Engineering of bespoke photosensitiser-microbe interfaces for enhanced semi-artificial photosynthesis.

Biohybrid systems for solar fuel production integrate artificial light-harvesting materials with biological catalysts such as microbes. In this perspective, we discuss the rational design of the abiotic-biotic interface in biohybrid systems by reviewing microbes and synthetic light-harvesting materials, as well as presenting various approaches to coupling these two components together. To maximise performance and scalability of such semi-artificial systems, we emphasise that the interfacial design requires consideration of two important aspects: attachment and electron transfer. It is our perspective that rational design of this photosensitiser-microbe interface is required for scalable solar fuel production. The design and assembly of a biohybrid with a well-defined electron transfer pathway allows mechanistic characterisation and optimisation for maximum efficiency. Introduction of additional catalysts to the system can close the redox cycle, omitting the need for sacrificial electron donors. Studies that electronically couple light-harvesters to well-defined biological entities, such as emerging photosensitiser-enzyme hybrids, provide valuable knowledge for the strategic design of whole-cell biohybrids. Exploring the interactions between light-harvesters and redox proteins can guide coupling strategies when translated into larger, more complex microbial systems.

The science of resveratrol, formulation, pharmacokinetic barriers and its chemotherapeutic potential.

Chemopreventive properties of resveratrol has been studied for decades. Despite its potential for chemotherapeutic advancement, the compound has pharmaceutical limitations, such as, the drug has a poor pharmacokinetic profile and low bioavailability. Studies have comforting results that that the nano-formulations may aid the future resveratrol drug development. Resveratrol can also be encapsulated as co-drug with an anticipation of gaining improved targeting and pharmacokinetic parameters, as well as achieving desired therapeutic plasma levels. It has been envisaged that the nanoformulations can also address the issue of drug accumulation, which may lead to hepatotoxicity. Nanoformulations can bring a major improvement in the bioavailability of resveratrol but still the formulation still suffers with pharmacokinetics issues clinically. This review encompasses the pharmacokinetics barriers associated with resveratrol and a possible suggestion to overcome those barriers for improving absorbance, reducing toxicity andimproving the drug releaseand encapsulation efficiency. The article also suggest that co-administration of resveratrol with chemotherapeutic drugsmust be tested in vivo on a wide range of cancers to avoid accidental proliferation exacerbation. The review's focusses on the resveratrol formulation and make suggestions for improvements in order to overcome the pharmacokinetic and toxicity issues.