RESUMO
Maintenance of tissue integrity is a requirement of host survival. This mandate is of prime importance at barrier sites that are constitutively exposed to the environment. Here, we show that exposure of the skin to non-inflammatory xenobiotics promotes tissue repair; more specifically, mild detergent exposure promotes the reactivation of defined retroelements leading to the induction of retroelement-specific CD8+ T cells. These T cell responses are Langerhans cell dependent and establish tissue residency within the skin. Upon injury, retroelement-specific CD8+ T cells significantly accelerate wound repair via IL-17A. Collectively, this work demonstrates that tonic environmental exposures and associated adaptive responses to retroelements can be coopted to preemptively set the tissue for maximal resilience to injury.
RESUMO
Immune cells experience large cell shape changes during environmental patrolling because of the physical constraints that they encounter while migrating through tissues. These cells can adapt to such deformation events using dedicated shape-sensing pathways. However, how shape sensing affects immune cell function is mostly unknown. Here, we identify a shape-sensing mechanism that increases the expression of the chemokine receptor CCR7 and guides dendritic cell migration from peripheral tissues to lymph nodes at steady state. This mechanism relies on the lipid metabolism enzyme cPLA2, requires nuclear envelope tensioning and is finely tuned by the ARP2/3 actin nucleation complex. We also show that this shape-sensing axis reprograms dendritic cell transcription by activating an IKKß-NF-κB-dependent pathway known to control their tolerogenic potential. These results indicate that cell shape changes experienced by immune cells can define their migratory behavior and immunoregulatory properties and reveal a contribution of the physical properties of tissues to adaptive immunity.
Assuntos
Movimento Celular , Células Dendríticas , Homeostase , Linfonodos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Receptores CCR7 , Animais , Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Linfonodos/imunologia , Linfonodos/citologia , Receptores CCR7/metabolismo , Camundongos , Movimento Celular/imunologia , Forma Celular , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Camundongos Knockout , Transdução de Sinais/imunologia , Quinase I-kappa B/metabolismo , Complexo 2-3 de Proteínas Relacionadas à Actina/metabolismoRESUMO
Males and females exhibit profound differences in immune responses and disease susceptibility. However, the factors responsible for sex differences in tissue immunity remain poorly understood. Here, we uncovered a dominant role for type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in shaping sexual immune dimorphism within the skin. Mechanistically, negative regulation of ILC2s by androgens leads to a reduction in dendritic cell accumulation and activation in males, along with reduced tissue immunity. Collectively, our results reveal a role for the androgen-ILC2-dendritic cell axis in controlling sexual immune dimorphism. Moreover, this work proposes that tissue immune set points are defined by the dual action of sex hormones and the microbiota, with sex hormones controlling the strength of local immunity and microbiota calibrating its tone.
Assuntos
Androgênios , Células Dendríticas , Imunidade Inata , Linfócitos , Caracteres Sexuais , Pele , Feminino , Masculino , Androgênios/metabolismo , Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Hormônios Esteroides Gonadais/metabolismo , Linfócitos/imunologia , Pele/imunologia , Animais , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , MicrobiotaRESUMO
The intestine comprises the largest proportion of immune cells in the body. It is continuously exposed to new antigens and immune stimuli from the diet, microbiota but also from intestinal pathogens. In this review, we describe the main populations of immune cells present along the intestine, both from the innate and adaptive immune system. We later discuss how intestinal niches significantly impact the phenotype and function of gut immune populations at steady state and upon infection.
Assuntos
Imunidade nas Mucosas , Mucosa Intestinal , Mucosa Intestinal/citologia , Mucosa Intestinal/imunologia , Imunidade Inata , Imunidade AdaptativaRESUMO
The relevance of cross-dressing as an antigen presentation mechanism in antitumor responses is not fully understood. In this issue of Immunity, MacNabb et al. (2022) report that dendritic cells use cross-dressing as an effective mechanism to trigger CD8+ T cell antitumor immunity.
Assuntos
Apresentação de Antígeno , Células Dendríticas , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos , Apresentação CruzadaRESUMO
Macropinocytosis is a nonspecific mechanism by which cells compulsively "drink" the surrounding extracellular fluids in order to feed themselves or sample the molecules therein, hence gaining information about their environment. This process is cell-intrinsically incompatible with the migration of many cells, implying that the two functions are antagonistic. The migrating cell uses a molecular switch to stop and explore its surrounding fluid by macropinocytosis, after which it employs the same molecular machinery to start migrating again to examine another location. This cycle of migration/macropinocytosis allows cells to explore tissues, and it is key to a range of physiological processes. Evidence of this evolutionarily conserved antagonism between the two processes can be found in several cell types-immune cells, for example, being particularly adept-and ancient organisms (e.g., the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum). How macropinocytosis and migration are negatively coupled is the subject of this chapter.
Assuntos
Dictyostelium , Movimento Celular , Dictyostelium/metabolismo , Pinocitose/fisiologiaRESUMO
Dendritic cells (DCs) patrol tissues and transport antigens to lymph nodes to initiate adaptive immune responses. Within tissues, DCs constitute a complex cell population composed of distinct subsets that can exhibit different activation states and functions. How tissue-specific cues orchestrate DC diversification remains elusive. Here, we show that the small intestine included two pools of cDC2s originating from common pre-DC precursors: (1) lamina propria (LP) CD103+CD11b+ cDC2s that were mature-like proinflammatory cells and (2) intraepithelial cDC2s that exhibited an immature-like phenotype as well as tolerogenic properties. These phenotypes resulted from the action of food-derived retinoic acid (ATRA), which enhanced actomyosin contractility and promoted LP cDC2 transmigration into the epithelium. There, cDC2s were imprinted by environmental cues, including ATRA itself and the mucus component Muc2. Hence, by reaching distinct subtissular niches, DCs can exist as immature and mature cells within the same tissue, revealing an additional mechanism of DC functional diversification.
Assuntos
Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Inflamação/imunologia , Mucosa Intestinal/patologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Actomiosina/metabolismo , Animais , Apresentação de Antígeno , Antígenos CD/metabolismo , Antígeno CD11b/metabolismo , Diferenciação Celular , Movimento Celular , Células Cultivadas , Tolerância Imunológica , Cadeias alfa de Integrinas/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Mucina-2/imunologia , Tretinoína/metabolismoRESUMO
Alteration to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis is observed in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases associated with abnormal protein aggregation. Activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) enables an adaptive reaction to recover ER proteostasis and cell function. The UPR is initiated by specialized stress sensors that engage gene expression programs through the concerted action of the transcription factors ATF4, ATF6f, and XBP1s. Although UPR signaling is generally studied as unique linear signaling branches, correlative evidence suggests that ATF6f and XBP1s may physically interact to regulate a subset of UPR target genes. In this study, we designed an ATF6f/XBP1s fusion protein termed UPRplus that behaves as a heterodimer in terms of its selective transcriptional activity. Cell-based studies demonstrated that UPRplus has a stronger effect in reducing the abnormal aggregation of mutant huntingtin and α-synuclein when compared to XBP1s or ATF6 alone. We developed a gene transfer approach to deliver UPRplus into the brain using adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) and demonstrated potent neuroprotection in vivo in preclinical models of Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. These results support the concept in which directing UPR-mediated gene expression toward specific adaptive programs may serve as a possible strategy to optimize the beneficial effects of the pathway in different disease conditions.
Assuntos
Fator 6 Ativador da Transcrição/metabolismo , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/prevenção & controle , Resposta a Proteínas não Dobradas , Proteína 1 de Ligação a X-Box/metabolismo , Fator 6 Ativador da Transcrição/genética , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Proteína Huntingtina/genética , Masculino , Camundongos , Complexos Multiproteicos/genética , Complexos Multiproteicos/metabolismo , Mutação , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/genética , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/metabolismo , Proteína 1 de Ligação a X-Box/genética , alfa-Sinucleína/genéticaRESUMO
The Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (hRSV) and the Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) are two pneumoviruses that are leading agents causing acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTIs) affecting young infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised patients worldwide. Since these pathogens were first discovered, many approaches for the licensing of safe and effective vaccines have been explored being unsuccessful to date. We have previously described that immunization with recombinant strains of Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (rBCG) expressing the hRSV nucleoprotein (rBCG-N) or the hMPV phosphoprotein (rBCG-P) induced immune protection against each respective virus. These vaccines efficiently promoted viral clearance without significant lung damage, mainly through the induction of a T helper 1 cellular immunity. Here we show that upon viral challenge, rBCG-immunized mice developed a protective humoral immunity, characterized by production of antibodies specific for most hRSV and hMPV proteins. Further, isotype switching from IgG1 to IgG2a was observed in mice immunized with rBCG vaccines and correlated with an increased viral clearance, as compared to unimmunized animals. Finally, sera obtained from animals immunized with rBCG vaccines and infected with their respective viruses exhibited virus neutralizing capacity and protected naïve mice from viral replication and pulmonary disease. These results support the notion that the use of rBCG strains could be considered as an effective vaccination approach against other respiratory viruses with similar biology as hRSV and hMPV.
Assuntos
Vacina BCG/imunologia , Imunidade Humoral , Mycobacterium bovis/imunologia , Infecções Respiratórias/prevenção & controle , Animais , Vacina BCG/administração & dosagem , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Metapneumovirus/genética , Metapneumovirus/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Nucleoproteínas/administração & dosagem , Nucleoproteínas/genética , Nucleoproteínas/imunologia , Proteínas Recombinantes/administração & dosagem , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/imunologia , Vírus Sincicial Respiratório Humano/genética , Vírus Sincicial Respiratório Humano/imunologia , Infecções Respiratórias/imunologia , Infecções Respiratórias/virologia , Células Th1/imunologia , Células Th1/metabolismo , Vacinação/métodos , Vacinas Sintéticas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Sintéticas/imunologia , Proteínas Virais/administração & dosagem , Proteínas Virais/genética , Proteínas Virais/imunologia , Replicação Viral/imunologiaRESUMO
In the version of this Article originally published, the competing interests statement was missing. The authors declare no competing interests; this statement has now been added in all online versions of the Article.
RESUMO
Maintenance of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis is controlled by a signalling network known as the unfolded protein response (UPR). Here, we identified filamin A as a major binding partner of the ER stress transducer IRE1α. Filamin A is an actin crosslinking factor involved in cytoskeleton remodelling. We show that IRE1α controls actin cytoskeleton dynamics and affects cell migration upstream of filamin A. The regulation of cytoskeleton dynamics by IRE1α is independent of its canonical role as a UPR mediator, serving instead as a scaffold that recruits and regulates filamin A. Targeting IRE1α expression in mice affected normal brain development, generating a phenotype resembling periventricular heterotopia, a disease linked to the loss of function of filamin A. IRE1α also modulated cell movement and cytoskeleton dynamics in fly and zebrafish models. This study unveils an unanticipated biological function of IRE1α in cell migration, whereby filamin A operates as an interphase between the UPR and the actin cytoskeleton.
Assuntos
Citoesqueleto de Actina/metabolismo , Movimento Celular , Endorribonucleases/metabolismo , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Filaminas/metabolismo , Neurônios/metabolismo , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Animais , Proteínas de Drosophila/genética , Proteínas de Drosophila/metabolismo , Drosophila melanogaster/genética , Drosophila melanogaster/metabolismo , Endorribonucleases/deficiência , Endorribonucleases/genética , Evolução Molecular , Feminino , Filaminas/genética , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Cinética , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Neurônios/patologia , Heterotopia Nodular Periventricular/genética , Heterotopia Nodular Periventricular/metabolismo , Heterotopia Nodular Periventricular/patologia , Fosforilação , Ligação Proteica , Domínios e Motivos de Interação entre Proteínas , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/deficiência , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/genética , Transdução de Sinais , Resposta a Proteínas não Dobradas , Peixe-Zebra/genética , Peixe-Zebra/metabolismo , Proteínas de Peixe-Zebra/genética , Proteínas de Peixe-Zebra/metabolismoRESUMO
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is a major health burden worldwide, causing the majority of hospitalizations in children under two years old due to bronchiolitis and pneumonia. HRSV causes year-to-year outbreaks of disease, which also affects the elderly and immunocompromised adults. Furthermore, both hRSV morbidity and epidemics are explained by a consistently high rate of re-infections that take place throughout the patient life. Although significant efforts have been invested worldwide, currently there are no licensed vaccines to prevent hRSV infection. Here, we describe that a recombinant Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine expressing the nucleoprotein (N) of hRSV formulated under current good manufacture practices (cGMP rBCG-N-hRSV) confers protective immunity to the virus in mice. Our results show that a single dose of the GMP rBCG-N-hRSV vaccine retains its capacity to protect mice against a challenge with a disease-causing infection of 1×107 plaque-forming units (PFUs) of the hRSV A2 clinical strain 13018-8. Compared to unimmunized infected controls, vaccinated mice displayed reduced weight loss and less infiltration of neutrophils within the airways, as well as reduced viral loads in bronchoalveolar lavages, parameters that are characteristic of hRSV infection in mice. Also, ex vivo re-stimulation of splenic T cells at 28days post-immunization activated a repertoire of T cells secreting IFN-γ and IL-17, which further suggest that the rBCG-N-hRSV vaccine induced a mixed, CD8+ and CD4+ T cell response capable of both restraining viral spread and preventing damage of the lungs. All these features support the notion that rBCG-N-hRSV is a promising candidate vaccine to be used in humans to prevent the disease caused by hRSV in the susceptible population.
Assuntos
Vacina BCG/administração & dosagem , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/efeitos dos fármacos , Imunidade Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Vírus Respiratório Sincicial/prevenção & controle , Vacinas contra Vírus Sincicial Respiratório/administração & dosagem , Vírus Sincicial Respiratório Humano/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Th17/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Vacina BCG/genética , Vacina BCG/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/virologia , Humanos , Esquemas de Imunização , Imunogenicidade da Vacina , Interferon gama/biossíntese , Interferon gama/imunologia , Interleucina-17/biossíntese , Interleucina-17/imunologia , Pulmão/efeitos dos fármacos , Pulmão/imunologia , Pulmão/virologia , Ativação Linfocitária/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Nucleoproteínas/genética , Nucleoproteínas/imunologia , Infecções por Vírus Respiratório Sincicial/imunologia , Infecções por Vírus Respiratório Sincicial/virologia , Vacinas contra Vírus Sincicial Respiratório/genética , Vacinas contra Vírus Sincicial Respiratório/imunologia , Vírus Sincicial Respiratório Humano/imunologia , Vírus Sincicial Respiratório Humano/patogenicidade , Células Th1/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Th1/imunologia , Células Th1/virologia , Células Th17/imunologia , Células Th17/virologia , Vacinas Sintéticas , Proteínas Virais/genética , Proteínas Virais/imunologiaRESUMO
Human Respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) are the two major etiological viral agents of lower respiratory tract diseases, affecting mainly infants, young children and the elderly. Although the infection of both viruses trigger an antiviral immune response that mediate viral clearance and disease resolution in immunocompetent individuals, the promotion of long-term immunity appears to be deficient and reinfection are common throughout life. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is that hRSV and hMPV, can induce aberrant T cell responses, which leads to exacerbated lung inflammation and poor T and B cell memory immunity. The modulation of immune response exerted by both viruses include different strategies such as, impairment of immunological synapse mediated by viral proteins or soluble factors, and the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines by epithelial cells, among others. All these viral strategies contribute to the alteration of the adaptive immunity in order to increase the susceptibility to reinfections. In this review, we discuss current research related to the mechanisms underlying the impairment of T and B cell immune responses induced by hRSV and hMPV infection. In addition, we described the role each virulence factor involved in immune modulation caused by these viruses.
Assuntos
Metapneumovirus/patogenicidade , Infecções por Paramyxoviridae/imunologia , Infecções por Vírus Respiratório Sincicial/imunologia , Vírus Sincicial Respiratório Humano/patogenicidade , Infecções Respiratórias/imunologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Imunidade Adaptativa , Idoso , Animais , Linfócitos B/imunologia , Criança , Citocinas , Humanos , Evasão da Resposta Imune , Lactente , Metapneumovirus/imunologia , Metapneumovirus/fisiologia , Infecções por Paramyxoviridae/virologia , Pneumonia/virologia , Infecções por Vírus Respiratório Sincicial/virologia , Vírus Sincicial Respiratório Humano/imunologia , Vírus Sincicial Respiratório Humano/fisiologia , Infecções Respiratórias/virologia , Replicação ViralRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the leading cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections worldwide in infants, as well as an important pathogen affecting the elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Despite more than a half a century of research, no licensed vaccines are available and only palivizumab has been approved to use in humans, mostly recommended or limited to high risk infants. Therefore, novel therapeutic and preventive drugs need to be developed to fight this major human pathogen. AREAS COVERED: This review discusses current therapeutic approaches in preclinical and clinical stages, aimed at controlling or preventing hRSV infection. These methods include passive immunization, experimental drugs, vaccine candidates and maternal immunization. EXPERT OPINION: Based on the results of various immunization strategies and therapeutic approaches, it is likely that the most effective strategy against hRSV will be a prophylactic tool aimed at developing a strong antiviral T-cell response capable of both, promoting the generation of hRSV-specific high affinity antibodies and leading the protective immunity required to prevent the disease caused by this virus. Alternatively, if prophylactic strategies fail, antiviral drugs and novel passive immunity strategies could significantly contribute to reducing hospitalization rates in susceptible individuals.