Racism, disease, and vaccine refusal: People of color are dying for access to COVID-19 vaccines.

As the vaccines against COVID are slowly becoming available, we need to consider the paradox of why so many people of color are dying from the disease yet cannot get the vaccinations. Concerns focus on vaccine refusal but lack of access is the bigger problem.

Compensation and reparations for victims and bystanders of the U.S. Public Health Service research studies in Tuskegee and Guatemala: Who do we owe what?

Using the infamous research studies in Tuskegee and Guatemala, the article examines the difference between victims and bystanders. The victims can include families, sexual partners, and children not just the participants. There are also the bystanders in the populations who are affected, even vaguely, decades after the initial studies took place. Differing reparations for victims and bystanders through lawsuits and historical acknowledgments has to be part of broader discussions of historical justice, and the weighing of the impact of racism and imperial research endeavors.

Enemy of the people/enemy of the state: two great(lyiInfamous) doctors, passions, and the judgment of history.

If the aphorism "history will be the judge" is deployed, the active agent of this formulation is the historian. Comparing two great(ly infamous) doctors,John C. Cutler and Alan Berkman, the article considers how historians balance digging for sources, creating meaningful narrative, and acknowledging our own beliefs that embed in the judgments we make. The article explores our responsibility for balance and moral judgment at the same time. Cutler, admonished for his role in the infamous sexually transmitted diseases studies in Tuskegee and Guatemala, also was a well-respected researcher and teacher. Berkman, renowned for his success in global HIV/AIDs activism, was also only the second physician in U.S. history to be charged with accessory to murder after the fact and who served seven hard years for bombings and robbery. The author considers her relationship to these physicians and the effort to create a passionate historical practice.

Sífilis por "exposição normal" e inoculação: um médico da equipe do estudo tuskegee na guatemala, 1946-1948 / Syphilis from "normal exposure" and inoculation: a physician on the tuskegee study team in guatemala, 1946-1948 / La syphilis par 'exposition normale' et par inoculation: un médecin de l'équipe d'étude tuskegee au guatemala, 1946-1948 / Sífilis por 'exposición normal' e inoculación: un médico del equipo de la investigación tuskegee en guatemala, 1946-1948

Entre 1946 e 1948, o Serviço de Saúde Pública dos Estados Unidos (PHS) e a Oficina Sanitária Panamericana, com a colaboração de funcionários de saúde pública do governo da Guatemala, realizaram um estudo sobre o uso da penicilina como possível profilaxia para a sífilis, gonorreia e cancro. Os "sujeitos" do estudo - prisioneiros, doentes mentais e soldados gualtematecos foram inoculados com essas doenças e também pelo contato com prostitutas infectadas. A fraude foi parte do estudo e os abusos éticos foram discutidos no PHS. Os resultados do estudo não foram publicados.

Between 1946 and 1948, the United States Public Health Service and the PanAmerican Sanitary Office, in cooperation with public health officials of the Guatemalan government, conducted a study on the use of penicillin as a possible prophylaxis for syphilis, gonorrhea and cancer. The "subjects" of the study (prisoners, mental patients and Guatemalan soldiers) were inoculated with these diseases and also acquired them through contact with infected prostitutes. The fraud was part of the study and ethical abuses were discussed at the US Public Health service. The study results were not published.

Entre 1946 et 1948, le Public Health Service des États-Unis (PHS) et l'Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana, en collaboration avec les responsables de la santé publique du gouvernement guatémaltèque, ont mené une étude sur l'utilisation de la pénicilline à titre préventif contre la syphilis, la gonorrhée et le cancer. Les sujets de l'étude - des prisonniers, des malades mentaux et des soldats guatémaltèques - ont été inoculés directement avec ces maladies, ainsi que par contact avec des prostituées infectées. Cette fraude était partie intégrale de l'étude, dont les abus éthiques ont été discutés par le PHS. Les résultats de l'étude n'ont jamais été publiés.

Entre 1948 y 1948, El Servicio de Salud Pública de los Estados Unidos (PHS) y la Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana, con la colaboración de funcionarios de la salud pública del gobierno de Guatemala realizaron un estudio sobre el uso de la penicilina como una profilaxis posible para el sífilis, gonorrea y cancro. Los "sujetos" del estudio - prisioneros, enfermos mentales y soldados guatemaltecos, fueron inoculados con esas enfermedades y también a través del contacto con prostitutas infectadas. El fraude fue parte del estudio y los abusos éticos fueron discutidos en el PHS. Los resultados del estudio no fueron publicados.

Sífilis por "exposição normal" e inoculação: um médico da equipe do estudo Tuskegee na Guatemala, 1946-1948 / Syphilis from "normal exposure" and inoculation: a physician on the Tuskegee Study Team in Guatemala, 1946-1948 / La syphilis par 'exposition normale' et par inoculation: un médecin de l'équipe d'étude Tuskegee au Guatemala, 1946-1948 / Sífilis por 'exposición normal' e inoculación: un médico del equipo de la investigación Tuskegee en Guatemala, 1946-1948

Entre 1946 e 1948, o Serviço de Saúde Pública dos Estados Unidos (PHS) e a Oficina Sanitária Panamericana, com a colaboração de funcionários de saúde pública do governo da Guatemala, realizaram um estudo sobre o uso da penicilina como possível profilaxia para a sífilis, gonorreia e cancro. Os "sujeitos" do estudo - prisioneiros, doentes mentais e soldados gualtematecos foram inoculados com essas doenças e também pelo contato com prostitutas infectadas. A fraude foi parte do estudo e os abusos éticos foram discutidos no PHS. Os resultados do estudo não foram publicados.(AU)

Between 1946 and 1948, the United States Public Health Service and the PanAmerican Sanitary Office, in cooperation with public health officials of the Guatemalan government, conducted a study on the use of penicillin as a possible prophylaxis for syphilis, gonorrhea and cancer. The "subjects" of the study (prisoners, mental patients and Guatemalan soldiers) were inoculated with these diseases and also acquired them through contact with infected prostitutes. The fraud was part of the study and ethical abuses were discussed at the US Public Health service. The study results were not published.(AU)

Entre 1946 et 1948, le Public Health Service des États-Unis (PHS) et l'Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana, en collaboration avec les responsables de la santé publique du gouvernement guatémaltèque, ont mené une étude sur l'utilisation de la pénicilline à titre préventif contre la syphilis, la gonorrhée et le cancer. Les sujets de l'étude - des prisonniers, des malades mentaux et des soldats guatémaltèques - ont été inoculés directement avec ces maladies, ainsi que par contact avec des prostituées infectées. Cette fraude était partie intégrale de l'étude, dont les abus éthiques ont été discutés par le PHS. Les résultats de l'étude n'ont jamais été publiés.(AU)

Entre 1948 y 1948, El Servicio de Salud Pública de los Estados Unidos (PHS) y la Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana, con la colaboración de funcionarios de la salud pública del gobierno de Guatemala realizaron un estudio sobre el uso de la penicilina como una profilaxis posible para el sífilis, gonorrea y cancro. Los "sujetos" del estudio - prisioneros, enfermos mentales y soldados guatemaltecos, fueron inoculados con esas enfermedades y también a través del contacto con prostitutas infectadas. El fraude fue parte del estudio y los abusos éticos fueron discutidos en el PHS. Los resultados del estudio no fueron publicados.(AU)