Assuntos
Academias e Institutos/organização & administração , Países em Desenvolvimento , Difusão de Inovações , Relações Interinstitucionais , Apoio à Pesquisa como Assunto/organização & administração , África , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Técnicas e Procedimentos Diagnósticos , Avaliação de Medicamentos , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde , HumanosRESUMO
When the UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) was established in the mid-1970s, it represented an innovative institutional formula in terms of its structure and the manner in which scientists were convened from both developed and developing countries to address some of the world's most neglected parasitic diseases. A review of TDR's historical record sheds light not only on some important milestones in tropical-disease research, but also on how future challenges could be approached and hopefully surmounted.
Assuntos
Medicina Tropical/história , Anti-Infecciosos/história , Anti-Infecciosos/uso terapêutico , Artemisininas/história , Artemisininas/uso terapêutico , Pesquisa Biomédica/história , Pesquisa Biomédica/tendências , Países Desenvolvidos/história , Países em Desenvolvimento/história , Eflornitina/história , Eflornitina/uso terapêutico , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Cooperação Internacional/história , Ivermectina/história , Ivermectina/uso terapêutico , Doenças Parasitárias/história , Doenças Parasitárias/terapia , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Medicina Tropical/educação , Medicina Tropical/tendências , Nações Unidas/históriaRESUMO
Gross inequities in disease burden between developed and developing countries are now the subject of intense global attention. Public and private donors have marshaled resources and created organizational structures to accelerate the development of new health products and to procure and distribute drugs and vaccines for the poor. Despite these encouraging efforts directed primarily from and funded by industrialized countries, sufficiency and sustainability remain enormous challenges because of the sheer magnitude of the problem. Here we highlight a complementary and increasingly important means to improve health equity: the growing ability of some developing countries to undertake health innovation.
Assuntos
Pesquisa Biomédica , Atenção à Saúde , Países em Desenvolvimento , Difusão de Inovações , Pesquisa Biomédica/economia , Biotecnologia , Atenção à Saúde/organização & administração , Países Desenvolvidos , Indústria Farmacêutica , Política de Saúde , Humanos , Cooperação Internacional , Patentes como Assunto , Setor Privado , Setor Público , Editoração , Transferência de TecnologiaRESUMO
This special supplement of Nature Medicine, directed at the topic of emerging infectious diseases, is very timely. Recent high-profile outbreaks have highlighted the global risk that infectious agents, both new and old, represent for society. The experience of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) shows the risk posed by emerging infectious diseases, but also the power of strongly coordinated global surveillance and public health measures, coupled with scientific research, to keep infection under control. Diseases such as drug-resistant malaria continue to be threats. There is a need to enhance global resources to investigate, detect and respond to emerging infections, and to appropriately coordinate and direct research efforts to meet the challenges presented by these diseases.
Assuntos
Doenças Transmissíveis/diagnóstico , Doenças Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Saúde Pública/tendências , Pesquisa/tendências , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis/métodos , Surtos de Doenças , Saúde Global , Humanos , Vigilância da População , Saúde Pública/métodosAssuntos
Aprovação de Drogas/métodos , Pesquisa/tendências , Tecnologia Farmacêutica/organização & administração , Humanos , Setor Privado/organização & administração , Infecções por Protozoários/tratamento farmacológico , Setor Público/organização & administração , Tecnologia Farmacêutica/economia , Tecnologia Farmacêutica/tendênciasAssuntos
Artemisininas/farmacologia , Artemisininas/uso terapêutico , ATPases Transportadoras de Cálcio/antagonistas & inibidores , Malária/tratamento farmacológico , Malária/parasitologia , Plasmodium falciparum/efeitos dos fármacos , Plasmodium falciparum/enzimologia , Animais , Artemisininas/química , ATPases Transportadoras de Cálcio/metabolismo , Desferroxamina/farmacologia , Ferro/metabolismo , Quelantes de Ferro/farmacologia , ATPases Transportadoras de Cálcio do Retículo SarcoplasmáticoAssuntos
Produção de Droga sem Interesse Comercial , Doenças Raras/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças Raras/prevenção & controle , Pesquisa/tendências , Instituições Filantrópicas de Saúde , Humanos , Ivermectina/uso terapêutico , Oncocercose/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças Raras/economia , Apoio à Pesquisa como Assunto , Organização Mundial da SaúdeRESUMO
Setting priorities for health research is a difficult task, especially for the neglected diseases of the poor. A new approach to priority setting for tropical diseases research has been adopted by the UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (known as the TDR). Priorities are defined on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of research needs and research opportunities for each of the ten major tropical diseases in the TDR portfolio. The resulting strategic emphases matrix reflects the priorities for tropical diseases research from the perspective of the TDR. Its purpose is not to impose global research priorities, but we believe the results could be useful to other organizations.
Assuntos
Pesquisa , Medicina Tropical/tendências , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis/estatística & dados numéricos , Saúde Global , Humanos , Projetos de Pesquisa/legislação & jurisprudência , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Nações Unidas , Organização Mundial da SaúdeRESUMO
Setting priorities for health research is a difficult task, especially for the neglected diseases of the poor. A new approach to priority setting for tropical diseases research has been adopted by the UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (known as the TDR). Priorities are defined on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of research needs and research opportunities for each of the ten major tropical diseases in the TDR portfolio. The resulting strategic emphases matrix reflects the priorities for tropical diseases research from the perspective of the TDR. Its purpose is not to impose global research priorities, but we believe the results could be useful to other organizations.
Assuntos
Prioridades em Saúde/normas , Doenças Parasitárias , Medicina Tropical/métodos , Animais , Humanos , Doenças Parasitárias/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças Parasitárias/economia , Doenças Parasitárias/epidemiologia , Pesquisa/normas , Medicina Tropical/normas , Organização Mundial da SaúdeAssuntos
Antimaláricos/farmacologia , Malária Vivax/tratamento farmacológico , Plasmodium vivax/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Resistência a Medicamentos , Antagonistas do Ácido Fólico/farmacologia , Humanos , Malária Vivax/parasitologia , Mutação , Plasmodium vivax/enzimologia , Plasmodium vivax/genética , Tetra-Hidrofolato Desidrogenase/genéticaAssuntos
Antimaláricos/farmacologia , Antimaláricos/uso terapêutico , Resistência a Medicamentos , Malária/tratamento farmacológico , Plasmodium falciparum/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Antimaláricos/economia , Genoma de Protozoário , Humanos , Malária/parasitologia , Plasmodium falciparum/genéticaRESUMO
Continued and sustainable improvements in antimalarial medicines through focused research and development are essential for the world's future ability to treat and control malaria. Unfortunately, malaria is a disease of poverty, and despite a wealth of scientific knowledge there is insufficient market incentive to generate the competitive, business-driven industrial antimalarial drug research and development that is normally needed to deliver new products. Mechanisms of partnering with industry have been established to overcome this obstacle and to open up and build on scientific opportunities for improved chemotherapy in the future.
Assuntos
Antimaláricos , Animais , Antimaláricos/farmacologia , Antimaláricos/uso terapêutico , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Humanos , Avaliação das Necessidades , Plasmodium/efeitos dos fármacos , PesquisaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the potential impacts of exogenous administration of murine recombinant interleukin-12 (IL-12) on multiplication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. avium complex (MAC) in murine models. METHODS: Swiss or beige mice were infected intravenously with M. tuberculosis H37Rv or MAC respectively, and were treated by subcutaneous injection with various doses of IL-12, either alone or in combination with chemotherapy. Effectiveness of treatment was assessed by the enumeration of CFUs in the spleens and lungs, together with other indicators. RESULTS: Multiplication of M. tuberculosis was reduced by IL-12 in a dose-dependent manner if the treatment began at day 1, whereas no statistically significant suppression was observed if the treatment began at day 14. Combination with IL-12 did not enhance the bactericidal activity of antituberculosis chemotherapy. The growth curves of MAC in IL-12-treated mice were almost identical to those of untreated controls, indicating that IL-12 did not affect the multiplication of MAC in beige mice. In both experiments, the dosing of IL-12 approached levels of severe toxicity for the mouse strains used. CONCLUSIONS: IL-12 had a positive affect on early multiplication of M. tuberculosis. It had no effect on early multiplication of M. avium complex.