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OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the onset and the choice of treatment in children with very early onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D). METHODS: The study included 5,763 patients from the German Diabetes Patient Follow-up registry with onset of T1D in the first 4 years of life from January 2010 - June 2022. The analysis included diabetes-specific parameters, anthropometric data, and mode of treatment at onset, within the first and second year of T1D. Three groups were compared according to age at onset (G1: 223 patients 6-<12 months, G2: 1519 patients 12-<24 months, G3: 4001 patients 24-48 months). RESULTS: In 12.3% of all cases in childhood and adolescence, the incidence of diabetes in the first 4 years of life was rare. At the onset, clinical status was worse and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) rates were higher in G1 and G2 (52.3% and 46.5%, respectively) compared to G3 (27.3% (p<0.001)). G1 and G2 were significantly more likely to be treated with insulin pump therapy (CSII) 2 years after onset (98.1% and 94.1%, respectively)) compared to G3 (85.8%, p<0.001). Median HbA1c after 2 years did not differ between groups (G1: 7.27% (56.0 mmol/mol), G2: 7.34% (56.7 mmol/mol) and G3: 7.27% (56.0 mmol/mol)) or when comparing CSII vs MDI. The rate of severe hypoglycemia (SH) and DKA during the first 2 years of treatment did not differ among the three groups, ranging from 1.83-2.63/100 patient-years (PY) for DKA and 9.37-24.2/100 PY for SH. Children with T1D under 4 years of age are more likely to be diagnosed with celiac disease but less likely to have thyroiditis than older children with T1DM. CONCLUSIONS: Young children with T1D had high rates of DKA at onset and were predominantly treated with insulin pump therapy during the first 2 years. The median HbA1c for all three groups was<7.5% (58 mmol/mol) without increased risk of SH or DKA. The use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) was not associated with lower HbA1c in children under 48 months.
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Idade de Início , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1 , Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/sangue , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Masculino , Feminino , Alemanha/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Progressão da Doença , Sistema de Registros , Sistemas de Infusão de Insulina , Hipoglicemiantes/administração & dosagem , Criança , Insulina/administração & dosagem , Cetoacidose Diabética/epidemiologia , Cetoacidose Diabética/terapiaRESUMO
AIM: The aim of this study was to develop new national standards for birth weight, length, head circumference, and weight for length for newborn twins based on the German perinatal survey of 2007-2011. We also assessed trends in anthropometric measurements by comparing these new percentile values with the percentile values of 1990-1994. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Perinatal survey data of 110,313 newborn twins from all the states of Germany collected in the years 2007-2011 were kindly provided by the AQUA Institute in Göttingen, Germany. Sex specific percentile values were calculated using cumulative frequencies. Percentile values at birth were computed for the 3rd, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 97th percentiles for 21-40 completed weeks of gestation. Percentile curves and tabulated values for the years 2007-2011 were compared with the published values of 1990-1994. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The new percentile curves (2007-2011) closely resemble the previous ones (1990-1994). Small differences can nonetheless be found. For example, for birth weight the new values for the 10th percentile are a little higher. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend using the new percentile values instead of the old ones.
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Antropometria , Tamanho Corporal/fisiologia , Pesquisas sobre Atenção à Saúde , Recém-Nascido/fisiologia , Gêmeos/estatística & dados numéricos , Peso ao Nascer/fisiologia , Feminino , Alemanha/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Valores de Referência , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Distribuição por SexoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The dual ex-vivo perfusion of human placental tissue is useful to study inflammatory pathways. We found significant TNF-α release in negative controls similar in concentration to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated placentas. The aim of the current study was to (i) identify sources driving TNF-α release and (ii) develop an approach to control for it. METHOD: (i) To determine sources leading to TNF-α release, solutions frequently circulated through the perfusion system and perfusion media with different bovine serum albumin (BSA) quality were exposed to mouse macrophage cell lines (RAW264.7) and subsequently measured for TNF-α expression. (ii) To assess memory effects and validate cleaning procedures, sham perfusion experiments were conducted either in the presence or absence of exogenous LPS, in new tubing that was contaminated, cleaned and analyzed for the effectiveness of LPS removal. Oxidative and acid-base cleaning were tested for their effectiveness to reduce LPS contamination. RESULTS: TNF-α release, observed in negative control experiments, was attributed to the use of LPS-contaminated BSA as well as inadequate cleaning of the perfusion system. Once introduced in the perfusion system, LPS accumulated and created a memory effect. Oxidative but not acid-base depyrogenation effectively reduced LPS levels to concentrations that were in accordance with FDA guidelines (<0.5 EU/mL) for medical equipment redeemed appropriate for re-use. DISCUSSION: LPS contamination of the placenta perfusion model could have confounding effects on experimental outcomes leading to misinterpretation of data. To circumvent LPS contamination LPS-free BSA and oxidative depyrogenation cleaning techniques should be implemented in future placental perfusion studies.
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Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Placenta/efeitos dos fármacos , Soroalbumina Bovina/farmacologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Feminino , Macrófagos/citologia , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Camundongos , Placenta/citologia , Placenta/metabolismo , GravidezRESUMO
AIM: The aim of this study was to derive percentile values for birth weight, length, head circumference, and weight for length for singleton neonates based on the German perinatal survey of 2007-2011 (using data from all 16 states of Germany). We also compared these new percentile values with the percentile values of 1995-2000 that so far have been considered standard values. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data of 3 187 920 singleton neonates from the German perinatal survey of the years 2007-2011 were kindly provided to us by the AQUA Institute in Göttingen, Germany. Sex specific percentile values were calculated using cumulative frequencies. Percentile values at birth were computed for the 3(rd), 10(th), 25(th), 50(th), 75(th), 90(th), and 97(th) percentiles for 21-43 completed weeks of gestation. Percentile curves and tabulated values for the years 2007-2011 were compared with the published values of 1995-2000. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Overall the new percentile curves closely resemble the previous ones. Minimal differences can be found for the 10(th) percentile and generally for early weeks of gestation. Values for the 10(th) percentile in the 2007-2011 dataset are somewhat higher than values of 1995-2000 for birth weight, length, and weight for length. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend the use of these new percentile values instead of the old ones.
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Antropometria/métodos , Tamanho Corporal/fisiologia , Recém-Nascido/fisiologia , Resultado da Gravidez/epidemiologia , Coleta de Dados , Feminino , Alemanha/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Gravidez , Valores de Referência , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Distribuição por Sexo , Fatores SexuaisRESUMO
This study examines the quantitative changes in the somatic classification according to birth weight and duration of pregnancy of German neonates when maternal height is considered (5 maternal height groups). Our calculations were performed using data of 319 884 girls born in 2010. Overall, about 6% (18 792 girls) are classified differently (more appropriately) when group-specific norm values were used.
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Antropometria/métodos , Peso ao Nascer/fisiologia , Estatura/fisiologia , Desenvolvimento Fetal/fisiologia , Modelos Estatísticos , Mães/estatística & dados numéricos , Gravidez/fisiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Feminino , Alemanha/epidemiologia , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIM: We have previously analysed neonatal characteristics and duration of pregnancy in Germany based on data from the German Perinatal Survey of 1995-1997. Here we describe neonatal characteristics and duration of pregnancy based on the German Perinatal Survey of 2007-2011. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We had been provided with data from the German Perinatal Survey of 1995-1997 by the chambers of physicians of all the states of Germany except Baden-Württemberg (1 815 318 singleton neonates). We were also provided with access to the perinatal survey data of 2007-2011 by the AQUA Institute in Göttingen, Germany (3 187 920 singleton neonates). We investigated regional differences within Germany and also compared the 2 periods of time. We used the computer programme SPSS for data analysis and performed plausibility checks on the survey data. RESULTS: Comparing the states of Germany, we found that birth weight was largest for neonates born in Schleswig-Holstein (3 407 g) and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (3 392 g); the lowest mean birth weight was observed in the Saarland (3 283 g). Preterm birth rate varied between 6.3% (Saxony) and 8.1% (Bremen, Saarland). Comparing 1995-1997 vs. 2007-2011, deliveries after 37 and 38 weeks of gestation were more common and deliveries after 39 and more weeks of gestation were less common in the later period of time. CONCLUSIONS: Regional differences in the anthropometric characteristics of neonates exist between the states of Germany. The proportion of deliveries after 39 and more weeks of gestation has decreased.
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Pesquisas sobre Atenção à Saúde/tendências , Resultado da Gravidez/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Peso ao Nascer , Feminino , Alemanha/epidemiologia , Idade Gestacional , Pesquisas sobre Atenção à Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Vigilância da População , Gravidez , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Background and Aim: We have previously presented analyses of data obtained from the German Perinatal Survey for the years 1995-1997. Here we present an analysis of data from the years 2007-2011 and compare the data to the previous data from the 1990s. Material and Methods: For the years 1995-1997, the data on 1â815â318 singleton pregnancies were provided by the Chambers of Physicians of all the states of Germany except Baden-Württemberg. For the years 2007-2011, the data on 3â187â920 singleton pregnancies from the German Perinatal Survey (all states of Germany) were obtained from the AQUA Institute in Göttingen, Germany. SPSS was used for data analysis. Plausibility checks were performed on the data. Results: Mean maternal age has increased over the years, from 28.7 years in 1995 to 30.2 years in 2011. We observed a decrease in smoking. While not all cases included data on maternal smoking after the pregnancy was known, when the cases with data on smoking were analysed, in 1995-1997 23.5â% of pregnant women were smokers compared to 11.2â% smokers in 2007-2011. Maternal body mass index (BMI) also changed; 8.2â% of women were obese (BMI: 30-40 kg/m2), while 13.0â% were obese in 2011. In 1995, 0.6â% of women were morbidly obese (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2) compared to 1.8â% of women in 2011. The mean maternal body weight at the time of the first obstetric consultation also increased from 65.9 kg in 1995 to 68.7 kg in 2011. Conclusions: While the decrease in the number of women smoking over time is clearly a positive development, increasing maternal age and obesity present challenges in clinical practice.
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There is a linear relationship between maternal height and birth weight. For each 1 cm increase in maternal height, birth weight increases by 16.7 g. Birth weight percentiles should be calculated by taking maternal height into account. We present birth weight percentile values for girls and boys born after 23-43 completed weeks of gestation for 5 maternal height groups. With these percentiles "genetically" small and "genetically" large, but healthy, neonates can be classified more adequately. The calculations are based on data of about 2.2 million singleton pregnancies from the German Perinatal Survey of 1995-2000.
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Peso ao Nascer/fisiologia , Estatura/fisiologia , Modelos Estatísticos , Mães , Adolescente , Adulto , Simulação por Computador , Coleta de Dados , Feminino , Alemanha/epidemiologia , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Estatística como Assunto , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to analyse the age distribution of primiparous women and its influence on pregnancy and birth risks, presentation at birth and mode of delivery. STUDY DESIGN: We analysed the perinatal statistics of eight German federal states for the years 1998-2000. For our analysis we defined maternal age groups as follows: < 22, 22-32, > 32 years. RESULTS: We identified a total of 508,926 singleton pregnancies. 247,593 of these were delivered by primiparous women without preceding live or stillbirths. The mean age of the primiparas was 26.9 years. For older primiparas > 32 years the proportion with previous miscarriages and terminations of pregnancy was > 20 %. The risk of premature rupture of membranes, abnormal CTG and prolonged labour increased clearly with age. 91.0 % of women < 22 years and 84.5 % of women > 32 years had a normal cephalic presentation. Regarding the mode of delivery, 77.1 % (< 22 years) and 53.1 % (> 32 years) experienced spontaneous delivery, 14.5 % (< 22 years) and 32.3 % (> 32 years) had a Caesarean section. CONCLUSIONS: Older primiparas have a higher proportion of previous miscarriages and terminations of pregnancy. They more commonly experience pathological presentations and also more frequently require Caesarean section. This means that a delayed first pregnancy - an increasingly common phenomenon in Germany - goes along with an increased likelihood of birth risks, Caesarean sections and peripartal interventions. Older primiparous women constitute a special risk group which may require a more intense level of care.