Tobacco Use and Depression: A Hidden Epidemic among Smokers 18 Years and Older, Puerto Rico, 2018-2020.

OBJECTIVE: According to the literature, depression and tobacco use are closely linked. This study's main objectives were to provide the first population-based epidemiological profile of smokers with depression (SWD) who were 18 years and older and living in Puerto Rico (PR) from 2018 to 2020 and identify any statistically significant differences between SWD and smokers without depression (SWOD). METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out using PR Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (PRBRFSS) data (2018-2020). Univariate analysis was performed to obtain an epidemiological profile of smokers who had depression. Likewise, using bivariate analysis, SWD and SWOD were compared to identify statistically significant differences in terms of chronic conditions, risk factors, and quit attempts. RESULTS: Depression prevalence among smokers 18 years and over in PR from 2018-2020 was 23.7%. Smokers with depression were more likely to be physically inactive (P < .001), overweight or obese (P < .001), have arthritis (P < .001), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (P < .001), asthma (P < .001), high cholesterol (P < .001), hypertension (P < .001), coronary heart disease (P < .001), diabetes (P < .001), stroke (P < .001), and heart attack (P < .001) compared with SWOD. Likewise, SWD made more quitting attempts in the past year than did SWOD (P < .001). CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that SWD should be targeted in any health-based tobacco-control efforts to develop evidence-based strategies to reduce or eliminate tobacco use in this same population.

Transnational Mortality Comparisons Between Archipelago and Mainland Puerto Ricans.

Puerto Ricans in the US experience higher deaths from diabetes and other causes compared to non-Hispanic Whites and other Hispanic groups. We compared mortality in Puerto Rico to that of Puerto Ricans in the US as a first step to investigate if similar or worse mortality patterns originate from the sending country (Puerto Rico). Age-adjusted death rates were generated using national vital statistics databases in the US and territories for all-cause and the top ten causes of death among Hispanics in 2009. Mortality ratios in the archipelago of Puerto Rico (APR) were compared to mainland US Puerto Ricans (MPR). Rates for other ethnic/racial groups (Mexican Americans, Cubans, and non-Hispanic Whites, Blacks, American Indians, and Asians) were calculated to provide a context. APR had significantly higher all-cause mortality and death rates for diabetes, nephritis, pneumonia/influenza, and homicide/assault compared to MPR (APR/MPR ratio for all-cause: 1.08, diabetes: 2.04, nephritis: 1.84, pneumonia/influenza: 1.33, homicide/assault: 3.15). Death rates for diabetes and homicide/assault (particularly among men) were higher among APR compared to any other racial/ethnic groups in the US. In contrast, deaths from heart disease, cancer, and chronic liver disease were significantly lower for APR compared to MPR (MPR/APR ratio 0.72, 0.91, 0.41, respectively). Among APR women, death rates for these causes were also lower compared to any other group in the US. Substantial mortality variability exists between Puerto Ricans in Puerto Rico and those in the US, re-emphasizing the need to study of how socio-environmental determinants of health differ in sending and receiving countries. Explanations for disparate rates include access to and availability of healthcare and unique factors related to the migration experience of this group.