As escolhas das especialidades médicas e a afetividade: revisão de literatura / Specialty choices and affectivity: literature review

RESUMO Introdução: A escolha da especialidade é fator determinante da prática profissional do médico. A especialização médica é o meio não somente de atingir a excelência técnica e científica na atenção à saúde, mas também é a estratégia em que se estabelecem o poder e o status entre os pares e a sociedade em geral. Neste estudo, os aspectos psicossociais dessas escolhas foram analisados a partir dos artigos de educação médica selecionados. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo apresentar os fatores psicossociais mediadores nas escolhas por especialidades médicas a partir do olhar da psicologia sócio-histórica. Método: Trata-se de uma revisão de literatura em que foi realizada uma busca com os descritores residência médica, especialidade e escolha nas plataformas PubMed e SciELO, para estudos publicados nos últimos cinco anos. Resultado: A busca nas bases de dados resultou em 509 estudos, dos quais foram selecionados 53 artigos para análise crítica. Desses 53 artigos, selecionaram-se 18 para análise de conteúdo, resultando em indícios de que a categoria psicossocial "afetividade", identificada neste estudo - nas emoções vivenciais, no sentimento do cuidado de si, no sentimento de pertencimento e nas emoções da interação social nos processos formativos é a mediadora da escolha da especialidade médica e, por isso, deve ser considerada nos processos educacionais das ciências médicas. Conclusão: A afetividade é o principal fator psicossocial mediador nos processos das escolhas de especialidades médicas. E isso indica a necessidade de estudos mais aprofundados sobre os sentimentos e as emoções dos alunos de Medicina que visem colaborar para uma educação mais crítica e significativa para os educandos e profissionais, refletindo na qualidade da saúde coletiva.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The choice of specialty is a determining factor in the doctor's professional practice. Medical specialization is the means not only of achieving technical and scientific excellence in health care, but it is also the strategy by which power and status are established among peers and society in general. In this study, the psychosocial aspects of these choices were analyzed based on selected medical education articles. Objective: To present the psychosocial factors that mediate the choices of medical specialties from the perspective of socio-historical psychology. Method: This is a literature review where a search was carried out using the descriptors 'medical residency', 'specialty' and 'choice' on the PubMed and SciELO platforms, for studies published in the last five years. Result: The search in the databases found 509 studies that matched the descriptors, from which 53 articles were selected for critical analysis. Of these 53 articles, 18 were selected for content analysis, resulting in indications of the important mediator role played in specialty choice and therefore significance in medical science educational processes of the psychosocial category: affectivity, identified in this study in terms of experiential emotions, the feeling of self-care, the feeling of belonging and in the emotions of interaction social in training processes. Conclusion: Affectivity is the main psychosocial mediating factor in the processes of choosing medical specialties. Indicating the need for more in-depth studies into the feelings and emotions of medical students to collaborate with a more critical and meaningful education for students and professionals, reflecting on the quality of collective health.

Hookah Smoking among Brazilian University Students: An Exploratory Survey on the Prevalence and Perceptions of Addiction and its Harmfulness.

Background: This study aimed to determine the prevalence, beliefs, attitudes, and perceptions of hookah use in a population of undergraduate students at a large public university in Brazil. Methods: The sample consisted of 1348 undergraduate students aged over 18-year-old. They completed structured questionnaires on demographic information and close-ended questions on the past and current experiences of smoking hookah. The data underwent descriptive analysis and binary logistic regression. Findings: Finally, 1298 valid survey forms were obtained from printed and digital questionnaires. More than half (53.9%) of participants reported having tried hookah at least once, however, only 10.8% reported they had experienced it within the last 30 days. The majority of the studied population presented acceptable beliefs about the harmfulness and addictive capacity of hookah smoking. However, when comparing the perceptions of those who had smoked and those who had never smoked hookah, and also, the perceptions of users and non-users, significant differences were observed. Students who were users or had already tried hookah showed a tendency to underestimate the deleterious effects of this type of smoking. Conclusion: It could be concluded that hookah smoking was common among Brazilian university students. In addition, preoccupying misperceptions of hookah's harmfulness and addictive capacity were found. The results showed that the epidemic of hookah smoking, especially among young people, has spread far beyond the Arab world and the Persians. Accordingly, preventive measures must be taken if this population is to be protected from addiction and other serious health problems.

Low Complexity Hybrid Precoding Designs for Multiuser mmWave/THz Ultra Massive MIMO Systems.

Millimeter-wave and terahertz technologies have been attracting attention from the wireless research community since they can offer large underutilized bandwidths which can enable the support of ultra-high-speed connections in future wireless communication systems. While the high signal attenuation occurring at these frequencies requires the adoption of very large (or the so-called ultra-massive) antenna arrays, in order to accomplish low complexity and low power consumption, hybrid analog/digital designs must be adopted. In this paper we present a hybrid design algorithm suitable for both mmWave and THz multiuser multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, which comprises separate computation steps for the digital precoder, analog precoder and multiuser interference mitigation. The design can also incorporate different analog architectures such as phase shifters, switches and inverters, antenna selection and so on. Furthermore, it is also applicable for different structures, namely fully-connected structures, arrays of subarrays (AoSA) and dynamic arrays of subarrays (DAoSA), making it suitable for the support of ultra-massive MIMO (UM-MIMO) in severely hardware constrained THz systems. We will show that, by using the proposed approach, it is possible to achieve good trade-offs between spectral efficiency and simplified implementation, even as the number of users and data streams increases.

COVID-19 seroprevalence in military police force, Southern Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Limited data is available regarding the frequency of COVID-19 in populations that are highly exposed to SARS-CoV-2. In this cross-section study we evaluated COVID-19 seroprevalence in military police forces of 10 major cities in Rio Grande do Sul, South of Brazil. METHODS: Sampling was randomly performed in clusters, in respect to the number of professionals at service per city and military unit. Research subjects were evaluated on July 23, 2020 (first wave peak in Brazil). Clinical information was obtained, and venous blood was taken for ELISA testing (IgA, and IgG antibodies). Sample size consisted of 1,592 military workers (33.6% of study population). They were mostly man (81.2%) and young (median 34 years-old). Most had been asymptomatic (75.3%) during pandemic, and 27.5% reported close contact with COVID-19 cases (after a median time of 21 days). Antibodies were detected in 3.3% of the participants, mostly IgA (2.7%), and IgG (1.7%). After 3 weeks, 66.7% of IgA and IgG results turned negative, in addition to 78.3% and 100% of borderline IgA and IgG results, respectively. CONCLUSION: The seroprevalence of COVID-19 amongst military police was at least 3.4 higher than the findings of other studies performed in the general population, in the same cities and dates. Most detectable antibodies were of IgA class, which implies recent exposure. Asymptomatic people were more prone to have negative antibody titters in the second run.

Association of temporary Environmental Protection Agency regulation suspension with industrial economic viability and local air quality in California, United States.

BACKGROUND: This study seeks to answer two questions about the impacts of the 2020 Environmental Protection Agency's enforcement regulation rollbacks: is this suspension bolstering the economic viability of industries as oil and manufacturing executives claim they will and are these regulations upholding the agency's mission of protecting the environment? RESULTS: To answer the former question, we utilized 6 months of state employment level data from California, United States, as a method of gauging the economic health of agency-regulated industries. We implemented a machine learning model to predict weekly employment data and a t-test to indicate any significant changes in employment. We found that, following California's state-issued stay-at-home order and the agency's regulation suspension, oil and certain manufacturing industries had statistically significant lower employment values.To answer the latter question, we used 10 years of PM2.5 levels in California, United States, as a metric for local air quality and treatment-control county pairs to isolate the impact of regulation rollbacks from the impacts of the state lockdown. Using the agency's data, we performed a t-test to determine whether treatment-control county pairs experienced a significant change in PM2.5 levels. Even with the statewide lockdown-a measure we hypothesized would correlate with decreased mobility and pollution levels-in place, counties with oil refineries experienced the same air pollution levels when compared to historical data averaged from the years 2009 to 2019. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to the expectation that the suspension would improve the financial health of the oil and manufacturing industry, we can conclude that these industries are not witnessing economic growth with the suspension and state shutdown in place. Additionally, counties with oil refineries could be taking advantage of these rollbacks to continue emitting the same amount of PM2.5, in spite of state lockdowns. For these reasons, we ask international policymakers to reconsider the suspension of enforcement regulations as these actions do not fulfill their initial expectations. We recommend the creation and maintenance of pollution control and prevention programs that develop emission baselines, mandate the construction of pollution databases, and update records of pollution emissions. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12302-021-00489-9.

Factors associated with Chikungunya infection in a cohort of women aged 15-39 y in Fortaleza, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Outbreaks of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) occurred in Brazil during 2015-2017. Fortaleza was the city that reported the most cases. METHODS: The first round of a cohort study was conducted among women aged 15-39 y in Fortaleza, Brazil, in 2018 (Zika in Fortaleza). We collected sera to detect CHIKV IgG and IgM antibodies. Factors for CHIKV infection were identified using a Poisson regression model. RESULTS: We evaluated 1466 serum samples and 13.8% and 37.2% of women were found positive for CHIKV IgM and IgG antibodies, respectively. Living with more than four others in the same house and having an abandoned house nearby were associated with CHIKV infection. Being currently pregnant was associated with a decreased probability of CHIKV infection, which was also associated with pregnant women reporting using more repellent, both inside and outside the house, than non-pregnant women. CONCLUSIONS: Crowding in households and abandoned houses nearby can increase potential transmission. Policies providing better living conditions and regulation of abandoned sites and buildings are necessary to control the mosquito population. Programmes providing repellant at low or no cost to pregnant women should be implemented in the neighbourhoods where arbovirus infections are endemic.

Guideline for oral care of dependent elders: mapping review and cross-cultural adaptation to Portuguese-Brazil.

This study aimed to map evidence-based guidelines for oral care of the dependent elders and perform the cross-cultural adaptation to Brazilian Portuguese. Initially, a systematized review was conducted in Medline, Scielo, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases without restrictions in search period or type of study. Articles in English, Spanish, and Brazilian Portuguese describing evidence-based guidelines for oral care, including oral hygiene recommendations, of institutionalized dependent elders were included as long as they presented an evaluation of evident quality. The guideline that met inclusion criteria was submitted to cross-cultural adaptation after obtaining permission from the original authors. Two hundred and nineteen references were found. Three selected articles described evidence-based guidelines for oral care, but the Oral Health Care Guideline for Older People in Long-term Care Institutions (OGOLI), originally developed and implemented in the Netherlands, was selected. It was based on evidence level A2 and consensus of experts and met the quality requirements of the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation (AGREE). This guideline presents oral care recommendations for elders with different levels of dependence in activities of daily living to be performed by caregivers and nursing staff. The adaptation of the OGOLI was mainly on the attributions of care providers, given the differences in professional regulations between Brazil and the Netherlands. The cross-cultural equivalence between OGOLI and its Brazilian Portuguese version was verified.

Paracetamol-induced metabolic and cardiovascular changes are prevented by exercise training.

Paracetamol (PAR) is the most frequently consumed non-prescription drug, yet it is well known to induce toxicity. Here, we have evaluated the effects of exercise training on vascular dysfunction induced by PAR. Rats were distributed among four groups: (a) Sedentary; (b) Exercise; (c) Sedentary+PAR; and (d) Exercise+PAR. The exercise comprised swimming 50 min/d, 5 d/wk for 6 weeks (+PAR in the last 2 weeks, at 400 mg/kg/d/p.o.). After killing, the rats' blood and aortas were collected for biochemical analysis of hepatic transaminases, TBARs reaction, glutathione, glutathione reductase, SOD, and catalase. In vitro vascular relaxation was measured using acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside in the presence or absence of tiron (an antioxidant). Vascular protein expression (eNOS and sGC) also were analysed. Increased transaminases after PAR treatment were found to be reduced by exercise. Vasodilation was impaired by PAR only in the sedentary group. Exercise prevented alterations in lipoperoxidation and glutathione levels after PAR exposure. Glutaathione reductase and SOD also were increased by PAR but were normalized in the exercised group. Catalase activity and protein expressions did not change in any group. PAR treatment caused impairment in both vasodilation and redox balance; however, exercise training prevented the vascular and redox system dysfunction induced by PAR treatment.

Recomendações para a Atenção Domiciliar em período de pandemia por COVID-19: Recomendações conjuntas do GT Atenção Domiciliar SBMFC e da ABRASAD / Recommendations for Home Care in COVID-19 pandemic period: Joint recommendations - SBMFC Home Care Working Group and ABRASAD / Recomendaciones para la atención domiciliaria en el período pandémico por Covid-19: Recomendaciones conjuntas ­ Grupo de Trabajo Atención Domiciliaria SBMFC y ABRASAD

A pandemia da COVID-19 trouxe como uma de suas consequências a necessidade de reorganização dos sistemas de saúde. A Atenção Domiciliar (AD) se apresenta como opção para: interromper a transmissão; identificação precoce e cuidado de pacientes infectados; possibilidade de alta precoce e continuidade do cuidado fora do hospital; além da orientação aos familiares. Este artigo apresenta as possibilidades de cuidados no domicílio pelas equipes de Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) e de AD e os cuidados necessários que estas equipes devem ter ao realizar seu trabalho. É necessário manter pessoas seguras em casa, evitar a exposição ao risco, manter o papel de vigilância e cuidado das que dependem da AD, e as equipes devem reorganizar o processo de trabalho para um cuidado domiciliar efetivo. Na APS o cuidado remoto parece ser uma alternativa viável pelos agentes de saúde para o monitoramento, orientação e seguimento dos pacientes, deixando a visita domiciliar com a equipe para aqueles casos indicados. AD na suspeita ou confirmação da COVID-19 é possível, desde que a equipe esteja treinada, disponha de todos os Equipamentos de Proteção Individuais (EPI) necessários e o ambiente domiciliar compatível. Deve-se garantir continuidade do cuidado para pessoas com doenças crônicas durante a pandemia necessitam, sendo possível equacionar ferramentas da telemedicina e cuidado presencial caso a caso. Para os pacientes que foram hospitalizados e evoluíram satisfatoriamente é possível avaliar a continuidade do cuidado no domicílio sob acompanhamento da APS e AD. Devem ser instituídas medidas de precauções para a equipe e pacientes, garantindo que todos os profissionais sejam capacitados para uso de EPI, além de orientações para prevenção da transmissão de agentes infecciosos no domicílio. AD é essencial para acesso a pessoas com condições agudas, descompensação de doenças crônicas, tendo o desafio da organização do serviço utilizando a telessaúde e cuidados domiciliares de forma racional.

One of the consequences of the covid-19 pandemic was the necessity to reorganize health systems. Home care (HC) may be an option to interrupt transmission; early identification and care of infected patients; possibilities of early discharge and continuity of care outside the hospital; and family members guidance. This article aims to present possibilities of care at home by the Primary Health Care (PHC) and HC teams and the necessary care that these teams must have when carrying out their work. It is necessary to keep people safe at home, avoid risk exposure, maintain surveillance and care for those who depend on HC, and teams must reorganize the work process to an effective home care. In PHC, remote care seems to be a viable alternative for health personal to monitor, guide and follow up patients, leaving home visits with the team for those cases indicated. AD in the suspicion or confirmation of COVID-19 is possible, as long as the team is trained, has all the necessary Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) and the compatible home environment. Continuity of care should be ensured for people with chronic diseases during the pandemic, making it possible to consider telemedicine tools and face-to-face care on a case-by-case basis. For patients who have been hospitalized and progressed satisfactorily, it is possible to assess the continuity of care at home by PHC and HC monitoring. Precautionary measures must be put in place for staff and patients, ensuring that all professionals are trained in the PPE uses, in addition to guidelines for preventing infectious agent's transmission at home. HC is essential for access to people with acute conditions, decompensation of chronic diseases, with the challenge of organizing the service using telehealth and HC in a rational way.

Recomendações Atenção Domiciliar e COVID-19Rev Bras Med Fam Comunidade. Rio de Janeiro, 2020 Jan-Dez; 15(42):26112IntroduçãoDevido ao estado de emergência em Saúde Pública internacional desencadeado pela pandemia de COVID-19, com 5.934.936 casos e 367.166 óbitos ao final de maio de 2020, impõe-se um esforço internacional para a mitigação da transmissão e atendimento adequado aos infectado.1 A organização dos sistemas de saúde mundiais visa respostas imediatas e coordenadas dos diversos pontos das Redes de Atenção à Saúde (RAS), a qual o mais responsiva será quanto mais o acesso for universalizado e mais organizada e articulada estiver esta rede.2,3,4,5A medida preconizada pela OMS e adotada pela quase totalidade dos países, baseada nas melhores evidências disponíveis, foi o distanciamento social,6 que modificou radicalmente a forma de organização dos Sistemas de Saúde.4 Houve fechamento de serviços de atendimento a condições crônicas ambulatoriais, modificação das portas de entrada de Unidades Básicas de Saúde e de Pronto Atendimento, e indução da população a permanecer em casa, evitando uso de serviços para condições agudas leves, e para controle de condições crônicas, sem a definição de fluxos alternativos na RAS.2,3,7Una de las consecuencias de la pandemia de Covid-19 fue la necesidad de reorganizar los sistemas de salud. La atención domiciliaria (HC) puede ser una opción para interrumpir la transmisión; identificación temprana y cuidado de pacientes infectados; posibilidad de alta temprana y continuidad del cuidado fuera del hospital; además de orientación de los miembros de la familia. Este artículo presenta las posibilidades de cuidado en el hogar por parte de los equipos de Atención Primaria de Salud (APS) y AD y los cuidados necesarios que estos equipos deben tener al realizar su trabajo. Es necesario mantener a las personas seguras en casa, evitar la exposición al riesgo, mantener la vigilancia y cuidado de quienes dependen de AD, y los equipos deben reorganizar el proceso de trabajo para una atención domiciliaria efectiva. En la APS, el cuidado remoto parece ser una alternativa viable para el personal de salud para monitorear, orientar y dar seguimiento a los pacientes, dejando las visitas domiciliarias con el equipo para los casos indicados. AD en la sospecha o confirmación de Covid-19 es posible, siempre y cuando el equipo esté capacitado, tenga todo los Equipos de Protección Individual (EPI) necesario y el entorno doméstico compatible. Se debe garantizar la continuidad de la atención que las personas con enfermedades crónicas necesitan durante la pandemia, lo que permite considerar las herramientas de telemedicina y el cuidado presencial caso por caso. Para los pacientes que han sido hospitalizados y han progresado satisfactoriamente, es posible evaluar la continuidad de la atención en el hogar mediante el monitoreo de APS y AD. Se deben tomar medidas de precaución para el personal y los pacientes, asegurando que todos los profesionales estén capacitados en el uso de EPI, además de orientaciones para prevenir la transmisión de agentes infecciosos en el hogar. La AD es esencial para el acceso a personas con afecciones agudas, descompensación de enfermedades crónicas, con el desafío de organizar el servicio utilizando la telesalud y los cuidados domiciliarios de manera racional.

Guideline for oral care of dependent elders: mapping review and cross-cultural adaptation to Portuguese-Brazil

Abstract This study aimed to map evidence-based guidelines for oral care of the dependent elders and perform the cross-cultural adaptation to Brazilian Portuguese. Initially, a systematized review was conducted in Medline, Scielo, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases without restrictions in search period or type of study. Articles in English, Spanish, and Brazilian Portuguese describing evidence-based guidelines for oral care, including oral hygiene recommendations, of institutionalized dependent elders were included as long as they presented an evaluation of evident quality. The guideline that met inclusion criteria was submitted to cross-cultural adaptation after obtaining permission from the original authors. Two hundred and nineteen references were found. Three selected articles described evidence-based guidelines for oral care, but the Oral Health Care Guideline for Older People in Long-term Care Institutions (OGOLI), originally developed and implemented in the Netherlands, was selected. It was based on evidence level A2 and consensus of experts and met the quality requirements of the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation (AGREE). This guideline presents oral care recommendations for elders with different levels of dependence in activities of daily living to be performed by caregivers and nursing staff. The adaptation of the OGOLI was mainly on the attributions of care providers, given the differences in professional regulations between Brazil and the Netherlands. The cross-cultural equivalence between OGOLI and its Brazilian Portuguese version was verified.

Treatment with Paracetamol is not Associated with Increased Airway Sensitivity and Risk of Asthma in Rats.

BACKGROUND: Some studies have linked the use of paracetamol (PAR) with adverse effects like wheezing, exacerbation of asthma symptoms and other respiratory problems. Other studies are inconclusive or deny this correlation. This makes the association between PAR and airway hypersensitivity very controversial and still under debate. OBJECTIVE: This work investigated if chronic treatment with PAR in rats could directly affect the contraction and relaxation for different stimulus in isolated airways. METHODS: Rats were treated for 2 weeks with PAR (400 mg/Kg, v.o.). The blood was collected for biochemical analysis (alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), TBARs reaction and glutathione) and isolated tracheal rings were prepared in organ bath to measure isometric tone after contractile and relaxant stimulus. RESULTS: Hepatic enzymes (ALT, AST) and lipid peroxidation were increased after PAR-treatment, while glutathione was decreased. Rats do not present any alteration in airway myocytes responsiveness, either to contractile or relaxant stimulus (i.e. cholinergic agonist, membrane depolarization, Ca2+ influx across sarcolemma, internal Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum, Ca2+ channel blocking, ß-agonist and NOmediating relaxation). CONCLUSION: Despite increased oxidative stress and reduced antioxidant defense, chronic treatment with PAR does not induce airway hypersensitivity or risk of asthma in rats.

Ferramenta para avaliação e gestão da visita domiciliar na atenção primária à saúde: um relato de experiência / Tool for home visit evaluation and management in primary health care: an experience report / Herramienta para la evaluación y gestión de la visita domiciliaria en atención primaria a la salud: un relato de experiencia

Introdução: A visita domiciliar permite ao profissional de saúde romper com o modelo centrado na doença, voltando-se para uma abordagem centrada no indivíduo. No entanto, observa-se uma grande deficiência na organização e gestão destas, o que muitas vezes dificulta a priorização mais adequada destes pacientes. Objetivo: Apresentar a experiência de uma equipe ao utilizar uma nova ferramenta para avaliação e classificação de risco que visa otimizar a gestão da agenda das visitas domiciliares. Métodos: Trata-se de um relato de experiência de uma equipe de saúde da família, na periferia de uma capital no Nordeste do Brasil, que aplicou esta ferramenta aos pacientes de visita domiciliar entre os meses de junho e novembro de 2017. Resultados: Os dados coletados foram analisados, sendo possível classificar os pacientes quanto ao risco e vulnerabilidade. Esta ferramenta favoreceu o fortalecimento e estruturação do registro, planejamento, avaliação e monitoramento das visitas realizadas nos território. Além disso, deve ser ressaltada sua fácil aplicação e a reprodutibilidade em diferentes cenários da atenção primária. Conclusão: O uso de instrumentos adequados permite identificar pacientes em situação de risco e vulnerabilidade, além de possibilitar a organização da agenda, a identificação das necessidades das pessoas, o acompanhamento das doenças crônicas, propor estratégias, e planejar intervenções futuras.

Introduction: The home visit allows the health professional to break the disease-centered model, turning to an individual-centered approach. However, there is a great deficiency in the organization and management of these, which often makes it more difficult to prioritize these patients. Objective: To present the experience of a team when using a new risk evaluation and classification tool that aims to optimize the management of the home visits schedule. Methods: This is an report of the experience of a family health team, in a peripheric neighborhood of a capital city in the northeast of Brazil, that applied this tool with patients who applied this tool to home visiting patients in the period between June and November 2017. Results: The data collected were analyzed and it was possible to classify the patients regarding risk and vulnerability. This tool favored the strengthening and structuring of the registration, planning, evaluation and monitoring of the visits made in the territory. In addition, its easy application and reproducibility in different primary care settings should be emphasized. Conclusion: The use of appropriate instruments allows the identification of patients at risk and vulnerability, besides organizing the agenda, identifying people's needs, monitoring chronic diseases, proposing strategies, and planning for future interventions

Introducción: La visita domiciliaria permite al profesional de la salud romper con el modelo centrado en la enfermedad, volviéndose hacia un enfoque centrado en el individuo. Sin embargo, se observa una gran deficiencia en la organización y gestión de éstas, lo que a menudo dificulta la priorización más adecuada de estos pacientes. Objetivo: Presentar la experiencia de un equipo en la utilización de una nueva herramienta de evaluación y clasificación de riesgo que visa optimizar la gestión de la agenda de visitas domiciliarias. Métodos: Tratase de un relato de experiencia de un equipo de salud de la familia en la periferia de una capital en el Nordeste de Brasil, donde se aplicó esta herramienta con pacientes asistidos en domicilio entre los meses de junio y noviembre de 2017. Resultados: Los dados obtenidos fueron analizados, siendo posible clasificar según el riesgo y la vulnerabilidad. Esta herramienta favoreció el fortalecimiento y estructuración de registro, planificación, evaluación y monitoreo de las visitas realizadas en el territorio. Además, llamamos la atención a su fácil aplicabilidad y reproductibilidad en diferentes escenarios de la atención primaria a la salud. Conclusión: El uso de instrumentos adecuados permite identificar pacientes en situación de riesgo y vulnerabilidad, además de posibilitar la organización de la agenda, la identificación de las necesidades de las personas, el seguimiento de las enfermedades crónicas, proponer estrategias, y planificar intervenciones futuras

New National Curricular Guidelines of medical courses: opportunities to resignify education / Novas Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para os cursos de Medicina: oportunidades para ressignificar a formação / Nuevas Directrices Curriculares Nacionales para los cursos de Medicina: oportunidades para resignificar la formación

ABSTRACT The new National Curriculum Guidelines aim at restructuring and adapting medical curricula. The objective is to conduct a critical-reflective analysis of the restructure of a medical course's curricular matrix. This action research was conducted at a Brazilian federal university. The material was analyzed using the discourse analysis method. Among the results, the proposal of a curriculum that values life and transfers the biomedical paradigm to incorporate other dimensions in healthcare is highlighted. The need to strengthen a curricular matrix based on social demands and preferably focused on primary care is indicated. The establishment of longitudinal and transversal relationships among the competency areas of the 2014 National Curricular Guidelines and the curricular components is proposed. The intention is to foster the understanding of determinants and relationships between diseases and the communities' ways of living.

RESUMO As novas Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais (DCN) visam à reestruturação e adequação dos currículos médicos. Objetiva-se realizar uma análise crítico-reflexiva da reestruturação da matriz curricular para um curso de Medicina. Trata-se de uma pesquisa-ação realizada em uma universidade federal brasileira. Para a análise do material, procedeu-se com Análise de Discurso. Como resultados, destacou-se uma proposição curricular que valorize a vida, capaz de transpor o paradigma biomédico para incorporar outras dimensões no cuidado em Saúde. Apontou-se para o fortalecimento de uma matriz curricular retroalimentada pelas demandas sociais, tendo a Atenção Primária como cenário preferencial para a formação. Propõe-se o estabelecimento de relações de longitudinalidade e transversalidade entre as áreas de competência das DCN de 2014 e os componentes curriculares ofertados. Intenciona-se fomentar a compreensão dos determinantes e relações das doenças com os modos de vida das comunidades.

RESUMEN Las nuevas Directrices Curriculares Nacionales (DCN) apuntan a la reestructuración y adecuación de los currículos médicos. Objetivo: Realizar un análisis crítico-reflexivo de la reestructuración de la matriz curricular para un curso de Medicina. Se trata de una investigación-acción participativa realizada en una universidad federal brasileña. Para el análisis del material se procedió con un Análisis de Discurso. Como resultado, se destacó una proposición curricular que valorice la vida, capaz de transponer el paradigma biomédico incorporando otras dimensiones al cuidado de la salud. El objetivo fue el fortalecimiento de una matriz curricular retroalimentada por las demandas sociales, con la atención primaria como escenario preferencial para la formación. Se propone establecer relaciones longitudinales y transversales entre las áreas de competencia de las DCN de 2014 y los componentes curriculares ofertados. Se intenta fomentar la comprensión de los factores determinantes y las relaciones de las enfermedades con la forma de vida de las comunidades.

Competências e atividades profissionais confiáveis: novos paradigmas na elaboração de uma matriz curricular para residência em medicina de família e comunidade / Competencies and entrustable professional activities: new models for elaboration of a curriculum framework for family and community medicine residency / Competencias y actividades profesionales confiables: nuevos paradigmas en la elaboración de una matriz curricular para residencia en medicina de familia y comunidad

Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão na literatura sobre Currículo Baseado em Competências que possa subsidiar a elaboração de uma Matriz para Programa de Residência em Medicina de Família e Comunidade de Fortaleza, Ceará. Métodos: Foi realizada revisão de literatura sobre o referencial teórico do ensino baseado em competências, selecionando artigos, diretrizes, documentos e modelos de currículos de escolas médicas e entidades nacionais e internacionais envolvidas com o ensino médico. Resultados: A revisão de literatura evidenciou dois principais modelos de currículo repetidamente citados nas referências consultadas: ACGME (Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education) Milestones e CanMEDS (Canadian Medical Education Directions for Specialists) Framework. O Currículo Baseado em Competências enfatiza o ensino centrado no aluno e utiliza abordagem baseada em resultados para a criação, implementação e avaliação de programas de educação médica, usando uma estrutura organizacional de competências mapeadas com atividades profissionais confiáveis, na forma de uma matriz. A avaliação é feita por meio de desempenho e resultados graduados em marcos de desenvolvimento. Para fins de elaboração de Matriz curricular própria, optou-se como modelo e referência a proposta do CanMEDS 2015 por este ser aprovado por 12 organizações médicas canadenses e atualmente usado como base curricular em dezenas de países, sendo o modelo mais amplamente aplicado no mundo. Conclusão: Espera-se que esta revisão sirva de ferramenta para que também outras Instituições de Ensino e seus respectivos Programas de Residência possam desenvolver seus próprios Currículos Baseados em Competências.(AU)

Objective: The purpose is to carry out a literature review on Competency Based Curriculum that could support the elaboration of a matrix for the Residency Program in Family and Community Medicine of Fortaleza, Ceará. Methods: A literature review was made on the theoretical reference of competency-based education, selecting articles, guidelines, documents and curricula models of medical schools and national and international entities involved with medical education. Results: The literature review evidenced two main curriculum models repeatedly mentioned in the references: ACGME (Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education) Milestones and CanMEDS (Canadian Medical Education Directions for Specialists) Framework. Competency-Based Curriculum emphasizes student-centered teaching and uses a results-based approach to the design, implementation, and evaluation of medical education programs. It is organized as a framework of competencies mapped to entrustable professional activities in the form of a matrix. The evaluation is based on performance through milestones. For creating its own curricular Matrix, the CanMEDS 2015 was adopted as a model because it was approved by 12 Canadian medical organizations and it is currently used as reference in dozens of countries, being the most widely applied model in the world. Conclusion: We expect that this review would serve as a tool for other Medical Schools and their Residency Programs to develop their own Competency-Based Curricula.(AU)

Objetivo: El objetivo es realizar una revisión en la literatura sobre Currículo Basado en Competencias que pueda subsidiar la elaboración de una Matriz para Programa de Residencia en Medicina de Familia y Comunidad de Fortaleza, Ceará. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de literatura sobre la referencia teórica de la educación basada en competencias, seleccionando artículos, directrices, documentos y modelos de currículos de escuelas médicas y entidades nacionales e internacionales involucradas en la enseñanza médica. Resultados: La revisión de la literatura evidenció dos modelos principales de currículo citados repetidamente en las referencias: ACGME (Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education) Milestones y CanMEDS (Canadian Medical Education Directions for Specialists) Framework. El Currículo Basado en Competencias enfatiza la enseñanza centrada en el alumno y utiliza un enfoque basado en resultados para la creación, implementación y evaluación de programas de educación médica, usando una estructura organizacional de competencias asignadas con actividades profesionales confiables, en forma de una matriz. La evaluación se hace a través del desempeño y resultados graduados en marcos de desarrollo. Para crear su propia matriz curricular, CanMEDS 2015 se adoptó como modelo porque fue aprobado por 12 organizaciones médicas canadienses y actualmente se utiliza como referencia en docenas de países, siendo el modelo más ampliamente aplicado en el mundo. Conclusión: Esperamos que esta revisión sirva de herramienta para que también otras Escuelas Médicas y sus respectivos Programas de Residencia puedan desarrollar sus propios Currículos Basados en Competencias.(AU)

Assistive technologies for improving the oral hygiene of leprosy patients residing in a former leprosy colony in Betim, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: This study deals with management of a group of elderly patients with a history of leprosy and hand deformities by a multidisciplinary team of dentists and occupational therapists. Assistive technology devices have been developed to allow such patients to obtain independence in oral self-care and can be a cost-effective approach to improving oral care in this population. The objective of this study was to describe the development of assistive devices to facilitate daily oral hygiene in older people with enduring leprosy-related impairments. METHODOLOGY: Case study realized among elders with a history of leprosy residents in a former isolation colony in Betim, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The elders were evaluated for dependence on others for denture hygiene and mouthwash using the Daily Oral Hygiene Activity Index (ADOH). Those deemed partially or completely dependent on others were eligible for an intervention based on assistive technology. We adopted a personalized approach to each case, taking into account medical history, physical impairment and living environment. Six months after the intervention, the participants were assessed again using the ADOH and an unstructured interview about use of the devices. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Assistive devices for denture hygiene and mouthwash were developed for 16 elders. These devices facilitated oral hygiene in most patients and there was no worsening in any of the cases. Patients' report suggested they were satisfied with the devices provided. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that assistive devices can facilitate oral hygiene activities in leprosy patients. It also reinforces the importance of using a multidisciplinary team for the rehabilitation of these patients.

Implantação das políticas públicas de provimento e fixação de médicos no Ceará / Implementation of public provision policy and establishment of physicians in Ceará

A partir de 2011, os Ministérios da Saúde e da Educação instituíram programas para prover e fixar os profissionais médicos na atenção primária do Brasil. Este artigo tem como objetivo trazer um relato da implantação destes programas no Ceará a partir de 2012. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, realizado através de análise documental e coleta de dados que relata a experiência da implantação e implementação dos programas de provimento no estado do Ceará, compreendendo o período entre 2012 e 2016. O Ceará possui, atualmente, 2.352 equipes de saúde da família implantadas, sendo que mais da metade destas são vinculadas aos programas de provimento. Observou-se que 69% dos médicos trabalham nos municípios classificados como G100 e Pobreza. Por meio deste relato de experiência, pode-se considerar a possibilidade de ampliação do número de equipes de saúde da família, capacitando a oportunidade do provimento de médicos para municípios classificados como de extrema pobreza e vulnerabilidade no interior do estado, além de promover a longitudinalidade do cuidado.(AU)

As of 2011, the Ministries of Health and Education have instituted programs to provide and fix medical professionals in primary care in Brazil. This article aims to provide an account of the implementation of these programs in Ceará from 2012. This is a descriptive study, conducted through documentary analysis and data collection that reports on the experience of the implementation of the state's welfare programs of Ceará, comprising the period between 2012 to 2016. Ceará currently has 2,352 family health teams implanted, more than half of which are linked to the provision programs. It was observed that 69% of doctors work in municipalities classified as G100 and Poverty. Through this experience report, it is possible to consider the possibility of expanding the number of family health teams, enabling the provision of doctors to municipalities classified as extreme poverty and vulnerability within the state, in addition to promoting longitudinality of care.(AU)

Dependence on others for oral hygiene and its association with hand deformities and functional impairment in elders with a history of leprosy.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the frequency of dependence on others for oral hygiene and its association with hand deformities, frailty and dependence on others for basic activities of daily living (BADL) among elders with a history of leprosy. BACKGROUND: Dependence on others for oral hygiene has not been considered in multifunctional geriatric assessments. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Edentulous elders with a history of leprosy who used complete dentures and resided in a former leprosy colony were classified as independent or partially/completely dependent on others for brushing their dentures or rinsing and for BADL, and as frail or robust. The presence of hand deformities was assessed by an occupational therapist. RESULTS: 28.4% and 14.9% were completely/partially dependent on others for brushing and rinsing, respectively. The dependence for BADL was observed in 21.6% and hand deformities in 17.6%. A higher odds of dependence for brushing/rinsing was found among elders who were dependent on others for BADL. Brushing dependence (61.5%) was more frequent among participants with hand deformities than those without this condition (21.3%) (OR: 6.8; 95% IC: 1.2-37.9; P = .028). There was no association between frailty and brushing (P = .068) or rinsing (P = .202) dependence. CONCLUSION: Approximately one-third of elders have a dependence on others for brushing; a smaller proportion is dependent on others for rinsing. Older people who are dependent on others for BADL and who present hand deformities are more likely to be dependent on others for denture brushing and rinsing. Elders may perform oral self-care even when they present frailty.

Motivos de consulta mais comuns das pessoas atendidas por uma equipe de saúde da família em Fortaleza - CE / The most common reasons for health encounters in a community assisted by a health team in Fortaleza, Ceará / Motivos de consulta más comunes de las personas atendidas por un equipo de salud de la familia en Fortaleza - CE

Objetivo: conhecer os principais motivos de consulta da população atendida em uma equipe de saúde do município de Fortaleza - CE. Métodos: estudo de caráter quantitativo, exploratório e transversal. Os dados foram coletados a partir dos registros dos atendimentos médicos efetuados durante o primeiro semestre de 2012, extraídos de banco de dados secundário, classificados com a CIAP-2, tabulados no Excel e analisados pelo Epi-Info. Resultados: houve um total de 1044 encontros, 68% para o sexo feminino e 32%, masculino. A faixa etária predominante consistiu de pessoas entre 20-39 anos. Foram encontrados 1985 motivos de consulta. Os capítulos mais comuns foram Geral e Inespecífico, Respiratório, Digestivo, Músculo-Esquelético e Circulatório. Os 30 principais motivos de consulta corresponderam a 51,49% do total. Houve grande variedade de demandas trazidas pelas pessoas e a maioria dos motivos esteve relacionada com a demanda programada. Conclusão: a CIAP-2 possibilitou uma avaliação minuciosa da demanda. Esse estudo pode servir como instrumento para auxiliar a equipe de saúde no cuidado das pessoas, por meio de capacitação, organização da clínica e ações comunitárias e individuais para enfrentamento dos problemas.

Objective: the aim of this study was to establish the main reasons for engaging in consultations with a health team in Fortaleza, Ceará. Methods: the data were collected from medical records covering the first semester of 2012. They were extracted from a secondary database, coded using ICPC, and then entered into an Excel spreadsheet. Results: there were 1,044 different encounters recorded, 68% with female patients and 32% with males. Most of the patients were between 20 and 39 years old. There were 1,985 reasons for encounters, the most common of which were categorized as General and Unspecified, Respiratory, Digestive, Musculoskeletal, and Cardiovascular. The main 30 reasons for encounters accounted for 51.49% of the total number. People raised a great number of demands, most of which related to the program. Conclusion: the ICPC2 program helped to precisely evaluate patients' demands. Therefore, this study showed that the program was a tool by which the health team could take care of people through capacitation, managing the clinic, and developing actions for the individuals and community to face issues that arise ive, Musculoskeletal, and Cardiovascular. The main 30 reasons for encounters accounted for 51.49% of the total number. People raised a great number of demands, most of which related to the program. Conclusion: the ICPC2 program helped to precisely evaluate patients' demands. Therefore, this study showed that the program was a tool by which the health team could take care of people through capacitation, managing the clinic, and developing actions for the individuals and community to face issues that arise.

Objetivo: conocer los principales motivos de consulta de la población atendida en un equipo de salud de la ciudad de Fortaleza - CE. Métodos: los datos fueron recogidos desde los registros de los atendimientos médicos realizados en el primer semestre del 2012. Ellos fueron extraídos desde un banco de datos secundario, clasificados con la CIAP-2 y analizados en Excel. Resultados: hubo una totalidad de 1044 encuentros distintos. 68% fueron para el sexo femenino y 32%, masculino. El grupo de edad que predomina consistió en las personas entre 20-39 años. Fueron encontrados 1985 motivos de consulta. Los capítulos más comunes fueron General e Inespecífico, Respiratorio, Digestivo, Muslo-Esquelético y Circulatorio. Los 30 principales motivos de consulta correspondieron al 51,49% de la totalidad. Existió una gran variedad de demanda traídas por las personas y la mayoría de los motivos estuvo relacionada con la demanda programada. Conclusión: la CIAP 2 posibilitó una evaluación minuciosa de la demanda. Así, ese estudio se ha tornado un instrumento para que el equipo de salud se prepare para el cuidado a esas personas, a través de capacitación, administrando mejor la clínica y desarrollando acciones comunitarias e individuales para enfrentamiento de los problemas.

Association between the degree of physical impairment from leprosy and dependence in activities of daily living among the elderly in a health unit in the State of Minas Gerais.

INTRODUCTION: In addition to the common alterations and diseases inherent in the aging process, elderly persons with a history of leprosy are particularly vulnerable to dependence because of disease-related impairments. OBJECTIVE: determine whether physical impairment from leprosy is associated with dependence among the elderly. METHODS: An analytical cross-sectional study of elderly individuals with a history of leprosy and no signs of cognitive impairment was conducted using a database from a former leprosy colony-hospital. The patients were evaluated for dependence in the basic activities of daily living (BADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), respectively) and subjected to standard leprosy physical disability grading. Subsequently, descriptive and univariate analyses were conducted, the latter using Pearson's chi-squared test. RESULTS: A total of 186 elderly persons were included in the study. Of these individuals, 53.8% were women, 49.5% were older than 75 years of age, 93% had four or less years of formal education, 24.2% lived in an institution for the long-term care of the elderly (ILTC), and 18.3% had lower limb amputations. Among those evaluated, 79.8% had visible physical impairments from leprosy (grade 2), 83.3% were independent in BADL, and 10.2% were independent in IADL. There was a higher impairment grade among those patients who were IADL dependent (p=0.038). CONCLUSIONS: The leprosy physical impairment grade is associated with dependence for IADL, creating the need for greater social support and systematic monitoring by a multidisciplinary team. The results highlight the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of leprosy to prevent physical impairment and dependence in later years.

[Cross-cultural adaptation and reproducibility of a questionnaire to assess the knowledge and attitude of health professionals in cases of child physical abuse]. / Adaptação transcultural e reprodutibilidade de questionário para avaliação de conhecimento e atitude de profissionais de saúde frente a casos de abuso físico infantil.

The scope of this study was to conduct cross-cultural adaptation and evaluate the reproducibility of a questionnaire designed by a team from the University of London to assess knowledge and attitudes of health professionals during primary care when faced with cases of child physical abuse. The translation rigorously followed the criteria described by Herdman (1998), to maintain maximum functional equivalence. The adapted questionnaire was tested on 107 health care professionals from Belo Horizonte. Standard and Weighted Kappa tests were used to evaluate the reproducibility of the instrument. Most of the questions achieved Kappa test values above 80% (excellent). The Brazilian version of the questionnaire was, therefore, adapted and had proven reproducibility.