Invisibilidad, la Perspectiva del Adulto Mayor en un Estado del Sureste de México

Resumen Objetivos: analizar las perspectivas del adulto mayor acerca de las condiciones que intervienen en la invisibilidad. Métodos: se realizó investigación cualitativa basada en teoría fundamentada en adultos mayores. Para obtener las perspectivas sobre invisibilidad, se trabajó bajo una aproximación inductiva con dos grupos focales, se empleó guía de entrevista con preguntas detonadoras en las que se obtuvieron las categorías relacionadas con el enfoque sobre la vejez y la familia, la asistencia sanitaria y el entorno y la sociedad. Para el análisis de los datos cualitativos, se empleó el software MAXQDA versión 2018.2. Resultados: la invisibilidad en el adulto mayor se presentó en la familia y en la sociedad a través del abandono, el maltrato verbal basado en insultos, humillación, falta de respeto, regaños y burlas, llegando a la agresión física. Este fenómeno también se observó en la asistencia sanitaria cuando no los escuchan con atención, no les proveen sus medicamentos y los hacen esperar mucho tiempo para ser atendidos. Los efectos emocionales provocados por la invisibilidad que ellos expresan son sentirse ignorados, olvidados y enojados al punto de llegar al llanto y la tristeza. Conclusiones: las perspectivas de los adultos mayores permiten concluir que el maltrato es una de las manifestaciones de invisibilidad que sufren en tres aspectos de su vida: el núcleo familiar, la sociedad y la asistencia sanitaria. La invisibilidad es un desafío y una prioridad para las instituciones sociales y de salud, ya que produce una herida psicológica y moral que debe detectarse oportunamente.

Abstract Objective: to analyze the perspectives of the elderly about the conditions that intervene in invisibility. Methods: qualitative research based on fundamental theory was carried out in older adults. To obtain the perspectives on invisibility, we worked under an inductive approach with two focus groups, an interview guide was used with triggering questions in which the categories related to the focus on old age and the family, health care and environment and the society. For the analysis of qualitative data, MAXQDA version 2018.2 software was used. Results: invisibility in the elderly was presented in the family and in society through abandonment, verbal abuse based on insults, humiliation, lack of respect, scolding and teasing, leading to physical aggression. This phenomenon was also observed in health care when they do not listen carefully, do not provide their medications and make them wait a long time to be treated. The emotional effects caused by the invisibility that they express are feeling ignored, forgotten and angry to the point of crying and sadness. Conclusions: the perspectives of older adults allow us to conclude that abuse is one of the manifestations of invisibility that they suffer in three aspects of their lives: the family nucleus, society and healthcare. Invisibility is a challenge and a priority for social and health institutions, since it produces a psychological and moral wound that must be detected in a timely manner.

Alanyl-glutamine Protects Against Damage Induced by Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli Strains in Intestinal Cells.

BACKGROUND: Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is an important pathogen causing enteric infections worldwide. This pathotype is linked to malnutrition in children from developing countries. Alanyl-glutamine (Ala-Gln) is an immune modulator nutrient that acts during intestinal damage and/or inflammation. This study investigated the effect of EAEC infection and Ala-Gln on cell viability, cell death, and inflammation of intestinal epithelium cells (IEC-6). METHODS: Cells were infected with an EAEC prototype 042 strain, an EAEC wild-type strain isolated from a Brazilian malnourished child, and a commensal E coli HS. Gene transcription and protein levels of caspases-3, -8, and -9 and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant 1 (CINC-1/CXCL1) were evaluated using RT-qPCR, western blot analysis, and ELISA. RESULTS: Infections with both EAEC strains decreased cell viability and induced apoptosis and necrosis after 24 hours. Ala-Gln supplementation increased cell proliferation and reduced cell death in infected cells. Likewise, EAEC strain 042 significantly increased the transcript levels of caspases-3, -8, and -9 when compared to the control group, and Ala-Gln treatment reversed this effect. Furthermore, EAEC induced CXCL1 protein levels, which were also reduced by Ala-Gln supplementation. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that EAEC infection promotes apoptosis, necrosis, and intestinal inflammation with involvement of caspases. Supplementation of Ala-Gln inhibits cell death, increases cell proliferation, attenuates mediators associated with cell death, and inflammatory pathways in infected cells.

Intervención de enfermería sobre educación sexual en adolescentes / Nursing intervention on knowledge of sexuality in adolescents

Introducción: La adolescencia con todas sus características y pautas constituye un problema asociado al mundo actual.Objetivo:Implementar una propuesta de intervención para la educación sexual de los adolescentes. Métodos:Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo, transversal de intervención educativa. Se seleccionó una muestra de 378 estudiantes pertenecientes a la ESBU "Eduardo Panizo Busto", del municipio Bahía Honda en Artemisa durante el año 2016, con el fin de modificar el nivel de conocimientos y comportamiento sexual de los mismos. Se desarrolló una intervención educativa sobre sexualidad con material específico, encaminada a resolver las principales deficiencias encontradas, después del análisis de una primera encuesta aplicada. Seis meses después se aplicó una segunda encuesta midiendo las mismas variables, los datos fueron procesados mediante estadística descriptiva e inferencial.Resultados:La gran mayoría de los estudiantes encuestados refieren haber iniciado las relaciones sexuales en edades tempranas como 14 y 15 años, el sexo masculino es de mayor incidencia con respecto al femenino. 278 encuestados (73.5%) rechazan el preservativo y le es incómodo, 124 (32.8%) no confían en él. Antes de la intervención educativa 180 (47.6%) de los adolescentes tenían deficientes conocimientossobre el tema, lográndose una mejoría después de la intervención educativa donde296 adolescentes (78.3%) obtuvieron resultados favorables.Conclusiones:La mayoría de los adolescentes inician a temprana edad sus relaciones sexuales con un nivel de conocimientos y actitudes deficientes en cuanto a la sexualidad que deviene en un comportamiento riesgoso, lográndose mejoría después de la intervención educativa aplicada por el personal de enfermería

Introduction: Adolescence with all its characteristics and patterns constitutes a problem associated with the current world.Objective:To implement an intervention proposal for the sexual education of adolescents.Methods:A descriptive, cross-sectional, educational intervention study was conducted. A sample of 378 students belonging to the ESBU "Eduardo Panizo Busto",from the Bahía Honda municipality in Artemisa during the year 2016, was selected in order to modify the level of knowledge and sexual behavior of the same. An educational intervention on sexuality was developed with specific material, aimed at solving the main deficiencies found, after the analysis of a first applied survey. Six months later a second survey was applied measuring the same variables, the data were processed by descriptive and inferential statistics.Results:The vast majority of the students surveyed reported having started sexual relations at an early age, such as 14 and 15 years old, the male sex being higher than the female sex. 278 respondents (73.5%) reject the condom and it is uncomfortable, 124 (32.8%) do not trust him. Before the educational intervention 180 (47.6%) of the adolescents had deficient knowledge on the subject, achieving an improvement after the educational intervention where 296 adolescents (78.3%) obtained favorable results.Conclusions:Most adolescents initiate their sexual relations at a young age with a level of knowledge and attitudes deficient in sexuality that becomes a risky behavior, achieving improvement after the educational intervention applied by the nursing staff.

Sorption of BTEX on a nanoporous composite of SBA-15 and a calcined hydrotalcite.

Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and p-xylene (BTEX) are hazardous volatile organic compounds mostly released from fuel combustion, paint gas emissions, and biomass burning. In this work, it is studied the BTEX sorption influence on the surface reactivity of a new kind of nanoporous composite, prepared via an in situ functionalization of SBA-15 with a Mg-Al calcined hydrotalcite (HTC). During its preparation, Mg/Al mixed oxides are indeed formed and dispersed on the SBA-15 surface with non-blockage porosity. Furthermore, the physicochemical surface properties are exalted from its precursors and it is synergistically favorable for the BTEX sorption at low pressure and temperature.

Nanoporous composites prepared by a combination of SBA-15 with Mg-Al mixed oxides. Water vapor sorption properties.

This work presents two easy ways for preparing nanostructured mesoporous composites by interconnecting and combining SBA-15 with mixed oxides derived from a calcined Mg-Al hydrotalcite. Two different Mg-Al hydrotalcite addition procedures were implemented, either after or during the SBA-15 synthesis (in situ method). The first procedure, i.e., the post-synthesis method, produces a composite material with Mg-Al mixed oxides homogeneously dispersed on the SBA-15 nanoporous surface. The resulting composites present textural properties similar to the SBA-15. On the other hand, with the second procedure (in situ method), Mg and Al mixed oxides occur on the porous composite, which displays a cauliflower morphology. This is an important microporosity contribution and micro and mesoporous surfaces coexist in almost the same proportion. Furthermore, the nanostructured mesoporous composites present an extraordinary water vapor sorption capacity. Such composites might be utilized as as acid-base catalysts, adsorbents, sensors or storage nanomaterials.

Rapid conversion of spirostans into furostan skeletons at room temperature.

We report a facile protocol to obtain 22-substituted furostans and pseudosapogenins in high yields from (25R)- and (25S)-sapogenins. This method involves the treatment of the sapogenin with acetic-trifluoroacetic mixed anhydride and BF(3)·OEt(2) at room temperature, followed by the addition of a nucleophile (H(2)O, MeOH or KSeCN). In the case of 22-hydroxyfurostans, they can be transformed to pseudosapogenins by treatment with p-toluensulfonic acid.

In vivo characterization of a dual adenosine A2A/A1 receptor antagonist in animal models of Parkinson's disease.

The in vivo characterization of a dual adenosine A(2A)/A(1) receptor antagonist in several animal models of Parkinson's disease is described. Discovery and scale-up syntheses of compound 1 are described in detail, highlighting optimization steps that increased the overall yield of 1 from 10.0% to 30.5%. Compound 1 is a potent A(2A)/A(1) receptor antagonist in vitro (A(2A) K(i) = 4.1 nM; A(1) K(i) = 17.0 nM) that has excellent activity, after oral administration, across a number of animal models of Parkinson's disease including mouse and rat models of haloperidol-induced catalepsy, mouse model of reserpine-induced akinesia, rat 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion model of drug-induced rotation, and MPTP-treated non-human primate model.

Enteropatogenicidad de bacterias aisladas de peces, del agua y plancton de su entorno en Venezuela / Enteropathogenicity of bacteria isolated from fish, water and plancton from their environment in Venezuela

Las enfermedades de transmisión alimentaria asociadas al consumo de pescado, constituyen en la actualidad un grave problema sanitario en Venezuela, ya que la aparición de patologías gastrointestinales se ha hecho cada vez más frecuente, quizás originada directamente por miembros de la bacterioflora de peces dulceacuícolas. En tal sentido, el objetivo de esta investigación se centró en la determinación de la enteropatogenicidad, específicamente la citotoxicidad y enterotoxicidad de cepas bacterianas aisladas de tilapias, truchas arco iris y cachamas, provenientes de granjas y del medio silvestre. Para ello, se emplearon un total de 12 cepas, dos por cada especie bacteriana: Aeromonas hydrophila, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Plesiomonas shigelloides y Vibrio cholerae, empleando la línea celular Vero y a través del modelo de inoculación en ratones lactantes. La producción de enterotoxinas resultó positiva para el 42 por ciento de las cepas, observándose distensión abdominal con fluido intestinal de color blanquecino en ratones inoculados con A. hydrophila, K. pneumoniae y V. cholerae, mientras que en aquellos inoculados con E. coli, el fluido se observó hemorrágico. El 100 por ciento de las cepas resultaron citotóxicas en el ensayo con células Vero, produciendo alteraciones intra (granulaciones tóxicas) y extracelulares (disgregación y cambios en la morfología celular). Estos resultados permiten inferir sobre la existencia de un vínculo entre el consumo de pescado y la aparición de enfermedades en el humano.

Diseases transmitted through food products associated to fish consumption, actually constitute a serious sanitary problem in Venezuela, because gastrointestinal pathologies are more frequent, maybe originated directly from members of freshwater fish bacterioflora. For this, the objective of this research was focused in the enteropathogenicity determination, specifically citotoxicity and enterotoxicity of strains isolated from tilapias, rainbow trouts and cachamas, captured from farms and natural environments. In that sense, 12 strains were used, two of each of the following species: Aeromonas hydrophila, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Plesiomonas shigelloides and Vibrio cholerae, using a Vero cellular line and the suckling mouse model. The enterotoxin production resulted positive for 42 percent of the strains, observing abdominal distension with a whitish intestinal fluid in mice inoculated with Aeromonas hydrophila, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Vibrio cholerae, while in those inoculated with E. coli the fluid was hemorraghic. All the strains resulted citotoxic in the trial with Vero cells, producing intracellular (toxic granulations) and extra cellular alterations (desegregation and changes in the cellular morphology). These results allow the inference that there is a relation between fish consumption and the appearance of disease in humans.

Microbiological assessment of house and imported bottled water by comparison of bacterial endotoxin concentration, heterotrophic plate count, and fecal coliform count.

Consumers increasingly use bottled water and home water treatment systems to avoid direct tap water. According to the International Bottled Water Association (IBWA), an industry trade group, 5 billion gallons of bottled water were consumed by North Americans in 2001. The principal aim of this study was to assess the microbial quality of in-house and imported bottled water for human consumption, by measurement and comparison of the concentration of bacterial endotoxin and standard cultivable methods of indicator microorganisms, specifically, heterotrophic and fecal coliform plate counts. A total of 21 brands of commercial bottled water, consisting of 10 imported and 11 in-house brands, selected at random from 96 brands that are consumed in Puerto Rico, were tested at three different time intervals. The Standard Limulus Amebocyte Lysate test, gel clot method, was used to measure the endotoxin concentrations. The minimum endotoxin concentration in 63 water samples was less than 0.0625 EU/mL, while the maximum was 32 EU/mL. The minimum bacterial count showed no growth, while the maximum was 7,500 CFU/mL. Bacterial isolates like P. fluorescens, Corynebacterium sp. J-K, S. paucimobilis, P. versicularis, A. baumannii, P. chlororaphis, F. indologenes, A. faecalis and P. cepacia were identified. Repeated measures analysis of variance demonstrated that endotoxin concentration did not change over time, while there was a statistically significant (p < 0.05) decrease in bacterial count over time. In addition, multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that a unit change in the concentration of endotoxin across time was associated with a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the bacteriological cell count. This analysis evidenced a significant time effect in the average log bacteriological cell count. Although bacterial growth was not detected in some water samples, endotoxin was present. Measurement of Gram-negative bacterial endotoxins is one of the methods that have been suggested as a rapid way of determining bacteriological water quality.

1H and 13C NMR spectral assignment of androstane derivatives.

(1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopic data for 5alpha-androstanes and halo-5alpha-androstanes with different substituents at positions C-3, C-9, C-11 and C-17 were examined and assigned by a combination of 1D and 2D NMR experiments. The substituent effects on the (13)C chemical shifts were compared with those of epi-androsterone, used as a reference compound. The coupling constants (n)J((19)F,(13)C) were measured for compounds 6, 8, 11 and 14.

Interplay of orbital symmetry and nonstatistical dynamics in the thermal rearrangements of bicyclo[n.1.0]polyenes.

CASSCF and CASPT2 calculations have been carried out on some of the thermal rearrangements of bicyclo[2.1.0]pentene (BCP), bicyclo[4.1.0]hepta-2,4-diene (BCH), bicyclo[6.1.0]nona-2,4,6-triene (BCN), and 9,9-dicyanobicyclo[6.1.0]nona-2,4,6-triene (DCBCN). In addition, experiments have been conducted to determine the stereoselectivity and temperature dependence of the nondegenerate rearrangement of 9,9-dicyanobicyclo[6.1.0]nona-2,4,6-triene-exo-15N. The calculations and experiments allow a consistent picture to be drawn for these reactions. The principal conclusions are as follows. (1) The ring-walk rearrangements of BCP, BCN, and DCBCN are pericyclic reactions occurring with a strong preference for inversion of configuration at the migrating carbon. However, the ring-walk rearrangement of BCH is a nonpericyclic reaction. (2) The rearrangement of DCBCN to 9,9-dicyanobicyclo[4.2.1]nona-2,4,7-triene occurs with a preferred stereochemistry corresponding to a 1,3 migration with retention. However, this reaction is not a pericyclic process; the stereoselectivity is probably of dynamic origin. (3) Cyano substituents can significantly reduce the activation energy for a reaction occurring via a singlet biradical, but they do not necessarily cause the intermediate to sit in a deeper local minimum on the potential energy surface.

Sucesión ecológica de las especies de mosquitos en el municipio Boyeros, Ciudad de La Habana 1994-1996 / The ecological succession of mosquito species in the town of Boyeros, Ciudad de la Habana 1994-1996

An analysis was made on the incidence of Culicidae in Boyeros municipality, City of Havana from 1994 to 1996 based on the requirements of the national program for eradication of Aedes aegypti. A total of 13 species was detected in which Aedes mediovittatus predominated during 3 years of study, followed by Culex quinquefasciatus whereas for the first time Aedes albopictus species was found in the territory. People's Councils Wajay, Santiago de las Vegas and Armada exhibited the highest values of infestation by Culicidae in the municipality, therefore, they required that anti-Aedes program, operators paid more attention to this situation. It was found that depots preferred by Culicidae for breeding were larval traps followed by low tanks in 1994 and 1995 and by other reservoirs in 1996. A mediovittatus preferred larval traps whereas Cx. quinquefasciatus preferred low tanks except in 1996 when this species was mostly found in other tanks. 93 of all test-positive reservoirs found were colonized by only one species, whereas 7 presented larvae from 2 species or more. A. mediovittatus and C. quinquefasciatus were the most related, above all in low tanks.