Physicochemical Water Quality Influence on the Parasite Biodiversity in Juvenile Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) Farmed at Valle Del Mezquital in the Central-Eastern Socioeconomic Region of Mexico.

Aquaculture parasite biodiversity dependents on multiple environmental characteristics, including water quality. The analysis of this relationship aims to support improvements in the production management of tilapia. For this purpose, a total of 100 juvenile fishes (Oreochromis spp.) and 30 water samples were collected at Valle del Mezquital in the Central-Eastern socioeconomical region of Mexico. A study of parasite biodiversity was carried out and water quality parameters were determined. Biodiversity in the habitat was measured using the Simpson diversity index, which considers the number of species present and the abundance of each one; we also calculate the Berger-Parker index to estimate the proportional importance of the most abundant species. In general, it was found that 86% of the examined specimens were parasitized. Parasite biodiversity was 11 genera (Simpson index = 0.55). Trichodina spp. (Ciliophora) was the dominant genus (Berger-Parker index = 0.51). The protozoa Apiosoma spp. was associated with the water hardness (Berger-Parker index = 0.57). Furthermore, the presence of monogeneans showed a positive correlation with the levels of nitrites and ammonium in the water (Berger-Parker index = 0.06-0.55). This characterization may represent a useful tool in the comprehensive management of parasites that affect the farmed tilapia. However, new data is necessary to expand the knowledge about the environment-host-parasite relationship.

Prevalence of Parasitic Infections with Zoonotic Potential in Tilapia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Tilapia has a high socioeconomic value in many countries worldwide. However, it has been identified as a zoonotic parasite reservoir. A systematic literature search and meta-analysis were carried out in order to estimate the global prevalence of zoonotic parasites that affect tilapia. The search was performed by three field experts to avoid reviewer bias. Polled prevalence was estimated using a logistic-normal random-effect regression model in the R software. We dealt with the heterogeneity among studies through subgroup analysis, taking into account the continent, country, genus of the host, parasite taxonomic group, sample origin, and type of diagnostic test as moderator variables. Fifty-two eligible articles were identified covering five tilapia genera with a pooled prevalence of 0.14 (95% CI: 0.10−0.20) showed significant heterogeneity (I2 = 98.4; p < 0.001). The subgroup analysis revealed that the most affected host was Sarotherodon, with a prevalence of 0.42 (95% CI: 0.22−0.65). Cestode was the taxonomic group with the largest prevalence (0.40; 95% CI:0.32−0.48), followed by amoeba (0.24; 95% CI: 0.16−0.35) and nematode (0.22; 95% CI: 0.11−0.38), among which, Schyzocotyle spp., Opistorchis spp., Gnathostoma spp. and Vermamoeba spp. have an impact on public health. Significant differences (p < 0.004) were found among continents and countries, with the highest value of prevalence detected in the African continent (0.28; 95% CI: 0.20−0.37), specifically in Tanzania (0.56; 95% CI: 0.22−0.87) and Egypt (0.43; 95% CI: 0.20−0.55). The origin of samples had a significant effect (p < 0.0001) on the detected prevalence, especially from those that showed the highest prevalence (0.24; 95% CI: 0.17−0.33). Finally, there were no differences in prevalence according to the diagnostic test (p = 0.97). Our results provide useful information on the development of epidemiological programs for the control of zoonoses associated with parasites in tilapia and in the design, planning, and implementation of future research.

Challenges in the Detection of SARS-CoV-2: Evolution of the Lateral Flow Immunoassay as a Valuable Tool for Viral Diagnosis.

SARS-CoV-2 is an emerging infectious disease of zoonotic origin that caused the coronavirus disease in late 2019 and triggered a pandemic that has severely affected human health and caused millions of deaths. Early and massive diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients is the key to preventing the spread of the virus and controlling the outbreak. Lateral flow immunoassays (LFIA) are the simplest biosensors. These devices are clinical diagnostic tools that can detect various analytes, including viruses and antibodies, with high sensitivity and specificity. This review summarizes the advantages, limitations, and evolution of LFIA during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the challenges of improving these diagnostic devices.

Helminths of the Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) from Units of Conservation Management and Sustainable Use of Wildlife Installed in the Eastern Economic Region of Mexico.

Wild boars (Sus scrofa) were introduced in Mexico for sport hunting and meat trading for human consumption, but the available data regarding their role in pathogen transmission are limited. This research and field work aimed to identify the helminths of the wild boar produced in three units of conservation management and sustainable use of wildlife placed in the eastern economic region of Mexico. Samples of feces and serum were collected from 90 animals that came from three different ranches. Stool examination and antibody determination to Fasciola hepatica, Taenia crassciceps, Ascaris suum, Toxocara canis (ELISA), and Trichinella spiralis (Western blot) were performed. In addition, 30 diaphragm samples from one ranch were obtained for artificial digestion. Eggs of Strongyloides sp. (72.2%), Metastrongylus sp. (57.7%), Oesophagostomum sp. (53.3%), and Trichuris sp. (37.7%) were found in addition to oocysts of Eimeria sp. (75.6%). Antibodies to Fasciola (8.9%), Taenia (4.4%), Ascaris (32.2%), Toxocara (20%), and Trichinella (5.5%) were found. The eggs of Strongyloides and Oesophagostomum were associated to female hosts. One nematode larva was found by artificial digestion. This is the first report to identify helminths from wild boars in Mexico. In addition, this study identifies the potential risk of the wild boar as a transmission channel of parasites that can have an impact on public health.

Phenotypic-genotypic resistance in Salmonella spp. isolated from cattle carcasses from the north central zone of the State of Mexico.

Salmonella is a public and animal health problem due to the generation of strains multiresistant to antimicrobial products. The objective of this study was to determine prevalence and antimicrobial phenotypic and genotypic resistance of Salmonella spp. isolated from beef cattle carcasses killed in slaughterhouses of the north central zone of the State of Mexico. Sampling was carried out according to the European Directive 2001/471/EC; isolation and identification of the strain was carried out according to the Mexican Official Standard NOM-114-SSA1-1994; resistance was established by CMI according to the National Committees for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCLS) and multiplex PCR according to Ahmed et al. (Journal of Applied Microbiology 106:402-409, 2009) with PSE-1, tetG, qnrS, FloR, STR, and sul1 oligonucleotides. Twenty-seven strains of Salmonella spp. were obtained from 327 samples (prevalence of 0.083); 19 strains (70 %) were resistant to 10 µg/ml of ampicillin, 15 of these (79 %) had the PSE-1 gene; 22 strains (84 %) were resistant to 30 µg/ml streptomycin, 14 of these (63.6 %) had the STR gene. Genes PSE-1 and STR were factors in the presence of resistance, the rest of the genes (tetG, qnrS, FloR, and sul1) were not factors of resistance in the studied strains.

Resistencia antibiótica de genotipos de cepas de Salmonella spp de cerdos sacrificados en rastros del Estado de México / Antibiotic resistance of Salmonella spp strain genotypes isolated from pigs slaughtered at abattoirs in the Estado de Mexico

Multiresistant Salmonella serovar Typhimurium strains are a worldwide problem in animal and human health. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of some Salmonella spp resistance genes (cmlA/tetR, PSE-1, TEM, Sip B/C) in strains isolated from pigs slaughtered at abattoirs in the Estado de Mexico. Of 87 analyzed strains 22 (25.28%) had phenotypical resistance to chloramphenicol (30 μg), 15 (17.24%) to ampicillin (10 μg) and 54 (62.07%) to sulfamethoxazole (60 μg). The phenotypical and genotypical relation of the 87 strains was: of the 22 chloramphenicol resistant strains only 14 (63.63%) expressed the cmlA/tetR resistance gene, and of the 65 strains non-resistant to chloramphenicol only 36 (55.38%) expressed the cmlA/tetR resistance gene. Regarding the 15 ampicillin resistant strains only 2 (13.33%) were carriers of the PSE-1 gene and 7 (46.66%) presented the TEM gene; both genes confer genotypical ampicillin resistance. Of 72 non-resistant ampicillin strains, 11 (15.27%) carried the TEM gene which confers ampicillin resistance. Two Salmonella strains (2.28%) belonged to phagotype DT104. Strains not showing phenotypical resistance but carrying resistance genes have not been exposed to selection by competition, although they possess the mechanism to express such resistance.

La aparición de cepas multirresistentes de Salmonella Typhimurium es un problema mundial, tanto en salud animal como en salud pública. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar la frecuencia de algunos genes de resistencia (cmlA/tetR, PSE-1, TEM, Sip B/C) en cepas de Salmonella spp aisladas de cerdos en rastros del Estado de México. De las 87 cepas analizadas, 22/87 (25.28%) mostraron resistencia al cloranfenicol (30 μg), 15/87 (17.24%) a la ampicilina (10 μg) y 54/87 (62.07%) fueron resistentes al sulfametoxazol (60 μg). La relación fenotípica y genotípica de las 87 cepas analizadas fue: de las 22 cepas que presentaron resistencia fenotípica al cloranfenicol, sólo 14/22 (63.63%) expresaron el gen de resistencia cmlA/tetR, y de las 65 cepas que manifestaron sensibilidad al cloranfenicol, 36/65 (55.38%) expresaron el gen de resistencia cmlA/tetR. De las 15 cepas que expresaron resistencia a la ampicilina, sólo 2/15 (13.33%) mostraron el gen PSE-1, y 7/15 (46.66%) presentaron el gen TEM, ambos genes confieren resistencia genotípica a la ampicilina. De las 72 cepas que manifestaron sensibilidad a la ampicilina, 11 (15.27%) mostraron el gen TEM, el cual da resistencia a la ampicilina. De las 87 cepas de Salmonella sólo 2/87 (2.28%) expresaron el fagotipo DT104. Las cepas que son portadoras de genes de resistencia, pero no la manifiestan fenotípicamente, no han sido expuestas a una selección por competencia, por lo tanto, no expresan la resistencia fenotípica, pero cuentan con el mecanismo necesario para expresarla.