Surveillance With Serial Imaging and CA 19-9 Tumor Marker Testing After Resection of Pancreatic Cancer: A Single-Center Retrospective Study.

OBJECTIVES: Most patients receiving curative-intent surgery for pancreatic cancer will experience cancer recurrence. However, evidence that postoperative surveillance testing improves survival or quality of life is lacking. We evaluated the use and characteristics of surveillance with serial imaging and CA 19-9 tumor marker testing at an NCI-designated comprehensive cancer center. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients who entered surveillance after curative-intent resection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. We abstracted information from the electronic medical record about oncology office visits, surveillance testing (cross-sectional imaging and CA 19-9 tumor marker testing), and pancreatic cancer recurrence, with follow-up through 2 years after pancreatectomy. We conducted analyses to describe the use of surveillance testing and to characterize the sensitivity and specificity of CA 19-9 tumor marker testing for the identification of cancer recurrence. RESULTS: We identified 90 patients entering surveillance after pancreatectomy. CA 19-9 was the most frequently used surveillance test, followed by CT imaging. Forty-seven patients (52.2%) experienced recurrence within two years of pancreatectomy. Recurrence risk was 58.8% versus 31.8% in patients with elevated versus normal CA 19-9 at diagnosis ( P =0.03). Elevated CA 19-9 at any point during surveillance was significantly associated with 2-year recurrence risk ( P <0.001). Elevated CA 19-9 had a sensitivity of 83% (95% CI 0.72-0.95) and specificity of 87% (0.76-0.98) for identification of recurrence within 2 years of pancreatectomy. CONCLUSIONS: CA 19-9 demonstrates clinical validity for identifying recurrence of pancreatic cancer during surveillance. Surveillance approaches with reduced reliance on imaging should be prospectively evaluated.

Cost-effectiveness and clinical efficacy of biliary stents in patients undergoing neoadjuvant therapy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma in a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The optimal type of stent for the palliation of malignant biliary obstruction in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma undergoing neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy with curative intent is unknown. We performed a prospective trial comparing 3 types of biliary stents-fully covered self-expandable metal (fcSEMS), uncovered self-expandable metal (uSEMS), and plastic-to determine which best optimized cost-effectiveness and important clinical outcomes. METHODS: In this prospective randomized trial, consecutive patients with malignant biliary obstruction from newly diagnosed pancreatic adenocarcinoma who were to start neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy were randomized to receive fcSEMSs, uSEMSs, or plastic stents during the index ERCP. The primary outcomes were time to stent occlusion, attempted surgical resection, or death after the initiation of neoadjuvant therapy, and the secondary outcomes were total patient costs associated with the stent, including the index ERCP cost, downstream hospitalization cost due to stent occlusion, and the cost associated with procedural adverse event. RESULTS: Fifty-four patients were randomized and reached the primary end point: 16 in the fcSEMS group, 17 in the uSEMS group, and 21 in the plastic stent group. No baseline demographic or tumor characteristic differences were noted among the groups. The fcSEMSs had a longer time to stent occlusion compared with uSEMSs and plastic stents (220 vs 74 and 76 days, P < .01), although the groups had equivalent rates of stent occlusion, attempted surgical resection, and death. Although SEMS placement cost more during the index ERCP (uSEMS = $24,874 and fcSEMS = $22,729 vs plastic = $18,701; P < .01), they resulted in higher procedural AE costs per patient (uSEMS = $5522 and fcSEMS = $12,701 vs plastic = $0; P < .01). Conversely, plastic stents resulted in an $11,458 hospitalization cost per patient due to stent occlusion compared with $2301 for uSEMSs and $0 for fcSEMSs (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: In a prospective trial comparing fcSEMSs, uSEMSs, and plastic stents for malignant biliary obstruction in patients undergoing neoadjuvant therapy with curative intent for pancreatic adenocarcinoma, no stent type was superior in optimizing cost-effectiveness, although fcSEMSs resulted in fewer days of neoadjuvant treatment delay and a longer time to stent occlusion. (Clincial trial registration number: NCT01038713.).

The effect of neoadjuvant chemoradiation on pancreatic cancer-associated diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVES: Pancreatic cancer-associated diabetes mellitus (PaCDM) occurs in approximately 50% of patients. In patients with new-onset PaCDM undergoing neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy before surgical resection, we hypothesized that pancreatic tumor destruction would lead to improvement in fasting glucose levels. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed on patients with newly diagnosed pancreatic adenocarcinoma without a history of DM treated with neoadjuvant therapy at our center. All patients underwent combined modality neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy, followed by surgical excision of the primary tumor. RESULTS: Sixty-nine patients (31 with PaCDM) met inclusion criteria for the study; 18 had Evans grade II tumor kill response, 10 had grade III response, and 3 had grade IV response. In patients with grade IV response, the odds ratio (OR) for achieving a normal preoperative glucose was 5.0 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.4-63.2), compared with grade III (OR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.1-3.0) and grade II (OR, 1.1; 95% CI, 0.2-5.2). When adjusted for percent kilogram weight loss and tumor size in a multivariable regression model, the grade IV response became significant to an OR of 6.5 (95% CI, 1.2-77.3). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with new-onset PaCDM undergoing neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy, fasting glucose response may mirror the extent of tumor destruction.

Molecular profiling of appendiceal epithelial tumors using massively parallel sequencing to identify somatic mutations.

BACKGROUND: Some epithelial neoplasms of the appendix, including low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm and adenocarcinoma, can result in pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP). Little is known about the mutational spectra of these tumor types and whether mutations may be of clinical significance with respect to therapeutic selection. In this study, we identified somatic mutations using the Ion Torrent AmpliSeq Cancer Hotspot Panel v2. METHODS: Specimens consisted of 3 nonneoplastic retention cysts/mucocele, 15 low-grade mucinous neoplasms (LAMNs), 8 low-grade/well-differentiated mucinous adenocarcinomas with pseudomyxoma peritonei, and 12 adenocarcinomas with/without goblet cell/signet ring cell features. Barcoded libraries were prepared from up to 10 ng of extracted DNA and multiplexed on single 318 chips for sequencing. Data analysis was performed using Golden Helix SVS. Variants that remained after the analysis pipeline were individually interrogated using the Integrative Genomics Viewer. RESULTS: A single Janus kinase 3 (JAK3) mutation was detected in the mucocele group. Eight mutations were identified in the V-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) and GNAS complex locus (GNAS) genes among LAMN samples. Additional gene mutations were identified in the AKT1 (v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1), APC (adenomatous polyposis coli), JAK3, MET (met proto-oncogene), phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PIK3CA), RB1 (retinoblastoma 1), STK11 (serine/threonine kinase 11), and tumor protein p53 (TP53) genes. Among the PMPs, 6 mutations were detected in the KRAS gene and also in the GNAS, TP53, and RB1 genes. Appendiceal cancers showed mutations in the APC, ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated), KRAS, IDH1 [isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+)], NRAS [neuroblastoma RAS viral (v-ras) oncogene homolog], PIK3CA, SMAD4 (SMAD family member 4), and TP53 genes. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest molecular heterogeneity among epithelial tumors of the appendix. Next generation sequencing efforts have identified mutational spectra in several subtypes of these tumors that may suggest a phenotypic heterogeneity showing mutations that are relevant for targeted therapies.

Pancreatic cyst prevalence and the risk of mucin-producing adenocarcinoma in US adults.

OBJECTIVES: The presence of a pancreatic cyst often prompts concern, although the rate of malignant transformation to mucin-producing adenocarcinoma is not known. We aimed to determine the prevalence rate of mucin-producing adenocarcinoma in US adults with pancreatic cysts. METHODS: This retrospective, population-based cross-sectional study calculated the annual number of mucin-producing adenocarcinomas using the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER 18) database and the 2010 US census. The overall prevalence rate of cysts in the population was found using data from large cross-sectional imaging studies of incidental cyst prevalence. Prevalence rates were then calculated by dividing the annual number of mucin-producing adenocarcinomas by the cyst prevalence rate. RESULTS: Between 2005 and 2009, 1,137 mucin-producing adenocarcinomas were estimated to be found annually in a US adult population of 137,154,960. The total number of pancreas cysts, given a cyst prevalence rate of 2.5%, was 3,428,874. Therefore, the prevalence rate of mucin-producing adenocarcinoma arising in patients with pancreatic cysts was 33.2 per 100,000 (95% confidence interval (CI): 21.9-44.5). The prevalence rate was 32.8 per 100,000 (95% CI: 21.6-44.0) in women and 33.5 per 100,000 (95% CI: 22.2-44.8) in men. As expected, the rate of malignant transformation increased linearly with advancing age (highest 38.6 per 100,000 in 80- to 84-year-old men). CONCLUSIONS: Malignant transformation of pancreatic cysts into mucin-producing adenocarcinoma in US adults is a very rare event. Current clinical guidelines and resource allocation for pancreatic cyst disease should be reconsidered given these findings.

Effect of initiating a multidisciplinary care clinic on access and time to treatment in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

PURPOSE: Neoadjuvant therapy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma requires referral to multiple specialists before initiating therapy. We evaluated the effect of establishing a multidisciplinary clinic (MDC) for patients with newly diagnosed pancreatic adenocarcinoma on treatment access and time to therapy. METHODS: Patients with newly diagnosed pancreatic adenocarcinoma diagnosed and treated at our center were included. Two patient groups were defined: preclinic represented those patients diagnosed before 2008 and MDC represented those patients diagnosed since 2009 who were treated in the newly created MDC and were initially candidates for neoadjuvant therapy. The primary outcomes were days from diagnosis to first treatment (initiation of chemotherapy or external beam radiation), days to completion of all required consultations, and number of visits needed before initiation of therapy. RESULTS: Ninety-seven patients were diagnosed and treated at our medical center from 2003 to 2008; 22 were treated in 2009 after the implementation of the MDC. Compared with the preclinic group, patients treated in the MDC had shorter times from biopsy to treatment (7.7 days v 29.5 days, P < .001), shorter time to completion of all required pretreatment consultations (7.1 days v 13.9 days, P < .001), and fewer visits to complete all consultations (1.1 v 4.3, P < .001). Thirty-three percent of patients seen in the MDC enrolled onto clinical research trials. CONCLUSION: In patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma undergoing neoadjuvant therapy, the establishment of a multidisciplinary pancreas tumor clinic led to improved patient access to consultations and shorter time to initial treatment.

Brain metastases from colorectal cancer: risk factors, incidence, and the possible role of chemokines.

BACKGROUND: Brain metastases from colorectal cancer (CRC) are uncommon. There has been relatively little published on the host and tumor factors that might lead to this clinical scenario. We reviewed all cases of brain metastases from CRC at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center over a more than 20-year period to establish incidence and to identify patient and cancer characteristics which were associated with their development. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We present a retrospective review of 39 confirmed cases of brain metastases from CRC diagnosed between 1984 and 2006. Immunohistochemical staining for CXCR4 was performed on all available brain metastasis biopsy specimens. RESULTS: The incidence of brain metastases from CRC was 2.3%. Left-sided primary colon tumors predominated. The majority of patients had pulmonary metastases at the time brain metastases were identified, and those with preexisting pulmonary metastases had progression of that disease. All patients were symptomatic from brain metastases, and the cerebellum was the most common area of brain involvement. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed strong expression of CXCR4 in all brain metastases sampled. CONCLUSION: The incidence of brain metastases from CRC is low. Primary tumor in the left colon, long-standing pulmonary metastases, especially those with recent progression, and CXCR4 expression by tumor cells are all associated with increased risk of brain metastases. Increased survival among patients with metastatic CRC will likely result in an increased incidence of brain metastases. Further characterization of the role of tumor and host factors might yield better insight into the development, and potentially the prevention, of this devastating situation.

Brain metastases from colorectal cancer: risk factors, incidence, and the possible role of chemokines.

Background: Brain metastases from colorectal cancer (CRC) are uncommon. There has been relatively little published on the host and tumor factors that might lead to this clinical scenario. We reviewed all cases of brain metastases from CRC at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center over a more than 20-year period to establish incidence and to identify patient and cancer characteristics which were associated with their development. Patients and Methods: We present a retrospective review of 39 confirmed cases of brain metastases from CRC diagnosed between 1984 and 2006. Immunohistochemical staining for CXCR4 was performed on all available brain metastasis biopsy specimens. Results: The incidence of brain metastases from CRC was 2.3%. Left-sided primary colon tumors predominated. The majority of patients had pulmonary metastases at the time brain metastases were identified, and those with preexisting pulmonary metastases had progression of that disease. All patients were symptomatic from brain metastases, and the cerebellum was the most common area of brain involvement. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed strong expression of CXCR4 in all brain metastases sampled. Conclusion: The incidence of brain metastases from CRC is low. Primary tumor in the left colon, long-standing pulmonary metastases, especially those with recent progression, and CXCR4 expression by tumor cells are all associated with increased risk of brain metastases. Increased survival among patients with metastatic CRC will likely result in an increased incidence of brain metastases. Further characterization of the role of tumor and host factors might yield better insight into the development, and potentially the prevention, of this devastating situation.

Effect of neoadjuvant therapy on local recurrence after resection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: It is unknown whether neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, compared with adjuvant chemoradiotherapy, decreases the rate of local recurrence after resection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. STUDY DESIGN: This is a retrospective case review of 102 patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma who underwent pancreatic resection between 1993 and 2005. RESULTS: Of 102 patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma who underwent surgical resection, 19 (19%) had no additional treatment, 41 (40%) underwent adjuvant chemoradiotherapy, and 42 (41%) were treated preoperatively with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Patients selected to receive neoadjuvant therapy were more likely to have locally advanced tumors. Based on initial CT scan, the percentage of patients with unresectable or borderline resectable tumors in the neoadjuvant group was 67%, compared with 22% in the adjuvant group. Nevertheless, patients receiving neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy were less likely to have a local recurrence develop than patients receiving adjuvant chemoradiotherapy (5% versus 34%, p = 0.02). For those patients with tumors determined to be resectable on initial CT scan, local recurrences were observed in 31% (10 of 32) of patients in the adjuvant therapy group, compared with only 7% (1 of 14) of the neoadjuvant group. Intraoperative radiation therapy, administered to 51% of patients, was not associated with a lower rate of local recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy is associated with improved local tumor control in patients undergoing resection for pancreatic carcinoma.

Docetaxel/Gemcitabine followed by gemcitabine and external beam radiotherapy in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic cancer remains highly lethal. Previous attempts with neoadjuvant therapy in this disease have been inconclusive, but a potential for benefit exists. We conducted a phase II trial of dose-intense docetaxel and gemcitabine followed by twice-weekly gemcitabine and external beam radiotherapy in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. METHODS: Patients with stage I to III disease were eligible. Docetaxel 65 mg/m(2) intravenously over 1 hour and gemcitabine 4000 mg/m(2) given intravenously over 30 minutes were given on days 1, 15, and 29. On day 43, radiotherapy was begun at 50.4 Gy with gemcitabine 50 mg/m(2) intravenously over 30 minutes twice weekly for 12 doses. After treatment, patients were considered for resection. RESULTS: Twenty-four assessable patients were recruited onto the trial. All but one patient completed a full 12 weeks of therapy. Grade 3 and 4 hematological and nonhematological toxicities were common but manageable, and neutropenic fever did not occur. No patient had local tumor progression. Twelve patients (50%) responded by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors Group (RECIST) criteria, including one radiographic complete response. Seventeen patients underwent resection after therapy. Margin-negative resections were performed in 13 patients, including 9 patients whose disease was borderline or unresectable before treatment. A treatment effect was seen in all resection specimens. There have been no local recurrences of tumor, and several patients remain alive without evidence of disease. CONCLUSIONS: Docetaxel/gemcitabine followed by gemcitabine/radiotherapy is active in the treatment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma, with manageable toxicity. Tumor downstaging occurs in some patients to allow complete resection. Further investigation of this regimen is warranted.