging of the cancers, prognostic factors, technique and interpretation of lymphadenectomy have been analysed RESULTS: All studies document a lowered perioperative mortality in pancreatic resections. The procedure is counted as a standardized and safe one. However, several controversies exist. The distinct staging systems in Japan and the western world aggravate the comparison in all studies. Japanese authors in mostly retrospective analyses seem to document a survival benefit by radical surgery. Similar results could not be achieved by western authors. CONCLUSION: Over all, a significant benefit in extreme radical surgery could not bee found. However, there are indications of subgroups of patients in whom extended lymphadenectomy might be beneficial. This subgroup should be defined only by large multicentric, prospective, randomized studies.

Frequency and prognostic significance of occult tumor cells in lymph nodes in patients with adenocarcinoma of the papilla of Vater.

BACKGROUND: Occurrence of tumor relapse is frequent in patients with carcinoma of the papilla of Vater despite the absence of residual tumor detectable at primary surgery. Therefore it has to be assumed that current tumor staging procedures fail to identify minimal amounts of tumor cells disseminated to secondary organs, which might be precursors of subsequent metastatic relapse. The aim of the study was to assess the frequency and prognostic impact of minimal tumor cell spread in lymph nodes classified as 'tumor-free' in routine histopathologic evaluation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 41 'tumor-free' lymph nodes from 23 patients with adenocarcinoma of the papilla of Vater who underwent curative tumor resection (R0) were examined by immunohistochemistry with the monoclonal anti-EpCAM antibody Ber-EP4 for minimal disseminated tumor cells. RESULTS: Twelve (29.3%) of the 41 'tumor-free' lymph nodes obtained from 9 (39.1%) of the 23 patients displayed EpCAM-positive cells. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that patients with EpCAM-positive cells in lymph showed a clearly reduced relapse-free and overall survival compared with patients without such cells. However, these differences were not statistically significant (p = 0.13 for relapse-free survival, p = 0.11 for overall survival). DISCUSSION: Immunohistochemical assessment may refine the staging of resected lymph nodes in patients with carcinoma of the papilla of Vater. However, the presence of minimal disseminated tumor cells in lymph nodes had no significant impact on the prognosis in these patients.

[Gastrointestinal bleeding--concepts of surgical therapy in the upper gastrointestinal tract]. / Chirurgische Therapiekonzepte bei oberer gastrointestinaler Blutung.

Bleeding of the upper gastrointestinal tract is the main symptom of a variety of possible conditions and still results in considerable mortality. Endoscopy is the first diagnostic modality, enabling rapid therapeutic intervention. In case of intractable or relapsing bleeding, surgery is often inevitable. However, emergency operations result in significantly higher mortality rates. Therefore the option of early elective surgical intervention should be considered for patients at increased risk of relapsing bleeding. If bleeding is symptomatic due to a complex underlying condition such as hemosuccus pancreaticus or hemobilia, angiography is now recognized as the definitive investigation. Angiographic hemostasis can be achieved in most cases. Due to the underlying condition, surgical management still remains the mainstay in treating these patients. This paper reviews surgical strategy in handling upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

Esophageal cancer: the mode of lymphatic tumor cell spread and its prognostic significance.

PURPOSE: Data on skip metastases and their significance are lacking for esophageal cancer. This issue is important to determine the extent of lymphadenectomy for esophageal resection. In this study we examined the lymphatic spread in esophageal cancer by routine histopathology and by immunohistochemistry. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 1,584 resected lymph nodes were obtained from 86 patients with resected esophageal carcinoma and evaluated by routine histopathology. Additionally, frozen tissue sections of 540 lymph nodes classified as tumor-free by routine histopathology were screened for micrometastases by immunohistochemistry with the monoclonal antibody Ber-EP4. The lymph nodes were mapped according to the mapping scheme of the American Thoracic Society modified by Casson et al. RESULTS: Forty-four patients (51%) had pN1 disease, and 61 patients (71%) harbored lymphatic micrometastases detected by immunohistochemistry. Skip metastases detected by routine histopathology were present in 34% of pN1 patients. Skipping of micrometastases detected by immunohistochemistry was found in 66%. The presence of micrometastases was associated with a significantly decreased relapse-free and overall survival (56.0 v 10.0 months and > 64 v 15 months, P <.0001 and P =.004, respectively). Cox regression analysis revealed the independent prognostic influence of micrometastases in lymph nodes. Lymph node skipping had no significant independent prognostic influence on survival. CONCLUSION: Histopathologically and immunohistochemically detectable skip metastases are a frequent event in esophageal cancer. Only extensive lymph node sampling, in conjunction with immunohistochemical evaluation, will lead to accurate staging. An improved staging system is essential for more individualized adjuvant therapy.

Expression of 17-1A antigen and complement resistance factors CD55 and CD59 on liver metastasis in colorectal cancer.

Despite radical surgery, the prognosis for colorectal cancer patients with liver metastases has not changed markedly. Furthermore, no standard adjuvant therapeutic regimen has been developed. Adjuvant therapy with monoclonal antibodies (e.g., against 17-1A), which has been shown to be effective in preventing metastatic relapse in patients with Dukes' C colorectal cancer, might be a promising approach for these patients. However, the cytotoxic effects of monoclonal antibodies can be blocked by coexpression of complement resistance factors that inhibit antibody-dependent complement-mediated cytotoxicity. We therefore analyzed immunohistochemically the expression of 17-1A and the membrane-bound complement resistance factors CD55 and CD59 on metastatic tumor cells in the livers of 71 patients with colorectal carcinoma who had undergone resection of their metastases with curative intent. In 67 (94%) of 71 patients, liver metastases with homogeneous expression of 17-1A was seen. Heterogeneous expression of 17-1A was seen in four patients (6%). Heterogeneous expression of CD55 or CD59 was observed in 8 (11%) of 71 patients and 4 (6%) of 71 patients, respectively. None of the patients showed homogeneous expression of either CD55 or CD59. All patients with CD55 or CD59 expression showed homogeneous 17-1A expression, whereas none of the four patients with heterogeneous 17-1A expression was positive for CD55 or CD59. Our data indicate that 17-1A is widely expressed on liver metastases of patients with colorectal carcinoma. Therefore patients with completely resected liver metastases might be suitable candidates for adjuvant therapy with and-17-1A antibody since only a few of these lesions showed coexpression of complement resistance factors.

Prognostic value of immunohistochemically identifiable tumor cells in lymph nodes of patients with completely resected esophageal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Current methods of disease staging often fail to detect small numbers of tumor cells in lymph nodes. Metastatic relapse may arise from these few cells. METHODS: We studied 1308 lymph nodes from 68 patients with esophageal cancer without overt metastases who had undergone radical en bloc esophagectomy. A total of 399 lymph nodes obtained from 68 patients were found to be free of tumor by routine histopathological analysis and were studied further for isolated tumor cells by immunohistochemical analysis with the monoclonal anti-epithelial-cell antibody Ber-EP4. This antibody did not stain lymph nodes from 24 control patients without carcinoma. RESULTS: Of the 399 "tumor free" lymph nodes, 67 (17 percent), obtained from 42 of the 68 patients, contained Ber-EP4-positive tumor cells. Fifteen of 30 patients who were considered free of lymph-node metastases by histopathological analysis had such cells in their lymph nodes, and 5 of the 15 had small primary tumors. Ber-EP4-positive cells found in "tumor free" nodes were independently predictive of significantly reduced relapse-free survival (P=0.008) and overall survival (P=0.03). They predicted relapse both in patients without nodal metastases (P=0.01) and in those with regional lymph-node involvement (P=0.007). All 12 patients whose lymph nodes were negative on both histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis and who were available for follow-up survived without recurrence. The presence of micrometastatic tumor cells in bone marrow had no additional prognostic value. CONCLUSIONS: Immunohistochemical examination of lymph nodes may improve the pathological staging of esophageal cancer.