Malocclusion in children and adolescents with Down syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown a high prevalence of malocclusion in people with Down syndrome (DS) compared to individuals without DS, but no systematic review to summarize the evidence on this topic has been performed thus far. AIM: To evaluate whether children/adolescents with DS are more affected by malocclusion than those without DS. DESIGN: A search was performed in seven electronic databases. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The strength of the evidence from the selected studies was evaluated by the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system. RESULTS: Eleven publications were included in the systematic review and eight were meta-analysed. The meta-analysis showed that malocclusion was more prevalent in children/adolescents with DS for Angle Class III (risk difference [RD] = 0.40; confidence interval [CI] = 0.33, 0.46), posterior crossbite (risk ratio [RR] = 3.09; CI = 2.02, 4.73), anterior crossbite (RR = 2.18; CI = 1.41, 3.39), and anterior open bite (RD = 0.21; CI = 0.06, 0.36). CONCLUSION: The occurrence of malocclusion was higher in children/adolescents with DS compared to individuals without the syndrome. The strength of the evidence of the studies analysed, however, was considered moderate and low.

Microbiological contamination in digital radiography: evaluation at the radiology clinic of an educational institution.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the contamination rate of intra and extraoral digital X ray equipment in a dental radiology clinic at a public educational institution. Samples were collected on three different days, at two times in the day: in the morning, before attending patients, and at the end of the day, after appointment hours and before cleaning and disinfection procedures. Samples were collected from the periapical X-ray machine (tube head, positioning device, control panel and activator button), the panoramic X- ray machine (temporal support, bite block, control panel and activator button), the intraoral digital system (sensor), and the digital system computers (keyboard and mouse). The samples were seeded in different culture media, incubated, and colony forming units (CFU/mL) counted. Biochemical tests were performed for suspected colonies of Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Gramnegative bacilli (GNB). Fungi were visually differentiated into filamentous fungi and yeasts. The results indicated the growth of fungi and Staphylococcus fromall sampling locations. GNB growth was observed from all sites sampled from the intraoral X-ray equipment. On the panoramic unit, GNB growth was observed in samples from activator button, keyboard and mouse. In general, a higher number of CFU/mL was present before use. It can be concluded that more stringent protocols are needed to control infection and prevent X-ray exams from acting as vehicle for cross contamination.

O objetivo neste estudo foi avaliar o índice de contaminação dos equipamentos de radiografias digitais intra e extrabucais da clínica de radiologia odontológica de uma instituição pública de ensino. As amostras foram coletadas em três dias distintos, em dois momentos: pela manhã, antes dos atendimentos clínicos, e ao final do dia, após os atendimentos e antes dos procedimen tosde limpeza e desinfecção. As amostras foram coletadas do aparelho de raios X periapical (cabeçote, braço articular, painel de controle e botão disparador); do aparelho de raios X panorâmico (apoio temporal, bloco de mordida, painel decontrol e e botão disparador); do sistema digital intrabucal(sensor); dos computadores dos sistemas digitais (teclado e mouse). As amostras foram semeadas em diferentes meios de cultura e, após incubação, foram contadas as unidades formadoras de colônia (UFC/mL). Testes bioquímicos foramrealizados para colônias suspeitas de Staphylococcus, Streptococcus e bastonetes Gram negativos(BGN). Os fungos foram diferenciados visualmente em fungos filamentosos e leveduras. Os resultados indicaram crescimento de fungos e Staphylococcus em todos os locais amostrados. Em relação aos BGN, houve crescimento em todos os locais coletados do equipamento radiográfico intrabucal. No aparelho panorâmico, houve crescimento de BGN apenas no botão disparador, teclado e mouse. De maneira geral, houve maior número de UFC/mL antes do uso. Pode se concluir que é necessário implantar protocolos mais rigorosos de controle de infecção na prática radiológica, evitando que a obtenção de exames radiográficos seja um veículo para contaminação cruzada na FO/UFJF.

Microbiological contamination in digital radiography: evaluation at the radiology clinic of an educational institution / Contaminação microbiológica em radiografias digitais: avaliação da clínica de radiologia de uma instituição de ensino

The aim of this study was to evaluate the contamination rate of intraand extraoral digital Xray equipment in a dental radiology clinic at a public educational institution. Samples were collected on three different days, at two times in the day: in the morning, before attending patients, and at the end of the day, after appointment hours and before cleaning and disinfection procedures. Samples were collected from the periapical Xray machine (tube head, positioning device, control panel and activator button), the panoramic Xray machine (temporal support, bite block, control panel and activator button), the intraoral digital system (sensor), and the digital system computers (keyboard and mouse). The samples were seeded in different culture media, incubated, and colonyforming units (CFU/mL) counted. Biochemical tests were performed for suspected colonies of Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Gramnegative bacilli (GNB). Fungi were visually differentiated into filamentous fungi and yeasts. The results indicated the growth of fungi and Staphylococcus from all sampling locations. GNB growth was observed from all sites sampled from the intraoral Xray equipment. On the panoramic unit, GNB growth was observed in samples from activator button, keyboard and mouse. In general, a higher number of CFU/mL was present before use. It can be concluded that more stringent protocols are needed to control infection and prevent Xray exams from acting as vehicle for cross contamination.

O objetivo neste estudo foi avaliar o índice de contaminação dos equipamentos de radiografias digitais intra e extrabucais da clínica de radiologia odontológica de uma instituição pública de ensino. As amostras foram coletadas em três dias distintos, em dois momentos: pela manhã, antes dos atendimentos clínicos, e ao final do dia, após os atendimentos e antes dos procedimen tos de limpeza e desinfecção. As amostras foram coletadas do aparelho de raios X periapical (cabeçote, braço articular, painel de controle e botão disparador); do aparelho de raios X panorâmico (apoio temporal, bloco de mordida, painel de controle e botão disparador); do sistema digital intrabucal (sensor); dos computadores dos sistemas digitais (teclado emouse). As amostras foram semeadas em diferentes meios de cultura e, após incubação, foram contadas as unidades formadoras de colônia (UFC/mL). Testes bioquímicos foram realizados para colônias suspeitas de Staphylococcus, Streptococcus e bastonetes Gram negativos(BGN). Os fungos foram diferenciados visualmente em fungos filamentosos e leveduras. Os resultados indicaram crescimento de fungos e Staphylococcus em todos os locais amostrados. Em relação aos BGN, houve crescimento em todos os locais coletados do equipamento radiográfico intrabucal. No aparelho panorâmico, houve crescimento de BGN apenas no botão disparador, teclado e mouse. De maneira geral, houve maior número de UFC/mL antes do uso. Pode se concluir que é necessário implantar protocolos mais rigorosos de controle de infecção na prática radiológica, evitando que a obtenção de exames radiográficos seja um veículo para contaminação cruzada na FO/UFJF.