Vitamin E Deficiency and Oxidative Status are Associated with Prediabetes in Apparently Healthy Subjects.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have indicated that vitamin E deficiency and oxidative stress affect the beta cell function. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine the association between vitamin E deficiency and oxidative status with prediabetes in apparently healthy subjects. METHODS: Apparently healthy men and women aged 18-65 years were enrolled in a case-control study. Individuals with new diagnosis of prediabetes were considered as cases and compared with a control group of individuals with normal glucose tolerance. Smoking, alcohol intake, pregnancy, diabetes, kidney disease, liver disease, cardiovascular disease, malignancy, glucocorticoid treatment and consumption of lipid-lowering drugs, antioxidants and vitamin supplements were exclusion criteria. Vitamin E deficiency was defined by serum levels of α-tocopherol <11.6 µmol/L, oxidative status was assessed by total antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation, and prediabetes was considered by the presence of impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance. RESULTS: A total of 148 subjects were allocated into the case (n = 74) and control (n = 74) groups. The frequency of vitamin E deficiency was higher in the case group (41.8%) compared with the control group (35.1%), p = 0.03. The logistic regression analysis adjusted by age, waist circumference and body mass index, revealed a significant association between vitamin E deficiency (OR 3.23; 95% CI: 1.34-7.79, p = 0.009), lipoperoxidation (OR 2.82; CI 95%: 1.42-5.59, p = 0.003) and total antioxidant capacity (OR 0.93; CI 95%: 0.90-0.96, p <0.001) with prediabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Results of the present study suggest that both vitamin E deficiency and oxidative status are associated with prediabetes in apparently healthy subjects.

[Cognitive behavioral treatment in the integral management of obesity in adolescents]. / Terapia cognitivo-conductual en el manejo integral de la obesidad en adolescentes.

OBJECTIVE: Obesity in children and adolescents is associated to a morbidity that has increased significantly. It has become a public health problem around the world. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the efficacy of the cognitive behavioral treatment strategy in the comprehensive management of obesity in adolescents. METHODS: Double blind, randomized, and controlled intervention study, of four months of follow-up, with a total of 115 obese adolescents, aged 12 to 16 years. The intervention group received cognitive behavioral treatment strategy, as well as advise on diet and exercise. At the same time, the control group only received advise on diet and exercise. RESULTS: The percentage of adolescents who showed adherence to diet was 73.7 % versus 41.4 %, (p = 0.0009) and to exercise, 61.4 % versus 19.0 %, (p < 0.0005); compared with the control group, the intervention group was significantly higher. A total of 10 adolescents (17.5 %) in the intervention group and 26 (44.8 %) in the control group dropped-out (p = 0.003). Despite there were significant differences between groups, adolescents in the intervention group exhibited a higher and sustained decrease in body weight, body mass index, as well as in the body fat percentage. CONCLUSIONS: The cognitive behavioral treatment strategy improves adherence and decreases desertion of the weight reduction program in adolescents.

INTRODUCTIÓN: la obesidad en niños y adolescentes y la morbilidad que se le asocia se han incrementado significativamente, lo cual se ha convertido en un problema de salud pública. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la eficacia de la terapia cognitivo-conductual (TCC) en el manejo integral de la obesidad en adolescentes. MÉTODOS: estudio de intervención, aleatorio, doble ciego, controlado, de cuatro meses de seguimiento, al que se integraron 115 adolescentes obesos de 12 a 16 años de edad. El grupo de intervención recibió TCC como terapia coadyuvante, así como indicaciones de dieta y apoyo para el desarrollo de ejercicio. El grupo control solo recibió indicaciones de dieta y apoyo para el desarrollo de ejercicio. RESULTADOS: el porcentaje de adolescentes que se adhirieron a las indicaciones de dieta (73.7 % frente a 41.4 %, p = 0.0009) y ejercicio (61.4 % frente a 19.0 %, p < 0.0005) fue significativamente mayor en el grupo que recibió TCC. En este grupo se registraron 10 pérdidas (17.5 %) y en el grupo control 26 (44.8 %), p = 0.003. Aun cuando hubo diferencias significativas entre los grupos, en los adolescentes que recibieron TCC se apreció una disminución mayor y sostenida tanto en el peso corporal y el IMC como en el porcentaje de grasa total. CONCLUSIÓN: la TCC mejora la adherencia y disminuye la deserción de un programa para reducción de peso en adolescentes.

Obesity and inflammation: epidemiology, risk factors, and markers of inflammation.

Obesity is a public health problem that has reached epidemic proportions with an increasing worldwide prevalence. The global emergence of obesity increases the risk of developing chronic metabolic disorders. Thus, it is an economic issue that increased the costs of the comorbidities associated. Moreover, in recent years, it has been demonstrated that obesity is associated with chronic systemic inflammation, this status is conditioned by the innate immune system activation in adipose tissue that promotes an increase in the production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines that contribute to the triggering of the systemic acute-phase response which is characterized by elevation of acute-phase protein levels. On this regard, low-grade chronic inflammation is a characteristic of various chronic diseases such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and some cancers, among others, which are also characterized by obesity condition. Thus, a growing body of evidence supports the important role that is played by the inflammatory response in obesity condition and the pathogenesis of chronic diseases related.

Biochemical characteristics and risk factors for insulin resistance at different levels of obesity.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the biochemical characteristics of nonobese, overweight, and obese children as well as to determine the risk factors associated with insulin resistance in nonobese children and with non-insulin resistance in obese children in the age strata of 6 to 11 years. METHODS: A total of 3512 healthy children were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. In the absence of obesity, fasting hyperinsulinemia and hypertriglyceridemia defined nonobese, insulin-resistant (NO-IR) children. In the absence of metabolic abnormalities of fasting insulin and triglycerides levels, obese children were defined as obese, not insulin-resistant (O-NIR) children. RESULTS: The gender- and age-adjusted prevalence of NO-IR and O-NIR was 6.6% and 21.3%, respectively. In the age-, gender-, and birth weight-adjusted analysis, family history of hypertension (FHH) in both maternal and paternal branches (odds ratio [OR]: 1.514; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2-3.9; P = .04) was associated with NO-IR children. In the analysis adjusted by gender, age, waist circumference (WC), BMI, FHH, and family history of diabetes, high birth weight was associated with NO-IR children (OR: 1.319; 95% CI: 1.2-2.1; P = .04). Finally, in the gender-, age-, family history-, and birth weight-adjusted analysis, a WC lower than the 95th percentile was associated with a lower odds of insulin resistance among obese children (OR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.91-0.98; P < .0005). CONCLUSIONS: FHH and high birth weight are associated with NO-IR children, and a low WC is associated with lower odds of O-IR children.

Fundamentos internacionales en torno a los derechos sexuales de jóvenes

Objetivo: Analizar el proceso de desarrollo de los derechos sexuales (DS) de jóvenes en el marco internacional de los derechos humanos para la definición de once DS. Material y métodos: Se analizó el contenido y el proceso de desarrollo de los derechos sexuales a partir de la revisión de los tratados de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU), la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT) y la Organización de Estados Americanos (OEA), opiniones consultivas de la Corte Interamericana de los Derechos Humanos, las declaraciones y programas de acción de la Conferencia Internacional de Población y Desarrollo (1994) y la Cuarta Conferencia Mundial sobre la Mujer (1995), así como propuestas de derechos sexuales por parte de organizaciones civiles como la Red Democracia y Sexualidad y la Organización Iberoamericana de la Juventud e instituciones gubernamentales como la Comisión Nacional de Derechos Humanos. Resultados: Se encontraron once derechos sexuales de los jóvenes, que van desde el derecho a la igualdad y respeto por edad, orientación sexual y género, la libertad de conciencia y expresión sexual, el derecho a la educación sexual y a la salud sexual y reproductiva, hasta, el derecho a beneficiarse del progreso científico para mejorar la salud y bienestar sexual. Conclusiones: Los DS expuestos son derechos humanos que sintetizan algunas propuestas que han resultado del diálogo internacional y nacional sobre los derechos de adolescentes y jóvenes.

Objective: To analyze the process and development of sexual rights (SR) of young in the international mark of the human rights for the definition of eleven SR. Material and Methods: It was analyzed the content and process of development of sexual rights starting from the revision of the treaties of the United Nations (UN), the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the Organization of American States (OAS), advisory opinions of the Interamerican Court of Human Rights, the declarations and action programs of the International Conference on Population and Development (1994) and the Fourth World Conference on Woman (1995) as well as proposals of sexual rights on the part of civil organizations as the Net Democracy and Sexuality and the Youth's Inter American Organization and government institutions as the National Commission of Human Rights. Results: They were eleven young's sexual rights, since the right to the equality and respect for age, sexual orientation and gender, the freedom of conscience and sexual expression, the right of sexual education and sexual and reproductive health, until, the right to benefit of the scientific progress to improve the health and sexual well-being. Conclusions: Finally you the sexual rights discuss of young starting from treaties and international conferences, as well as the reflections proposed by the National Commission of Human Rights and Mexican and international civil organizations. The exposed SR is human rights that synthesize some proposals that they have been of the international and national dialogue on the rights of adolescents and young.